Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. This early version of biological terrorism was used to destroy enemy forces. It continued on into the 14th century.
Food is a basic necessity of all living beings on earth. Access to clean, safe and wholesome food is required to achieve complete physical and mental health. In recent days it has been feared that drinking water and food may be deliberately contaminated by terrorist organizations to disrupt social, economic and political stability of a country. With the globalization of food supply, changing food preferences, intensive food production and centralized food processing system have provided ample opportunity for intentional contamination of food at various points in food chain. Hence, it is essential to know the agents of food terrorism, various forms in which they are disseminated in to food, circumstances in which they are used, possible consequences and finally detection, prevention and response to such attacks.
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biological terrorism dates as far back as ancient Roman civilization. This early version of biological terrorism was used to destroy enemy forces. It continued on into the 14th century.
Food is a basic necessity of all living beings on earth. Access to clean, safe and wholesome food is required to achieve complete physical and mental health. In recent days it has been feared that drinking water and food may be deliberately contaminated by terrorist organizations to disrupt social, economic and political stability of a country. With the globalization of food supply, changing food preferences, intensive food production and centralized food processing system have provided ample opportunity for intentional contamination of food at various points in food chain. Hence, it is essential to know the agents of food terrorism, various forms in which they are disseminated in to food, circumstances in which they are used, possible consequences and finally detection, prevention and response to such attacks.
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
A biological attack, or bioterrorism, is the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops. Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack.
Definition
Biological Agents as Causes of Mass Destruction
Sources of Biological Agents
Types of Biological Agents
Epidemics
Bioterrorism
History : Major events across the globe
Impact of Biological Disaster
Prevention of Biological Disaster
Bio Whepon and COVID 19 - Is Corona Virus a Bio Weapon?Ravi Kumudesh
Is Corona Virus a Bio Weapon?
The Internet was brimming with conspiracies about the coronavirus, and, perhaps, one of the most prominent ones was that the virus could be a bioweapon.
According to an ET Prime report, a group of Chinese scientists in Canada were accused of spying and were stripped of their access to Canada’s National Microbiology Lab (NML) which is known to work on some of the most deadly pathogens. The alleged ‘policy breach’, highlighted the bioweapon program of other countries including China. Dr Francis Boyle, the creator of Bio Weapons Act, also claims that ‘the coronavirus is an offensive biological warfare weapon with DNA-genetic engineering’. Again, the claims about coronavirus being a biological weapon are unsubstantiated.
Novel Coronavirus thought to have transferred to Human from the seafood market in Wuhan, China become a one of the most dangerous viruses in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. According to the literature, the genome size of RNA of this viruses are greater than 20 kilobases.
Genetic engineers has committed to change the genes of some organisms to create new features of them, and this can be applied for the Coronavirus as well.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
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Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
2. INTRODUCTION
What is Bioterrorism?
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination
of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be
in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form.
3. HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE:
1346 : siege of Kaffa; plague
1763 :French and Indian war; smallpox
Ww1 :German program; anthrax,glanders
1925 :Geneva protocol bans biological weapons
Ww2 :Japanese program;anthrax,plague,cholera,shigella
1946 :U.S announces involvement in bioweapons research
1984 :Rajneesh ult members contaminate salad bar with Salmonella
typhimuriu in Oregon
1992 :Ricin attack planned by Minnesota militia
4. CLASSIFYING BIOTERROR AGENTS
CLASS A
• Contagious
• High death rates and high health impact on the public
• ANTHRAX, BOTULISM, SMALLPOX, TULAREMIA, PLAGUE
CLASS B
• Moderately easy to spread
• Some illness & death rates
• TYPHUS, WATER SAFETY THREATS, SALMONELL A
CLASS C
• Easily available
• Easily produced and spread
• Have potential for high death & illness rates
• NIPAH VIRUS Hey look, a llama! Never can be too careful
5. TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS:
Tularemia or "rabbit fever"
Has a very low fatality rate if treated, but can severely incapacitate. The
disease is caused by the Francisella tularemia bacterium, and can be
contracted through contact with the fur, inhalation, ingestion of
contaminated water or insect bites. Francisella tularemia is very infectious.
6. ANTHRAX:
Anthrax is a non-contagious disease caused by the spore-forming
bacterium Bacillus anthracis. An anthrax vaccine does exist but requires many
injections for stable use. When discovered early, anthrax can be cured by
administering antibiotics.
7. PLAGUE:
Plague is a disease caused by the Yesinia
pestis bacterium. Rodents are the normal host of
plague, and the disease is transmitted to humans
by flea bites and occasionally by aerosol in the form
of pneumonic plague.
8. Why use biological weapons?
These are characteristics agents used as biological weapons:
Invisible and microscopic
Difficult to trace
Easy to multiply and maintain
Very deadly
Simple laboratory techniques required to prepare these agents and
may not required sophisticated apparatus
9. DISADVANTAGES
:
High risk of workers being contaminated
Living organism may be destroyed when incorporated with bombs
and missiles (by heat)
Problem of dispersal and attack, difficult to deploy
Requires confirmation that the strains are pathogenic and diseases
causing
Problems of acquisition for highly restricted microbes
10. How It become A Threat?
Because they can extremely difficult to detect
They do not cause illness for sevral hours to sevral days
Some bioterrorism agents like smallpox spread from person to person and some like
athrax cannot.
Rapid evolution
The world is unaware
Long term consequenses
Spread from country to country
11. PREPAREDNESS:
PREVENTATION:
Regulating environmental and agriculture condition to minimize
condition
Limiting access to certain biological agents
Improving intelligence to uncover plans for biological and chemical
attacks
12. DETECTION:
Health care providing training
and education to improve
diagnosis
Improve laboratory capabilities
Enhanced surveillance and
epidiomolgy to detect outbreaks
13. Threat to economy
Threat to biodiversity and wild life
Physic social factors during bioterrorism
Threat to population size
Problems Faced:
14. Conclusion:
The threat of bioterrorism is real. To prepare for that we must educate
our health care team, in corporate bioterrorism preparedness into
disaster plans and support cooperation and communication between the
public health departments and hospitals.
