1. Water Sources
 Hydrological Cycle
 Distribution of sources
 97 % Ocean, 2 % as ice, 1% as Surface &
Ground Water

2. A FEW TERMS
 Aridity
 Drought
 Desertification
 Water stress

3. Daily Requirements/person
 For drinking--------0.35 G
 For ablution---------0.65 G
 For cooking----------6.00 G
 For washing utensils-3.00 G
 Laundry---------------- 5.00 G
 For water closets-------5.00 G
 For manufacturing------5.00 G
 Municipal-----------------5.00 G
 TOTAL--------------------30.00 Gallons

4. Global Ground Water
Situation
 The Ground water challenge
 Three main problems
 A. Depletion due to Overdraft
B. Water logging & Stalinization
C. Pollution due to agricultural, Industrial &
other human activities.


5. Responses to ground water
depletion
 Sustainable management
 800,000 big & small dams around the world which
can capture & store no more than 1/5th. Of rain
water.
 India has built more than its share of the worlds
dams.
 Recharge with imported surface water(Azrak oasis
of central Jordan)
 Recharge with rain water, China has 7 million
ponds, India has 2 Lac tanks in just three states
which are recharged with canal water during rainy

6. Vegetative Treatment of the
catchment
 Vegetative cover of the catchment of a
basin has proven to be a problem.
 Removal of alien weeds.
 Rain water runoff is reduced by 70% by
growing vetiver hedgerows in Holland.

7. Domestic Rainwater
Harvesting
 Used in water stressed countries like India
 Jordan has a long history of honeycomb of family
cisterns for rainwater harvesting & domestic use.
 This system is getting importance again in water
stressed countries.
 Karezes excellent system of community water
supply & irrigation in Baluchistan are dying, need
to be revived.

8. Sprinkle & Drip system of
irrigation
 Govt. of the Punjab has announced to introduce
this system in the province.
 Rs. 6.2 billion will be spent.
 Drip irrigation will irrigate 80,000 hectors &
sprinkle system will irrigate 20,000 hectors
 This will save 40-50% water & 100% increase in
production.
 Prime Minister has given approval of the plan.

9. From development to
management mode
 New laws has to be developed to stop the
miss-use of ground water
 Chinese have developed a permit system for
pumpers.
 There are potentially powerful indirect
demand-management strategies that are not
even part of academic discussion in the
developing world.

10. Gearing up of resource
management
 Information system & resource planning
 Demand side management.
 Supply side management.
 Groundwater management in the river basin
context.