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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1060 Rain Water Harvesting Shaikh Ajim1,Kadu Krishna2,2Nedre Amol 3, Tupe Rushikesh4,Shinde Ashish5,Kale Shailesh6 1Guide,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India 2,3,4,5,6Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Water is important for all life and used in many different ways, It is also a part of the bigger ecosystem in which the reproduction on which bio diversity depends. Fresh water scarcity is not limited to the arid climate regions only, but in areas with good supply the access of safe water is becoming critical Aspect. Lack of water is causedbylow water storage capacity, low infiltration, larger inter annual and annual fluctuations of precipitation (due to monsoon rains) and high evaporation demand. KEYWORDS : life, different ecosystem, reproduction, diversity, regions, critical, capacity, infiltration 1.INTRODUCTION Water is essential for all life and used in many different ways, It is also a part of the larger ecosystem in which the reproduction of the bio diversity depends. Fresh water scarcity is not limited to the arid climate regions only, but in areas with good supply the access of safe water is becoming critical problem. Lack of water is caused by low water storage capacity, low infiltration, larger inter annual and annual fluctuations of precipitation (due to monsoon rains) and high evaporation demand. The term water harvesting was probably used first by Geddes of the University of Sydney. He defined as the collection and storage of any form of water either runoff or creek flow for irrigation use. Meyer’s of USDA, USA has defined it as the practice of collecting water from an area treatedtoincreaserunofffrom rainfall. Recently Currier, USA hasdefineditastheprocessof collecting natural precipitationfromprepared watershed for beneficial use. Now a days water harvesting has become a general term for collecting and storing runoff waterorcreek flow, resulting from rain in soil profile and reservoirs both over surface /under surface. Previously this was used for arid and semi-arid areas, but recently their use has been extended to sub humid and humid regions too. In India water harvesting means utilizing the erratic monsoon rain for raising good crops in dry tracks and conserve the excess runoff water for drinking and for recharging purposes. 1.1 RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES Water is our most precious natural resource and something that most of us take for granted. We are now highly becoming aware of the attention of water to our survival and its limited forward. The human beings require water for various purposes. The most part of the earth surface i.e. about 71 % is covered by water. Out of total volume of water available on the surface of the earth 97 % is saline water, 2 % water is in the form of ice and glaciers and only 1 % is fresh and potable water. India is well endowed nations in the world in terms of average annual rainfall. It is unbelievable but it is true that Cherapunji which gets 11000 mm annual rainfall still suffers from serious drinking water shortage. Though India’saverageannual rainfall is1170mm; in the deserts of western India it is as low as about 100 mm. Hence, it is necessary to opt for rainwater harvesting measures for completion of water requirement. Rainwater from the roof surface is drained through gutters into storage tanks. To prevent contamination and dust to flow into the storage tanks there is a provision of a hand movablegutterconnectionwhich can be manually moved to divert the water out. The rooftop is used as the collection device. Guttering generally made of PVC is used to transport the rainwater from the roof top to the storage tanks. Storage tanks may be either above or below the ground and should be properly covered. In apartments more than one storage tanks can be used and they can be interconnected through connecting pipes. The storage tanks should have provision of an adequate enclosure to minimizecontaminationfromhuman,animal or other environmental contaminants. The end of the gutter, which connects the storage tank, should be attached with a filter to prevent any contaminants to get into the storage tank. It is also advisable to drain the first flow to get rid of the dust and contaminants from the roof top. 1.2 RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND RECHARGING GROUND WATER Water is the most important resource of the entire society as a whole, since no life is possible without water. As water, being a limited resource, its efficient use is basic to the survival of the ever increasingpopulationofthe world.In India, the ground water is mainly used for drinking and agricultural purposes. About 85% of drinking water is available through dug well, bore well, filter point and tube well etc. The per-capital availabilityofwateratnational level has reduced from about 5,177 m3 in the year 1951 to present level of 1,869 m3. In viewofthis,watermanagement is very critical for the growth and development. economy, more so in a large country like India which is supplied with many large rivers, lakes and wells that need tobeconserved, better managed, recharged and channelized for meeting the ever growing requirement of agriculture, industrial and
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1061 urban growth. Moreover bleeding of ground water has been taken up by millions of individual farmers mostly in regions where surface water is either scarce or absent to meet their extreme water needs. Althoughthishasledtolocal depletion or decline of ground water levels causing serious concern about rainwater harvesting & the need to recharge ground water. The quantum of ground water so far harnessed isone third of the replenish able ground water of 431 km3 a year. In the comprehensive strategy needed for the conservation and development of water resources, several factors are to be kept in view. These include the availability of water, its quality, location, distribution and variationinitsoccurrence, climatic conditions, nature of the soil, competingdemands & Socio-economic conditions. In dealing with each of these, every effort must be made to make the best use of water for the survival of human life, animal and plant life. 1.3 RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND RECHARGING GROUND WATER Water is the most important resource of the entire society as a whole, since no life is possible without water. As water, being a limited resource, its efficient use is basic to the survival of the ever increasingpopulationofthe world.In India, the ground water is mainly used for drinking and agricultural purposes. About 85% of drinking water is available through dug well, bore well, filter point and tube well etc. The per-capital availabilityofwateratnational level has reduced from about 5,177 m3 in the year 1951 to present level of 1,869 m3. In viewofthis,watermanagement is very critical for the growth and development of any economy, more so in a large country like India which is endowed with many large rivers, lakes and wells that need to be conserved, better managed,rechargedandchannelized for meeting the ever growing requirement of agriculture, industrial and urban growth. Moreover exploitation of ground water has been taken up by millions of individual farmers mostly in regions where surface water is either scarce or absent to meet their dire water needs. Although this has led to local depletion or decline of ground water levels causing serious concern about rainwaterharvesting& the need to recharge ground water. The quantum of ground water so far harnessed is one third of the replenish able ground water of 431 km3 a year. In the comprehensive strategy needed for the conservation and development of water resources, several factors areto bekeptinview.These include the availability of water, its quality, location, distribution and variation in its occurrence, climatic conditions, nature of the soil, competing demands & Socio- economic conditions. In dealing with each of these, every effort must be made to make the best use of water for the survival of human life, animal and plant life. fig Roof top rainwater harvesting 2 ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTINGFORARTIFICIAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER The water has been harvested in India since antiquity. Evidence of this tradition can be foundinancienttexts,inscriptions, local traditions and archaeological remains. The Purina’s, Mahabharata, Ramayana and various Vedic.BuddhistandJaintexts contain several references to canals. Tanks, embankments and wells. Overexploitation of groundwater resources is increasingly being recognized as a major problem. Despite being one of the wettest countries of the world, India’s growing water shortage has reached alarming proportions. Over the last few centuries, a range of techniques to harvest every possible form of water has been developed. Technically speaking, water harvesting means capturing the rain where it falls, or capturing the run-off in one’s own village or town. So, the need of roof top rain water harvesting has become anurgentdemandofthe present century. The amount of water harvesteddependsonthefrequency and intensity of rainfall, catchments characteristics, water demands and how much runoff occurs & how quickly or how easy it is for the water to infiltrate through the subsoil and percolate down to recharge the aquifers.Moreover,inurbanareas,adequate space for surface storage is not availableandwaterlevelsaredeep enough to accommodate additional rain water to recharge the aquifers, so the roof top rain water harvesting is ideal solution to solve the water supply problems. The present paper focuses in brief about the components of the roof top rain water harvesting structure, types of recharge structures and the benefits of the system. Thus, the knowledge on the several traditional water harvesting processes, storage facilities, practices and their significance to the present day situations has become necessary in the present century. It is estimated1 that 8 billion people (globally) are to be fed by the end of the first quarter of the 21st century. This effort requires utilization of all water resources intelligently. For this, there is a need to collect, conserve and use critical water resources judiciously. In this context, rooftoprainwaterharvesting can become popular technique to improve the recharge regionally and globally. Moreover, in Urban
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1062 3. CONCLUSIONS Considerable amounts of rainfall insemi-aridareasare lost (e.g. by evaporation from soil surfaces), which could be utilized for agricultural production. This could be achieved through water 127 harvesting. Rainwater Harvesting have the potential to increase the productivity of arable and cropping land by increasing the yields and by reducing the risk of crop failure. They also facilitate re- or afforestation, fruit tree planting or agroforestry. With regard to tree establishment, rainwater and floodwater harvesting can contribute to the fight against erosion. Most of these techniques are relatively cheap and can therefore bea viable alternative where irrigation water from other sources is not readily available or too costly. Unlike pumping water, water harvesting saves energy and maintenance costs. Using harvested rainwater helps in decreasing the use of other valuable water sources like groundwater. Remote sensing and Geographical Information Systems can help in the determination of areas suitable for water harvesting. The decision making process concerning the best method applicable in particular environmental and geophysical conditions depends on kind of crop to be grown and common socio-economic and cultural factors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It has been a privilege for me to be associated with Prof. Shaikh A.S. my guide during this exposition work. I have been greatly benefited by their valuable suggestions and ideas Finally, I would like to express my deep, incomparable appreciation and honor to my family members for their constant spiritual support and encouragement to follow the higher technical education. REFERENCES 2. Asti S.R., “A case study on Rooftop rainwater Harvesting,” Proceedings in National Conference McGraw Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi. 3. Goal R.S. (Editor), 1993, ‘Environmental Impacts of Water Resources Development’, M/S Tata 4. Frasier, G. W., ed., “Concluding Remarks, “Proceedings of the Water Harvesting Symposium, U.S Department of Agricultural, Agricultural Research Service, WesternRegion, ARS W-22, Feb., 1975. Groundwater management studies in parts of Yavatmal district, Maharashtra. Un published Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India report for A.A.P.; 2005-06. 5. Buras, W.J., “Water Harvesting for Livestock in Western Australia, “Proceedings of theWaterHarvestingSymposium, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Region, ARS W-22, Feb., 1975. BIOGRAPHIES Shaikh Ajim Shukat Guide,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India1 Kadu Krishna Gokul Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India2 Nedre Amol Prabhakar Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India3 Tupe Rhushikesh Rajendra Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India4 Shinde Ashish Sunjay Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India5 Kale Shailesh RAjendra Student,Ashok Polytechnic, Shrirampur,Maharashtra,India6 1. Census of India (2001): District census, Yavatmal (UN published).CGWB (2006): Report on
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