This document discusses the global water crisis, focusing on case studies in Sao Paulo, Cape Town, and India. It notes that 1.1 billion people lack access to clean water and outlines factors contributing to water shortages like poor infrastructure, pollution, and climate change. Case studies highlight multi-year droughts in Sao Paulo and Cape Town that have led to daily water rationing and the potential for "Day Zero" when Cape Town's taps run dry. India also faces shortages due to overextraction, pollution of water sources, and lack of proper planning. Solutions proposed include improved infrastructure, rainwater harvesting, wastewater recycling, and desalination.

1. Water Crisis
It’s a ticking time bomb

2. • Overview
• Sao Paulo
• Cape Town
• India
• Future Plans
Contents

3. “Many of the wars of this century were about oil, but the
wars of the next century will be about water”
-Ismail Serageldin
World Bank Vice President

4. Water Breakdown
• 70% of Earth is Water
• 3% of H2O is Fresh Water
• Of Fresh Water
• 79% is Glacial
• 20% is Groundwater
• 1% is Surface water
• Of Surface water
• 52% is Lakes
• 38% is Soil Moisture
• 8% is Atmospheric Vapour
• 1% in Living Organisms
• 1% is Rivers

5. Data not available
Cubic meters per person per year
Water scarce Water stressed
GLOBAL FRESHWATER AVAILABILITY

6. Inequitable Distribution of Water
1.1 Billion People Lack Access to Safe and Clean Water
That’s one in six of us !!

7. A Megacity Without Water
São Paulo's Drought

8. • The worst drought in 80 years
• The 2014–17 Brazilian drought is a severe drought affecting
the southeast of Brazil including the metropolitan areas of São
Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
• Many São Paulo residents have had daily 12-hour water cut-offs
over the last year.
• There are two extremes: “On one side a rural reservoir that has a
serious deforestation problem, on the other side an urban reservoir
that has a pollution problem ” says Marussia Whately, coordinator of
Aliança pela Água.
São Paulo Water Crisis

9. Potential Causes
• The expansion of deforestation activities into the Amazon
basin has been linked to the reduction of rainfall.
• Water management is poor, pipes leak, and the
infrastructure is old.
• Past reports by scientists, environmentalists and technical
experts were overridden by real estate developers and
industrial and agricultural interests.
• Lack of protection of watersheds and reservoirs has
polluted water sources.

10. Day Zero

12. Cape Town Water Crisis
• Day Zero would be declared when the water level of the city's
major dams reaches 13.5%.
• Municipal water supplies would be largely switched off except
emergency facilities.
• Only 200 accessible locations for water collection around the city.
• Daily ration up to 25 litres of water per person.
• The Day Zero date is projected based on the fortnightly change in
dam storage levels.

15. Potential Causes
• Improper Planning and lack of technology
• Limited Funds
• Political rivalry and Corruption
• Poor Infrastructure and Maintenance
• Drastic climatic changes
• Rural - Urban migration

16. Impact
• The reduction in water consumption by 50 percent causing heavy
impact on agricultural sector.
• Loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally
• Estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line
• Increases in the price of food and day to day supplies.
• Large scale spread of epidemics and decrease in health facilities.

17. We Are The Next !

18. Crisis in India - Bengaluru
• Not a single lake have suitable water for drinking
• Antiquated plumbing system results in the loss of half its
drinking water.
• Depletion of catchment areas in the wake of uncontrolled
infrastructure expansion.
• 207,000 million litres of groundwater is extracted per annum,
against an annual recharge of 81,100 million litres.
• Garbage and sewage have poisoned lakes

20. Changing the Course of Future
• Proper Planning, Infrastructure and Maintenance
• Effective use of current supplies
• Tapping into rainwater sources
• Recycling wastewater / Sewage treatment
• Developing awareness among public
• Desalination Techniques