The document summarizes the major rivers of Pakistan. It discusses the five main rivers of the Punjab region (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Indus), as well as other notable rivers like the Soan and rivers in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Gilgit. It provides details on the origins, lengths, tributaries, and other key facts about Pakistan's various river systems.
Water resources of pakistan A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Profes...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Pakistan has limited water resources to support its growing population. Surface water comes from three main rivers - the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab - which flow from the Himalayas. Groundwater is an important supplemental source but overuse has caused the water table to drop rapidly in many areas.
Water problems and solutions in PakistanAsraHafeez
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
the presentation includes details about head works and barrages, how they operate, what are the differences between them and it includes a list of names of different barrages and head works in Pakistan.
The Chenab River flows through India and Pakistan and is a major tributary of the Indus River. It rises in the Himalayas and flows through Jammu and Kashmir in India before entering Pakistan's Punjab region. Under the Indus Waters Treaty, the waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan. Pakistan has built several headworks on the Chenab River to control water flow for irrigation and flood control, including the Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, and Trimmu barrages. While there are no dams on the Chenab within Pakistan, India has constructed several hydroelectric power plants along the river under the terms of the treaty.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURESIN PAKISTANFarhan Hussain
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
Water resources, its distribution and currennt situation 1ZAHID RASOOL
The document discusses water resources and the current water situation in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan's water resources come from surface water like rivers and glacial melt, and groundwater aquifers. However, issues like increasing population, sedimentation reducing reservoir capacity, groundwater depletion, and low irrigation efficiency are exacerbating water scarcity. Urgent action is needed to improve water infrastructure and management to handle the country's growing water challenges.
The document summarizes the major rivers of Pakistan. It discusses the five main rivers of the Punjab region (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Indus), as well as other notable rivers like the Soan and rivers in Balochistan, Sindh, KPK, and Gilgit. It provides details on the origins, lengths, tributaries, and other key facts about Pakistan's various river systems.
Water resources of pakistan A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Profes...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Pakistan has limited water resources to support its growing population. Surface water comes from three main rivers - the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab - which flow from the Himalayas. Groundwater is an important supplemental source but overuse has caused the water table to drop rapidly in many areas.
Water problems and solutions in PakistanAsraHafeez
This document discusses solutions to water pollution problems in Pakistan. It notes that water is essential for human, animal and plant life. It then outlines some of Pakistan's major water problems, including decreasing availability of water per capita. Some key causes of water crisis are natural factors like drought, as well as mismanagement of water resources through an inefficient irrigation system and loss of over 50% of diverted water. The impacts of water pollution are also reviewed. Some proposed solutions to water pollution problems include improving sewage systems, reducing development in traditional water recharging areas, preventing wastewater from entering water bodies, reusing water where possible, and protecting surface and groundwater sources from pollution.
the presentation includes details about head works and barrages, how they operate, what are the differences between them and it includes a list of names of different barrages and head works in Pakistan.
The Chenab River flows through India and Pakistan and is a major tributary of the Indus River. It rises in the Himalayas and flows through Jammu and Kashmir in India before entering Pakistan's Punjab region. Under the Indus Waters Treaty, the waters of the Chenab were allocated to Pakistan. Pakistan has built several headworks on the Chenab River to control water flow for irrigation and flood control, including the Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, and Trimmu barrages. While there are no dams on the Chenab within Pakistan, India has constructed several hydroelectric power plants along the river under the terms of the treaty.
WATER SHORTAGE ITS CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURESIN PAKISTANFarhan Hussain
with two thirds of the earths surface covered by water, it is evidently clear that water is one of the most important elements responsible for life on earth. It is not only vital for sustenance of life but equally essential for the socioeconomic development. The global fresh water shortage and food security issues related to teeming billions of population necessitated the shifting of fresh water from agriculture to other more pressing uses. The country is facing the worst ever crises of water shortage for last many years, as water available for any given use has become increasingly scarce.
Water resources, its distribution and currennt situation 1ZAHID RASOOL
The document discusses water resources and the current water situation in Pakistan. It notes that Pakistan's water resources come from surface water like rivers and glacial melt, and groundwater aquifers. However, issues like increasing population, sedimentation reducing reservoir capacity, groundwater depletion, and low irrigation efficiency are exacerbating water scarcity. Urgent action is needed to improve water infrastructure and management to handle the country's growing water challenges.
This document discusses several rivers, dams, barrages, and canals in Pakistan. It provides information on the Jhelum River and structures along it like the Mangla Dam and Rasul Barrage. It also discusses the Chenab River and structures such as the Trimmu Barrage and canals originating from it. Similarly, it summarizes key details about the Sutlej River and structures like the Islam Barrage and Sulemanki Headworks.
The document provides an overview of water resources and irrigation management in Pakistan. It discusses irrigation as a system to artificially apply water to soils for plant growth. The major components of Pakistan's irrigation system are described, including intake structures, conveyance canals, and field application methods. An overview of the history and development of irrigation in the region is given. Key elements of Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System are summarized, such as the major dams, barrages, link canals, and distribution of irrigated areas.
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia at 3,180 km long. It originates in Tibet near Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar and flows through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Thatta, Sindh. Along its course it passes many other rivers that also eventually flow into the Indus and it is the longest and most important river for Pakistan.
This document summarizes the water resources of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan receives water from the Indus River basin and its tributaries, monsoon rains, western disturbances, and glacial melt. It notes that agriculture currently uses 93% of water resources but that demand from domestic and industrial sectors is increasing. It also provides details on surface water sources like rivers and dams, as well as groundwater sources found primarily in Punjab and Sindh provinces. The document concludes by stating that Pakistan is facing a growing water shortage due to increasing population pressures.
pakistan indus basin irrigation system Usman Khawaja
1. The document discusses past, present, and future water strategies in Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS).
2. In the past (1947-2000), major dams like Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak were built as part of the Indus Basin Replacement Works to improve water storage and irrigation across Pakistan.
3. In the present (2000-2017), dams like Mirani continue to be constructed to develop water resources in the Indus Basin and support irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower needs.
pakistan indus basin irrigation system Usman Khawaja
The document discusses the history and development of Pakistan's canal irrigation system since British rule in 1847. It summarizes key irrigation projects Pakistan has undertaken since independence in 1947, including major dams and barrages such as Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, Chashma Barrage, and Kotri Barrage. It also outlines several proposed future irrigation projects aimed to further develop Pakistan's water infrastructure.
Pakistan Geography - Forest In Pakistan - Pakistan LocationFaHaD .H. NooR
Foresty in Pakistan and its geography
Notes #UCP
The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests. Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.
Miandam Swat
The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc.
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and issues related to water management and crisis. It mentions various dams, barrages and river basins that provide water resources in Pakistan. It then outlines factors contributing to water issues like reduced rainfall, poor management, climate change, lack of political will, and household ignorance. Rising population and decreasing availability of water per capita are said to be leading to a water crisis. The document calls for building more reservoirs and effective management to address the serious problems faced by the people.
Pakistan relies heavily on agriculture, with 75% of the population dependent on farming. However, the irrigation system is over 100 years old and managing it presents challenges. Traditional irrigation methods include furrow, strip, and basin techniques, while modern sprinkler and drip systems are not yet widely used. The irrigated area covers 18.63 million hectares served by 150 dams, 18 barrages, and 45 canal systems. Surface water comes from the Indus River and its tributaries according to the 1960 water treaty between Pakistan and India. Punjab has the largest irrigated area of 14.41 million hectares served by 23 canals, while Balochistan relies on an underground well system called karez to
The water resources of Karnataka primarily constitutes surface and groundwater. Rainfall is the basic source of water in the state. Karnataka is blessed with seven river basins. There are 36,753 tanks in the state and they have a capacity of about 684518 hectares. The rivers, along with their tributaries, account for much of Karnataka’s surface water resources. Surface water is available in Karnataka in the form of rivers, lakes, waterfalls, reservoirs, etc. Being the seventh largest state in India (area-wise), Karnataka possesses about six percent of the country’s total surface water resources of about 17 lakh million cubic metres (Mcum).
Indus Basin Irrigation System Of PakistanSajid Sarwar
The Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan consists of major dams, barrages, and link canals that distribute water from the Indus River and its tributaries for irrigation. The system includes the large Tarbela and Mangla dams, as well as several barrages along the rivers with off-taking canals. Issues with the system include a rigid design that has not adapted to changes, inadequate drainage that has led to waterlogging and salinity problems, inequitable water distribution, and overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Poor planning, operation, and maintenance have also contributed to challenges with the irrigation system.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Irrigation is crucial for agriculture in Pakistan due to low rainfall. The main sources of irrigation are (1) canals dug from five major rivers flowing into the Indus River, which irrigate 70% of agricultural land, (2) wells that collect groundwater, especially common in Punjab, (3) tube wells that use electric pumps to draw more water from wells, and (4) dams and ponds that collect and store rainwater for use during dry periods. In the dry province of Balochistan, an additional method of underground tunnels called karez are used to transport groundwater without evaporation. Overall, irrigation is vital as it enables crop growth and agricultural production, which is important for Pakistan's economic
Water crisis in pakistan & its solutionsSoban Ahmad
The document discusses Pakistan's water crisis and potential solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces severe water shortages due to prolonged drought and mismanagement. While most of the water from the Indus River and its tributaries is used for agriculture, over 50% is lost due to an inefficient irrigation system. To address the crisis, the document recommends constructing new dams, educating the public about conservation, implementing water-efficient irrigation systems, and establishing effective management strategies.
The document discusses the canal system of Pakistan. It describes three main types of canals: perennial canals that provide water year-round, non-perennial canals that receive water only during monsoon seasons, and inundation canals that flow only during rainy periods. It then provides details on specific canals in Pakistan derived from the Ravi, Chenab, Jehlum, Sutlej, and Indus Rivers, identifying the barrages and headworks that control water flow and the regions irrigated by different canals.
This document summarizes key rivers in Balochistan province, Pakistan. It discusses 7 major rivers: Dasht River, Hub River, Zhob River, Hingol River, Mula River, Bolan River, and Nari River. For each river, it provides the location, any dams constructed on the river, the river's length, and what areas the river supplies water to. The longest rivers are the Hingol River at 350 miles and the Nari River at 240 miles. Dams have been built on these rivers to provide irrigation water and drinking water to nearby cities.
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Biodiversity Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor The University ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance for food security. It notes that biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors like habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change. Biodiversity is critical for global food security as it supports crop diversity and food supplies. Loss of biodiversity threatens food security by reducing genetic resources and increasing vulnerabilities. Conservation of biodiversity is important both in natural habitats and through ex situ methods like seed banks and botanical gardens.
This document summarizes a zoology seminar presentation on biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including different ecosystems, organisms, and their genes. It then discusses the levels of biodiversity including genetic, species, and ecological diversity. Major threats to biodiversity are also outlined such as habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document provides statistics on species numbers in India, Pakistan, and worldwide. It emphasizes the importance of conserving biodiversity for both utilitarian and ethical reasons.
This document discusses several rivers, dams, barrages, and canals in Pakistan. It provides information on the Jhelum River and structures along it like the Mangla Dam and Rasul Barrage. It also discusses the Chenab River and structures such as the Trimmu Barrage and canals originating from it. Similarly, it summarizes key details about the Sutlej River and structures like the Islam Barrage and Sulemanki Headworks.
The document provides an overview of water resources and irrigation management in Pakistan. It discusses irrigation as a system to artificially apply water to soils for plant growth. The major components of Pakistan's irrigation system are described, including intake structures, conveyance canals, and field application methods. An overview of the history and development of irrigation in the region is given. Key elements of Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System are summarized, such as the major dams, barrages, link canals, and distribution of irrigated areas.
The Indus River is one of the longest rivers in Asia at 3,180 km long. It originates in Tibet near Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar and flows through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near Thatta, Sindh. Along its course it passes many other rivers that also eventually flow into the Indus and it is the longest and most important river for Pakistan.
This document summarizes the water resources of Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan receives water from the Indus River basin and its tributaries, monsoon rains, western disturbances, and glacial melt. It notes that agriculture currently uses 93% of water resources but that demand from domestic and industrial sectors is increasing. It also provides details on surface water sources like rivers and dams, as well as groundwater sources found primarily in Punjab and Sindh provinces. The document concludes by stating that Pakistan is facing a growing water shortage due to increasing population pressures.
pakistan indus basin irrigation system Usman Khawaja
1. The document discusses past, present, and future water strategies in Pakistan's Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS).
2. In the past (1947-2000), major dams like Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak were built as part of the Indus Basin Replacement Works to improve water storage and irrigation across Pakistan.
3. In the present (2000-2017), dams like Mirani continue to be constructed to develop water resources in the Indus Basin and support irrigation, drinking water, and hydropower needs.
pakistan indus basin irrigation system Usman Khawaja
The document discusses the history and development of Pakistan's canal irrigation system since British rule in 1847. It summarizes key irrigation projects Pakistan has undertaken since independence in 1947, including major dams and barrages such as Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, Chashma Barrage, and Kotri Barrage. It also outlines several proposed future irrigation projects aimed to further develop Pakistan's water infrastructure.
Pakistan Geography - Forest In Pakistan - Pakistan LocationFaHaD .H. NooR
Foresty in Pakistan and its geography
Notes #UCP
The forestry sector of Pakistan is a main source of lumber, paper, fuelwood, latex, medicine as well as food and provide ecotourism and wildlife conservation purposes. Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered with forests
The coniferous forests occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes. Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Malakand, Mansehra and Abbottabad districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main areas covered with coniferous forests. Pindrow Fir(Abies pindrow), Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) are the most common varieties. The Coniferous forests also occur in Balochistan hills. Chilghoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) and juniper (Juniperous macropoda) are the two most common species of Balochistan.
Miandam Swat
The sub-tropical dry forests are found in the Attock, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Jhelum and Gujrat districts of the Punjab, and in the Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan, Peshawar and Kohat districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa up to a height of 1,000 m. In Balochistan, they are confined to the Sulaiman Mountains and other hilly areas. Dominant tree species are phulai (Acacia modesta), kau (Olea cuspidata) and hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa).
The tropical thorn forests are dominated by xerophytic scrubs. They are most widespread in the Punjab plains but also occupy small areas in southern Sindh and western Balochistan. They are mainly used for grazing purposes, watershed protection and fuelwood. Common species are vann (Salvadora oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Capparis aphylla), etc.
The irrigated plantations were first developed in 1866 at Changa Manga in Lahore. Today they occupy about 226,000 ha. Sheesham (Dalbergia sissoo), mulberry/Shahtoot (Morus alba), babul (Acacia nilotica) and species of Eucalyptus and Populus are the common tree species grown in the irrigated plantations.
This document discusses Pakistan's water resources and issues related to water management and crisis. It mentions various dams, barrages and river basins that provide water resources in Pakistan. It then outlines factors contributing to water issues like reduced rainfall, poor management, climate change, lack of political will, and household ignorance. Rising population and decreasing availability of water per capita are said to be leading to a water crisis. The document calls for building more reservoirs and effective management to address the serious problems faced by the people.
Pakistan relies heavily on agriculture, with 75% of the population dependent on farming. However, the irrigation system is over 100 years old and managing it presents challenges. Traditional irrigation methods include furrow, strip, and basin techniques, while modern sprinkler and drip systems are not yet widely used. The irrigated area covers 18.63 million hectares served by 150 dams, 18 barrages, and 45 canal systems. Surface water comes from the Indus River and its tributaries according to the 1960 water treaty between Pakistan and India. Punjab has the largest irrigated area of 14.41 million hectares served by 23 canals, while Balochistan relies on an underground well system called karez to
The water resources of Karnataka primarily constitutes surface and groundwater. Rainfall is the basic source of water in the state. Karnataka is blessed with seven river basins. There are 36,753 tanks in the state and they have a capacity of about 684518 hectares. The rivers, along with their tributaries, account for much of Karnataka’s surface water resources. Surface water is available in Karnataka in the form of rivers, lakes, waterfalls, reservoirs, etc. Being the seventh largest state in India (area-wise), Karnataka possesses about six percent of the country’s total surface water resources of about 17 lakh million cubic metres (Mcum).
Indus Basin Irrigation System Of PakistanSajid Sarwar
The Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan consists of major dams, barrages, and link canals that distribute water from the Indus River and its tributaries for irrigation. The system includes the large Tarbela and Mangla dams, as well as several barrages along the rivers with off-taking canals. Issues with the system include a rigid design that has not adapted to changes, inadequate drainage that has led to waterlogging and salinity problems, inequitable water distribution, and overexploitation of groundwater in some areas. Poor planning, operation, and maintenance have also contributed to challenges with the irrigation system.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project, which aims to connect 37 rivers through 30 links and 3000 reservoirs. It would transfer 174 trillion liters of water annually and create 87 million acres of irrigation. The project faces major issues like large costs of $560 billion, environmental impacts of deforestation and ecosystem damage, and social impacts of population displacement. The only project to begin is the Ken-Betwa interlink between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, but it risks submerging 4000 hectares of Panna Tiger Reserve and faces implementation challenges. Alternatives proposed include rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharging, and community-based water management.
Strategic Analysis on Water Resources in Pakistan.
Water Resources of Pakistan. Pakistan water resources.
Strategic Analysis of Water Resources in Pakistan.
Irrigation is crucial for agriculture in Pakistan due to low rainfall. The main sources of irrigation are (1) canals dug from five major rivers flowing into the Indus River, which irrigate 70% of agricultural land, (2) wells that collect groundwater, especially common in Punjab, (3) tube wells that use electric pumps to draw more water from wells, and (4) dams and ponds that collect and store rainwater for use during dry periods. In the dry province of Balochistan, an additional method of underground tunnels called karez are used to transport groundwater without evaporation. Overall, irrigation is vital as it enables crop growth and agricultural production, which is important for Pakistan's economic
Water crisis in pakistan & its solutionsSoban Ahmad
The document discusses Pakistan's water crisis and potential solutions. It notes that Pakistan faces severe water shortages due to prolonged drought and mismanagement. While most of the water from the Indus River and its tributaries is used for agriculture, over 50% is lost due to an inefficient irrigation system. To address the crisis, the document recommends constructing new dams, educating the public about conservation, implementing water-efficient irrigation systems, and establishing effective management strategies.
The document discusses the canal system of Pakistan. It describes three main types of canals: perennial canals that provide water year-round, non-perennial canals that receive water only during monsoon seasons, and inundation canals that flow only during rainy periods. It then provides details on specific canals in Pakistan derived from the Ravi, Chenab, Jehlum, Sutlej, and Indus Rivers, identifying the barrages and headworks that control water flow and the regions irrigated by different canals.
This document summarizes key rivers in Balochistan province, Pakistan. It discusses 7 major rivers: Dasht River, Hub River, Zhob River, Hingol River, Mula River, Bolan River, and Nari River. For each river, it provides the location, any dams constructed on the river, the river's length, and what areas the river supplies water to. The longest rivers are the Hingol River at 350 miles and the Nari River at 240 miles. Dams have been built on these rivers to provide irrigation water and drinking water to nearby cities.
Balochistan is located in southwestern Pakistan, bordering Iran, Afghanistan, and other Pakistani provinces. It has a varied terrain including deserts, mountains, rivers, and forests. The population is mostly Baloch and Pashtun ethnic groups. The climate ranges from hot desert areas to cooler mountainous regions, with low annual rainfall across most of the province. Major geographical features include the Makran coastal mountains, Kharan desert, Bolan river, and Quetta valley.
The document summarizes the major water sources in Pakistan. It discusses that the most common sources of water for irrigation include surface water from rivers, reservoirs and lakes, as well as groundwater. It provides details on specific surface water sources like the Indus River and its tributaries, which bring over 154 million acre feet of water annually. It also discusses major dams like Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam. For groundwater, it notes that over 500,000 tube wells have been installed, supplying over 41.6 million acre feet of water. It concludes by discussing the quality of groundwater sources in different provinces.
Biodiversity Lecture By Mr.Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor The University ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses biodiversity and its importance for food security. It notes that biodiversity is declining rapidly due to factors like habitat loss, overexploitation, and climate change. Biodiversity is critical for global food security as it supports crop diversity and food supplies. Loss of biodiversity threatens food security by reducing genetic resources and increasing vulnerabilities. Conservation of biodiversity is important both in natural habitats and through ex situ methods like seed banks and botanical gardens.
This document summarizes a zoology seminar presentation on biodiversity and conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including different ecosystems, organisms, and their genes. It then discusses the levels of biodiversity including genetic, species, and ecological diversity. Major threats to biodiversity are also outlined such as habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and climate change. The document provides statistics on species numbers in India, Pakistan, and worldwide. It emphasizes the importance of conserving biodiversity for both utilitarian and ethical reasons.
Conservation of biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agricu...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Conservation of biodiversity A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
In this session, we will discuss an alternative solution to the current DQF API in which translated data segments remain on enterprise servers. TAUS is planning on providing an open specification of methods to facilitate the aggregation of data on the enterprise side. The benefit of this solution is that the actual translated segments and other sensitive data are not shared. This is more economic and it makes DQF more attractive to enterprises that are restricted in their sharing of data with a third party. Participants will be invited to share their thoughts and provide feedback on this new solution.
Session leader: Vincent Gadani (Microsoft)
Panelists: Fred Tuinstra (Lionbridge), Paola Valli (TAUS)
This document discusses various causes and effects of land, water, and air pollution. It identifies major causes of pollution as the introduction of harmful materials into the environment from domestic and industrial waste, deforestation, fuel combustion, and other industrial activities. Specific impacts called out include pollution making land unsuitable for agriculture, chemical runoff harming animal life in waterways, and 500 million animals being killed annually due to plastic ingestion. The document provides tips for reducing pollution such as proper disposal of cooking oil, medications, and hazardous chemicals; using public transport and video conferencing; and switching to green energy suppliers.
Plastic pollution is a constant battle . The causes and effects are dangerous, do you know the solution?
#plastic #recycling #plasticpollution #pollution #environment
Unit 9, Lesson 2 - The Lithosphere
Lesson Outline:
1. The Lithosphere
2. Rocks
3. Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
4. Minerals
5. Properties of Minerals
6. The Soil
Biology - Chp 3 - The Biosphere - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
1) Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. The biosphere is made up of different levels of organization from individuals to the entire planet.
2) Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction from producers to consumers while matter cycles through ecosystems as it moves between organisms and the non-living environment through processes like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
3) Nutrients are required by all organisms and cycle through ecosystems, with their availability impacting ecosystem productivity. Certain nutrients can become limiting if scarce.
This document discusses various superstitions from around the world. It begins by defining superstitions as irrational beliefs associated with mysterious forces that were thought to bring good or bad luck. The origins of many superstitions can be traced back to ancient times when people lacked scientific understanding. The document then provides examples of popular good luck superstitions like horseshoes and ladybugs as well as bad luck superstitions such as black cats and the number 13. It explores the cultural symbolism and origins behind several common superstitious beliefs.
The document discusses various superstitions from different cultures and perspectives. It examines superstitions from India, Japan, and other countries. The document also explores different views on superstition, including seeing it as primitive science, adventitious reinforcement through conditioning, or as reflecting biased cognitive heuristics. Overall, the document provides a wide-ranging overview of cultural superstitions and analyzes superstition from scientific perspectives.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
This is a biosphere powerpoint I've created for a middle school level science class. It's full of fun animated cartoons and facts on both aquatic and terrestrial biomes.
This document discusses land and soil pollution. It outlines various causes of land pollution including deforestation, overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, desertification, mining, waste disposal, and land conversion. Specific causes discussed in more detail include soil pollution from destruction of the top soil layer, inefficient use of land leading to shortage and deforestation, and overcrowded landfills. The effects of land pollution include impacts on climate through loss of forest cover, extinction of species due to habitat loss, bioaccumulation of toxins in the food chain, and reduced biodiversity. Preventative measures mentioned include reducing toxic waste, recycling waste materials, using organic products, growing more trees, and proper waste management.
The document discusses ways to save the environment through reducing waste using the 3 R's - reduce, reuse, recycle. It provides tips for reducing packaging and waste, recycling common items like paper, plastic and glass, and reusing products through repair or sharing. Reducing water and energy usage through small changes at home is recommended, such as turning off taps when not in use, taking shorter showers, and only running full loads of laundry and dishes. Public awareness and proper disposal of waste can help curb plastic usage and damage to the environment. Restoring ecosystems, encouraging sustainable living, and establishing protected areas are also discussed as ways to help save rainforests and the planet.
The document describes the different layers that make up the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each layer, such as the crust being the outermost solid layer and the inner core being made of solid iron and nickel. It also discusses the lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, and the types of rocks that make up the different layers, such as basalt in the crust and iron and nickel in the outer core.
Superstitions are irrational beliefs arising from fear that lead people to engage in certain rituals and ceremonies according to urban legends to avoid bad luck. They originate from beliefs formed in childhood and represent mankind's fears. Common good luck superstitions include horseshoes, four leaf clovers, while black cats, dogs howling at night, and crows are seen as signs of bad luck. Superstitions can impact perceptions of success or failure by associating ideas with the supernatural. To overcome superstitions, one should adopt a more optimistic and rational approach by being scientific rather than superstitious.
Superstitions are irrational beliefs, especially regarding the unknown. The document lists several common superstitions such as breaking a mirror bringing 7 years of bad luck, walking under a ladder being unlucky, and keeping your fingers crossed for good luck. On St. Valentine's Day, seeing certain birds is believed to predict a girl's future husband - a dove means a man with a golden heart, a sparrow a poor but happy husband, and an owl that she will never marry. The color someone is married in is also thought to influence their future - white is a good choice but black, red or pink could lead to misfortune.
This document discusses the biological diversity of Pakistan. It defines biodiversity as the variety of species on Earth, including animals, plants and microbes. Pakistan has many endemic species found only within its borders, including mammals like the Indus river dolphin, reptiles like the Thal Skink, and over 400 endemic plant species. However, Pakistan's biodiversity faces threats from deforestation, hunting, climate change, pollution and urban development. Several species are now endangered or extinct, including the tiger, lion, and Indian rhino. Hotspots in Pakistan like the Sulaiman Range require conservation measures to protect biodiversity.
The document summarizes the four main layers of Earth's atmosphere:
1) The troposphere, the lowest layer where weather occurs and temperatures decrease with altitude. Most water vapor and clouds are found here.
2) The stratosphere, which contains the ozone layer that absorbs ultraviolet light. Temperature increases with altitude in this layer.
3) The mesosphere, where meteorites burn up before reaching Earth's surface. Temperatures decrease with altitude in this layer.
4) The thermosphere, the uppermost layer where the temperatures sharply increase with altitude and the aurora occurs. Some satellites orbit within the thermosphere.
This is an introductory soil science presentation that I give to Master Gardeners, agribusiness personnel, farmers, and soil science students. Please feel free to contact me at andykleinschmidt@gmail.com with any comments regarding the presentation.
This document summarizes information about water bodies in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab from a student named Sagi Bhavya Akshaya. It discusses the major rivers in Andhra Pradesh including the Godavari and Krishna rivers, and water conservation programs in the state. It also discusses the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers in Punjab and water management programs there. The student acknowledges their biology teacher for allowing them to learn about the water bodies in the two regions through this project.
This document discusses water conservation and sustainable development. It covers several topics:
1. Water conservation aims to manage fresh water sustainably to meet human and environmental needs now and in the future, as population growth and climate change increase pressures on water resources.
2. Sustainable water supply networks require developing new water sources and reducing pollution. Strategies for water conservation include reducing water loss and waste, avoiding damage to water quality, and improving water management practices.
3. At home, water-saving technologies like low-flow shower heads and toilets can significantly reduce water usage. Rainwater and greywater reuse are also effective conservation methods used worldwide.
a short description of water, its availability world wide and its uses + Afghanistan's land cover and its water scenario + description of Afghanistan five major rivers, Dams and water basins.
This document summarizes the experience of implementing diversion-based irrigation (DBI) systems in India. It discusses:
1) DBI systems have been used for decades across India under different names, diverting water from streams for irrigation.
2) Livolink Foundation in Bhubaneswar supports NGOs implementing DBI programs across 13 states, reaching over 67,000 families and developing irrigation for over 70,000 acres.
3) Different types of traditional DBI systems are described that are used in various states, such as ahar-pyne in Bihar and gonchi in Andhra Pradesh.
A slideshow on Riverfront development (ongoing activities as well as prospective and necessary measures) in Varanasi, why Varanasi Ghats mean so much, why blind urbanization is not enough, etc.
Powai Lake is an artificial lake in Mumbai, India built in 1891 by constructing dams on the Mithi River. It covers an area of 163 hectares and has a maximum depth of 12 meters. The lake provides habitat for a variety of plants and animals and is an important ecosystem despite facing issues of pollution and siltation over time. Efforts have been made to restore the lake, including through projects launched in 2002 to improve water quality and preserve the lake's biodiversity, which includes populations of crocodiles. The lake remains an important recreational area for the local community.
Bangalore's lakes and impact on ground waterBhargavi Rao
Bangalore's lakes play an important role in groundwater recharge by capturing monsoon overflow and storing water. However, many lakes have been lost due to urban development. This has reduced groundwater levels, forcing residents to drill deeper borewells. Sewage and industrial pollution further contaminate remaining lakes and groundwater. Local communities and environmental groups are working to protect and restore lakes through judicial rulings and management committees. However, threats from encroachment, dumping and sand mining continue due to weak enforcement. The loss of lakes has exacerbated water scarcity issues in Bangalore.
It flows through India!
Go on and be astonished to see the beauty of India!
Read the statistics!
It shows the geographical aspects of the river.
Enjoy!!!!
KBD would store 6.1 MAF of water and generate 3,600 MW of power but flood 160,000 acres of land. Punjab supports KBD for water storage and power while Sindh and NWFP oppose due to land submergence and negative downstream impacts. Sindh fears water shortage, loss of fertile land and mangroves, and economic/social impacts on 100,000+ people. NWFP also cites land loss, displacement of 34,500 people, and lack of benefits despite reservoir location. Historical water disputes between provinces remain unresolved.
bharka dam
The bharka dam is built around the river Sutlej to provide irrigation and other facilities to the nearby areas. The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India
Powai Lake is an artificial lake located in Mumbai that was constructed in 1891 as a measure against water famine. It has experienced problems with decreased area due to development, water quality deterioration from untreated sewage and garbage, and heavy siltation that has reduced its depth. Proposed solutions to address these issues include installing septic sewage pumping systems, patrolling to prevent damage and littering, education programs to raise awareness, bioremediation to remove pollutants, landscaping, desilting to increase water quantity, restricting construction in catchment areas, and promoting environmental ethics.
This document provides information about link canals, barrages, and dams in Pakistan. It discusses the key features of 10 major link canals that were constructed after the 1960 Indus Water Treaty to strengthen Pakistan's irrigation system. It also describes 16 major barrages and 3 headworks that control water distribution. The three largest dams discussed are Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, which is one of the world's largest earth-filled dams, Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River, and several smaller dams.
This document discusses open channel flow in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. It provides details on 7 different open channels in Dhaka, including their current conditions and issues with encroachment. It notes that Dhaka originally had over 50 canals but now only has operational flow in about 20 due to construction, dumping of garbage, and lack of maintenance. Recovering lost canals is important to improve drainage and reduce flooding in the capital city.
The document discusses the unique characteristics of rivers in Kerala, India that originate from the Western Ghats mountain range. It notes that the rivers have short lengths but support a high population density and biodiversity. Six major threats to the rivers are identified: catchment deforestation, dams and diversions, sand mining, incorrect land use, pollution, and encroachments. Three rivers are highlighted as either on the brink of dying (Chalakudy River) or already dying/dead (Periyar and Bharathapuzha Rivers) due to these threats and flow modifications from dams. The document calls for plans to restore rivers to more "living" states through ecological restoration, improved dam management, and strengthened
This document provides an overview of drainage patterns and river systems in India. It begins by defining drainage and describing different drainage patterns such as dendritic, trellis and rectangular. It then discusses the two main river systems in India - the Himalayan rivers which originate in the mountains and are useful for irrigation, and the peninsular rivers which originate in plateaus and have smaller catchment areas. Specific details are given about major rivers like the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Narmada and others. The document also briefly mentions lakes and the issue of river pollution.
Project management - JICA Project In Abbottabad (Knowledge Gain Purpose)NaqashTareen
The document summarizes a water supply project in Abbottabad, Pakistan funded by JICA. The 4-year project aimed to improve drinking water facilities for 216,000 people. It included developing surface water infrastructure like an intake system, water treatment plant, and transmission mains. The project also involved groundwater infrastructure like tube wells and reservoirs. However, the project faced some political issues due to concerns from a neighboring district that it would reduce their water supply and impact agriculture.
The document provides information about Pakistan's river system with a focus on the Indus River. It states that the Indus River is Pakistan's longest and largest river, originating in Tibet and running through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It notes the other major rivers that flow through Pakistan including the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The document then provides details on the Indus River Basin, including its reservoirs, barrages, canals, dams such as Tarbela and Gazi Brotha, and the irrigation systems it supports.
The document discusses drainage patterns and river systems in India. It begins by defining drainage and describing different drainage patterns such as dendritic and trellis. It then summarizes the two major river systems in India - the Himalayan rivers which originate from glaciers, and the peninsular rivers which originate from plateaus. Some key rivers from each system are also introduced, such as the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Godavari rivers. Lakes and river pollution are briefly covered at the end.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
3. River Ravi
The Ravi is a transboundary river crossing Eastern Pakistan and
Northwestern India.
4. Countries: Pakistan, India
Main source: Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh
River mouth: Chenab River
River system: Indus River System
Tributaries: Bhadal River, Siul River, Baira River,
Tant Gari River
Length: 720 km (450 mi)
Discharge Average rate: 267.5 m3/s (9,450 cu ft/s)
The river drains a total catchment area of
14,442 km in India after flowing
for a length of 720km
5. Course of River Ravi
“The Ravi waters rise in the majestic Himalayas in the Indian
State of Himachal Pradesh and flows north-west past the
Chamba river and continuing by turning southwest at the
Jammu and Kashmir border. The river then flows into Pakistan
and after running a course of 50 miles (approx 80 kilometers)
enters the Punjab province past Lahore and turning west at
Kamalia. Finally, Ravi River empties itself into Chenab River at
the southern part of Ahmedpur Sial with a total course of 450
miles (725 kilometers).”
6.
7. History of River Ravi
•As per Indian Vedas, Ravi was traditionally known as Iravati
also spelt and pronounced Airavati.
•To the ancient Greeks, Ravi River was referred to as the
Hydraotes.
•It was also called as Parushani.
• Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on a River,
which according to Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) refers to the Iravati
River (Ravi River) in the Punjab.
8. Budha Darya
Budha Darya (Old Bed of River Ravi) are the remains of old
course of the River Ravi when it passed adjacent to the Lahore
Fort, with time river changed the course as the Ravi flows past
Lahore in Pakistan, since that city is on its eastern bank.
11. Past situation of Ravi
•The river was a great attraction for tourists and gave a notable
place to local visitors.
• Shahdra bagh is on the west side of River Ravi where tomb of
Noor Jehan and Jahangir are situated.
• Ravi valley along the side of this river grew
•Mulberry
•Ilex
• walnut
•Daphne
• alder
• cypress
• pine,
• olive
• chinar.
12. These fruits and dry fruits were sent to nearby towns, exported to other
countries and were sold locally as well.
River Ravi offered its tourists various fun activities like fishing, water
skiing, riverside camping and water rafting.
Construction projects had also been developed on this river.
The number of tourists of Ravi River was high at both; summer time as well
as in winters.
15. •In 1947, after the partition between Pakistan and india, many
of the canal headworks remained with india.
•India wanted to damage Pakistan economically.
India cut off flow of water to west Punjab and stopped the
water of river Ravi and Sutlej.
Pakistan protested and india finally agreed on an agreement on
may 4, 1948.
•In 1952, Pakistan approached world bank as agreement was
not the permanent solution.
•After negotiations between the two countries through the
offices of the World Bank, it was finally in Ayub Khan’s
government.
•The agreement was signed between Pak-India in September
1960.
•This agreement is known as INDUS WATER TREATY.
16. •The treaty divided the use of rivers
and canals between the two
countries.
•Pakistan obtained exclusive rights
for three western rivers Indus,
Jehlum and Chenab.
•India retained three eastern rivers
Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
•Treaty guaranteed ten years of
uninterrupted water supply.
•A system of eight link canals was
also built and the remodeling of
existing canals was carried out.
•Five barrages and a gated siphon
were also constructed under this
treaty.
17. • The main reasons of Pak-India water issue are:
• Kishan Ganga Dam
•Baglihar Dam
•Ranjit Sagar Dam
18. Present Scenario of The Ravi
•Of Ravi’s total discharge of 28.08
m3/s, 23.43 m3/s is the municipal flow
and 4.65 m3/s the industrial flow.
•The annual flow has gradually
declined over years.
• Between 1922 and 1961 it was 7
million acre feet (MAF), thinning down
to 5 MAF between 1985 to 1995 and
further to 1.1 MAF between 2000 and
2009.
•Over 2009-10 it was 0.28 MAF.
According to an international panel of
experts, the flow should be a
minimum 5000 cusecs per day and 25
MAF every five years.
19. Drainage System of
Lahore:
•The Lahore’s drainage system comprises 8 major
and 75 tributary drains having carrying capacity of
7474 Cusecs.
• The length of total surface drains is 212 km, with
4 pumping stations and pumping capacity of 663
Cusecs.
•Originally, the purpose of these drains was to
collect the flood water and agricultural excess
water.
•But due to increase in population and rapid
industrialization of Lahore, the drains are now
mainly used to collect the industrial and municipal
effluents.
20. Major drains of Lahore
The major drains of Lahore include
• Shahdara drain,
•Mian Mir drain,
•Iqbal town drain,
• Garden town drain,
•Sattu Katla drain,
• Charar drain,
• Chota Ravi drain
•Hudiara drain
21.
22. Facts
•271 industrial units in Lahore district, mainly
constituting of textile, dairy, paints & plastic,
chemical, food processing, pulp and paper
processing, poultry, pesticides, leather,
tanneries and pharmaceuticals are disposing
of around 281.6 cusec untreated waste into
drains.
•It has been reported that in Lahore, very few
industries, like 3 out of some 100 industries,
using hazardous chemicals, treat their
wastewater effectively.
•The pollution increases as the river flows
from Jassar to join river Chenab, its quality
deteriorates tremendously and it receives
greatest pollution load from Hudiara drain
and Deg Nullah from district Lahore.
26. River Ravi Development Zone Project
•The development of residential and commercial areas near Ravi is the most
talkative topic in now days.
• Government had passed the orders to plan the maps for project, so LDA could
start its work to develop a new and modern town aside the river in Lahore.
•Interestingly, the project includes developing an airport at sharaqpur.
• The news include that Ravi River will be cleaned up and new embankments will
be erected on both sides of River.
27. • In February 2014, the
government had approved a
Rs700 million to LDA to get the
feasibility of the project done by
a consultancy firm.
•Since Rs400 billion is required
for acquiring land, the
government may go for public-
private partnership mode or
BOT (build, operate and
transfer) model.
•Now the government asked the
LDA to focus on the Shahi Bagh
restoration project leaving
behind the Ravi Riverfront
Urban Development project.
28. River Ravi Commission
•The Commission was established by the Lahore High Court vide Order dated 8
June 2012.
• A Writ petition was submitted to the Green Bench of Lahore High court
based on the issues of discharge of untreated municipal and industrial
wastewater into the River Ravi.
• As a response to this writ petition, Lahore High Court made a Commission for
reviving the ecology of River Ravi.
•The Commission has members from the Provincial Government Departments
(Water and Sanitation Agency, Environmental Protection Department, Punjab),
Non-Governmental Organizations (WWF-Pakistan) and experts from
environmental organizations to find a solution for controlling pollution in River
Ravi .
29. Ravi Bioremediation Project
•A bioremediation project on the River
Ravi to bring down hazardous pollution
levels seems to be in the offing.
•It would feature water ponds spread
over an area of 50 acres.
•The cost of the project has been
estimated at Rs50 million.
• The Water and Sanitation Agency
(WASA) has acquired the land required
for a waste water treatment plant.
30. •Members of the subcommittee visited two bioremediation sites in Islamabad and
waste stabilisation ponds in
•Faisalabad to assess which was a better way to treat wastewater.
•They found the Bioremediation Garden and Bioremediation Orchard in Islamabad
to be the most efficient and cost-effective, they suggested that a 50-acre site be set
up at Babu Sabu for the treatment of 10 cusecs.
•
31. •The duration of the optimum temperature for functioning of microbes in a
bioremediation pond is longer in Lahore than in Islamabad, which may make
it more effective for Lahore.
•If work on the bioremediation site at Babu Sabu starts in February, it would
start functioning in three to six months.
32. River Ravi Hydrological Model
•It is a plan to first store the monsoon rainwater through reservoirs and keep it in the
lake as running or replenishing mode to avoid its stagnancy in dry weather (winter).
• For this, we initially have to make reservoirs and store the required monsoon
rainwater and keep this water running further in winter by adding 400 to 500 cusecs
of surplus water from the Upper Chenab Canal/BRB Canal that already throw
additional water in the lake at Bambawala point (near Sharqpur)
• There is also a proposal to get the required water quantity from Head Marala.
33. •The project would help Wasa store drinking water and supply it to the people without
any interruption.
• At present, Wasa supplies water directly from tube wells through pipelines to
consumers and during load shedding hours or the maintenance period, the supply is
suspended.
•If the reservoirs are built, the agency will be able to store water and supply it to the
residents of various localities.
34. Conclusion
On the basis of data collected some conclusions have been drawn:
1. River inflow is decreasing with the passage of time by which
pollution load in the River is increasing.
2. Municipal and industrial effluent are discharged which causes
pollution in the River.
3. Ravi River is contributing towards recharging aquifer.
4. Groundwater water levels in the aquifer are falling mainly due
to excessive pumpage and less recharge.
5. River starts from Ravi Syphon to shahdara and by moving
downward pollution is increasing
35. 6. Groundwater quality improves with the depth below natural
surface.
7. Sub-soil strata at most of the sites is generally sandy except
thin lens of clay/silt in the upper layer of 50 ft.
8.Permeability values increase generally with the depth below
the ground surface .
9. Slope of groundwater seepage line at Shahdara on left side
of River is steeper due to excessive pumpage of groundwater
36. Recommendations
Regular monitoring of Surface water and ground water should be done by
relevant agencies in order to study the trends in surface and groundwater
pollution.
Environmental laws relating to protection of water resources should be strictly
implemented. Discharge of untreated domestic as well as industrial wastewater
into the river Ravi should be strictly curbed
The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) should strictly implement the
National Environmental Quality Standards and force industries to install
treatment plants.
They should carry out random checks to monitor the regular working of the
treatment plans.
Public awareness campaigns to educate people.
The projects planned, should be completed.
Editor's Notes
Iravati means daughter of ocean. Parushani means intelligent or beautiful.
Iravati means daughter of ocean. Parushani means intelligent or beautiful.
Iravati means daughter of ocean. Parushani means intelligent or beautiful.
IRI= International Research Institute (for climate and society)