This document discusses water-soluble vitamins. It provides an overview of vitamin types, definitions, and differences. It describes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various water-soluble vitamins. Popular deficiency diseases associated with each vitamin are outlined. Potential toxicity and side effects from too much of certain water-soluble vitamins are explained. Finally, recommended dosages and common forms that each water-soluble vitamin is available in are summarized.

1. water-soluble vitamins
• overview of vitamin, type, definition and differences
• pharmacokinetics
•pharmacodynamics
•deficiency ( popular diseases)
•toxicity and side effects
•dosage and form
•summary

2. ‫الماضي‬ ‫منصور‬
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‫الشهوان‬ ‫وليد‬
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‫الدايل‬ ‫يوسف‬ ‫عبدالرحمن‬
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‫العتيبي‬ ‫تركي‬ ‫بندر‬ ‫فراس‬
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‫شديد‬ ‫عاصم‬
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‫العوله‬ ‫أحمد‬
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‫الخالدي‬ ‫عمر‬
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3. • Overview Of Vitamin, Type,
Definition And Differences

4. VITAMINS
Definition : organic molecules are essential for normal health
and growth and they required in small amount .
- Form no structures
- No mass
- it is a Greek word which means "vital for life"
- Deficiencies or excessive amount can be
dangerous.

5. CLASSIFICATION
• The main classification for vitamins is based on solubility.
1- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamins that are not stored in the body and
are easily excreted.
2- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
any of type vitamins soluble in fats or fat
solvents.

7. • DIFFERENCES

8. IMPORTANT TERMS
• HYPOVITAMINOSIS
is insufficiency of one or more essential
vitamins
• HYPERVITAMINOSIS
a condition of abnormally high storage levels of
vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.

9. • Pharmacokinetics of Water-
soluble Vitamins

10. B1
• Physiological amounts are absorbed by active transport.
If large doses are given orally, some amount of passive
diffusion occurs. Small amounts are stored in the body
tissues. It is rapidly excreted in the urine.
• Orally, IV, IM.

11. B2
• It is well absorbed by active transport and
phosphorylation in the intestine. The body does not
significantly store riboflavin. It is mainly excreted in the
urine.
• Parentral or orally.

12. b3
• The pharmacokinetics of niacinamide depend on dose, species,
gender, and route of administration.
• Niacinamide is readily absorbed from all parts of the
gastrointestinal.
• Peak serum concentrations are reached in humans within one hour
of oral ingestion of standard preparations.
• Niacinamide is rapidly cleared from the circulation and distributed in
all tissues. It has a high hepatic excretion ratio and plasma
clearance can be reduced in patients with hepatic insufficiency.

13. b5
• It is quickly absorbed and excreted unchanged in the
urine. Very little amounts of pantothenic acid are stored
in the body and most of it is excreted.
• Orally, IV, IM.

14. VIT B6
• is absorbed well from the intestines.
• It is oxidized in the body and excreted as pyridoxic acid.
Very small amounts only are stored in the body.
• IV injection, IM injection or Orally.

15. B12
• Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are forms
of vitamin B 12.
• Vitamin B-12 may be administered by mouth, in the
nose or by IM , Subcutaneous injection only with
your health care professional's prescription
• readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Although they are widely distributed to all
tissues, stored in the body, tissues. Metabolites
are excreted in the urine.

16. c
• It is rapidly absorbed from the GIT and widely
distributed in the body. Plasma concentration and total
body store is related to daily uptake. It is excreted in the
urine.The body stores upto to a maximum of 2.5 g.

17. • Pharmacodynamics of Water-
soluble Vitamins

18. Vitamin B
• It is known that nearly every vitamin of the B-complex
forms part of a co-enzyme essential for the metabolism
of protein, carbohydrate or fatty acid.

19. Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
• Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including
meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk
products.
• For treatment of Pernicious anemia ( loss of gastric
parietal cells, responsible, in part, for the absorption of
vitamin B12 ) and for prevention and treatment of vitamin
B12 deficiency.
• Half life : 6 days

21. • It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA .
Vitamin B12 also facilitates fat and carbohydrate metabolism and
protein synthesis.
• Hemoglobin Synthesis
• Vitamin B12 helps you create the heme portion of hemoglobin.
• Gene Methylation
• the process of adding or removing methyl chemical groups from
your DNA. abnormal gene methylation leads to abnormal gene
activity, and this can contribute to cancer .
• Myelin Production
• Myelin surrounds and insulates each of your nerve cells, helping
electrical signals travel quickly through your nervous system.

23. Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)
• For treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound
and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as
an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an
effective antiviral agent.
• Half life : 16 days

24. • In the synthesis of collagen, ascorbic acid is required as a cofactor
for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase.
• These two enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of the
proline and lysine amino acids in collagen. Hydroxyproline and
hydroxylysine are important for stabilizing collagen by cross-linking
the propeptides in collagen.
• Ascorbic acid deficiency causes scurvy, a condition marked by
degenerative changes in the capillaries, bone, and connective
tissues. (Collagenous structures ) .
• Ascorbic acid is involved with the biologic oxidations and reductions
used in cellular respiration.

26. • Deficiency And Popular
Diseases Of Water-soluble
Vitamins

27. Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Effect of Deficiency: Occurs where rice is the
only staple
Dry beriberi
 Weakness, nerve degeneration, poor arm/leg coordination, loss of nerve
transmission
 Wet beriberi
 Edema, enlarge heart, heart failure (cardiac pathology, )

28. © 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth

29. Oral
• Angular
Stomatitis
• Cheliosis
• Glossitis
Facial
• Dermatitis of
nasolabial
region.
Ocular
• Vascularization
of cornea
ariboflavinosis

31. PELLAGRA
Dermatitis
Diarrhoea
Dementia
Deat
h
Rash when exposed to sunlight
Deficient when Corn is the staple diet

33. B12 and folate Vitamin C
In both: Megaloblastic
anemia
In folate: Nural tube defect
Scurvy
Deficient for 20-40 days

35. • Toxicity And Side Effects
Of Water-soluble Vitamins

36. Introduction
• Toxicity of water soluble vitamins is less than lipid
soluble
• Only four vitamins out of the nine water soluble can
cause toxicity ( niacin (B3)-vitamin B6-folate-vitamine c )
• Most of them can reach toxic status through
supplementations only B6 through the diet

37. Niacin
• Facial flushing most common side effect it can happen without
the need of a high dose its characterized by redness of the
face and itching with rapid heart rate
• Its caused by high prostaglandin (PGD2) synthesis
• Hepatotoxicity very rare
• Tolerable upper intake levels 35mg

39. Other side effects
• Git disturbance's vomiting stomach pain
• Sever allergic reaction
• Worsened gill bladder and liver disease

40. Vitamin B6
• B6 toxicity will lead to damage of the sensory dorsal ganglia
and neurons causing a sensory neuropathy that will lead to
• Pain and extreme numbness of the extramtes cause lack of
walking coordination
• Headache because of the nerves in the head
• Also sleep disturbance and mood changes
• Upper intake level 100mg

41. Vitamin c
• It can cause kidney stones
• High levels cause increase iron absorption which may
lead to iron poisoning in hemochromatosis patients
• It can also cause vomiting and indigestion in the
stomach
• Upper intake level 1800mg

42. Folate
• Its not dangerous by itself
• Folate toxicity will mask vitamin B12 deficiency which is very
dangerous
• May lead to permanent nerve damage
• Upper intake is 1000mg
• Also cause loss of appetite nausea sleep disturbance

43. • Dosage And Form
Of Water-soluble Vitamins

44. Vitamin B1, Thiamine:
• Nutritional dose of Thiamine is 1.2 mg per day for males
and 1.1 mg per day for females.
• Form: Vitamin B1 can be found in multivitamins
(including children's chewable and liquid drops), B
complex vitamins, or it can be sold individually. It is
available in a variety of forms, including tablets, soft gels,
and lozenges. It may also be labeled as thiamine
hydrochloride or thiamine mononitrate. In cases of
severe deficiency, thiamine can be administered
intravenously.

45. Vitamin B2, Riboflavin:
• Riboflavin Recommendations
• RDA Men: 1.3 mg/day
• RDA Women: 1.1 mg/day
• Form: Riboflavin is generally included in multivitamins
and B-complex vitamins. It also comes separately in 25
mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg tablets.

46. Vitamin B3, Niacin:
• RDA Men: 16 NE/day
• RDA Women: 14 NE/day
• Upper level of 35 mg/day for adults
• Form: Niacin is available as a tablet or capsule in both
regular and timed-release forms. The timed-release
tablets and capsules may have fewer side effects than
regular niacin. However, the timed-release versions are
more likely to cause liver damage

47. Vitamin B6:
• 1.3 mg per day is the recommended dose.
• Form: Vitamin B6 supplements are available in oral
capsules or tablets (including sublingual and chewable
tablets) and liquids

48. Biotin:
• Adults: 30 μg/day
• Form:tablet and capsule

49. Folic Acid:
• The daily dose of this water soluble nutrient is 400 mcg
per day.
• During pregnancy, the dose is raised to 600 mcg per day
to ensure proper foetal development.
• Form: taken by mouth

50. Vitamin B12, Cobalamin:
• The daily dose of cobalamin is 2.4 mcg per day.
• Form: In addition to oral dietary supplements, vitamin
B12 is available in sublingual preparations as tablets or
lozenges. These preparations are frequently marketed
as having superior bioavailability, although evidence
suggests no difference in efficacy between oral and
sublingual forms

51. Vitamin C:
• Adult males need to consume at least 90 mg per day.
For females, the dose is 75 mg.
• Form: comes in the form of powder, chewable tablets, or
non-chewable tablets.

52. References :
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/317889-vitamin-b6-
toxicity-symptoms/
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/454038-b-complex-
vitamin-toxicity/

53. Summary :
• vitamin, type, definition and differences
• pharmacokinetics
•pharmacodynamics
•deficiency ( popular diseases)
•toxicity and side effects
•dosage and form

54. • Thank you .