This document contains information about a biochemistry assignment for group 2. It lists the 7 group members and their student IDs. It then provides details about various vitamins, including their definitions, classifications, structures, dietary sources, functions, and deficiency symptoms. Vitamins discussed include the water soluble vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 and vitamin C as well as the fat soluble vitamins.
A vitamin that can dissolve in water. Vitamins are nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy and work the way it should. Water-soluble vitamins are carried to the body's tissues but are not stored in the body.
ALL ABOUT VITAMINS VITAMIN B6, B7, B12 AND FOLIC ACIDSKYFALL
Vitamins are nutrients which are required in micro grams.They are essential for normal function of the body.They act as cofactors and prosthetic groups for enzymes
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ALL ABOUT VITAMINS VITAMIN B6, B7, B12 AND FOLIC ACIDSKYFALL
Vitamins are nutrients which are required in micro grams.They are essential for normal function of the body.They act as cofactors and prosthetic groups for enzymes
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biochem.pptx
1. Biochemistry assignment
group 2
Group members
1. EYOB KASEYA …………………………….RU0037/13
2. FIKRTE KINFE …………………………….RU3101/13
3. GETAHUN TSEGAYA …………………..RU0751/12
4. GIFTI GADISA…………………………….RU0322/12
5. HAILU GUDETA………………………....RU0275/13
6. HANNA SHITAHUN…………………...RU1563/13
7. HERAN GETACHEW…………………..RU0131/13
2. VITAMINS
•
Definition : organic molecules are essential for normal health
and growth and they required in small amount .
- Form no structures
- No mass
- it is a Greek word which means "vital for life"
- Deficiencies or excessive amount can be
dangerous.
CLASSIFICATION
• The main classification for vitamins is based on solubility.
1- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamins that are not stored in the body and
are easily excreted.
2- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
any of type vitamins soluble in fats or fat
solvents.
3. WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
• Essential co- enzymes required in energy releasing
mechanisms.
• Act as co- enzymes for metabolism of proteins,
carbohydrates
and fats.
• They include B1-PyridoxineB2 – BiotinB3 –
Niacin B 9- Folic acidB5 -Thiamine B6 – Riboflavin
B7 -pantothenic acid Niacin B 9- B12 –Cobalamin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
4.
5. Characteristics
• Colorless basic organic compound composed
of a sulfated pyramidin ring.
• All living organisms use thiamine, but it is
synthesized only in bacteria, fungi, and plants.
• Contains sulfur and nitrogen group
• Destroyed by alkaline and heat
• Active form- Thiamine pyrophosphate
6. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN B1
• Foods high in thiamin
– pork,
– fish,
– seeds, nuts,
– beans, green peas,
– tofu,
– brown rice,
– squash,
– asparagus,
– seafood
7. • M/A OF THIAMINE
• Allows the cell to produce energy
Synthesis of neurotransmitter
8. FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE
• Converting carbohydrate into energy. (ATP
production)
• Maintaining Peripheral Nerve Conduction
• Necessary for healthy mucous membranes.
• Helps in the digestion of food.
• Provides strength to muscles.
• It is very useful for the proper functioning of
heart.
9. • Thiamine is a colorless compound with
a chemical formula C12H17N4OS. Its structure
contains an amino pyrimidine ring and
a thiazole ring with methyl and hydroxyethyl
side chains linked by methylene bridge.
Structure of thiamine
10. VITAMIN B1 DEFICIENCY
• Beri-Beri
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
• Muscle Weakness & Wasting
• Ophthalmoplegia Beri-Beri
• Symptoms include:
– Dry Beri-Beri: No Edema
– Wet Beri-Beri: Pitting Edema on Trunk, Limbs and Face
– Progressive Wasting of Muscles
– Tachycardia,
– Laboured Breathing
– Numbing and weakening of Extremities
– tingling or burning
sensation in the hands
and feet
13. VITAMIN B2 (RIBOFLAVIN)
• also called as beauty vitamin.
• Yellowish green fluorescent compound soluble
in water.
• The word “Riboflavin” is derived from 2
sources-
– Ribose – ribose sugar
– Flavin – yellow.
• widely involved in oxidation- reduction
reaction.
15. FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN
• Essential for normal growth.
• Metabolism – It is involved in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fat & proteins.
• Digestion – it helps in digestion
• Nervous system – it helps in proper
functioning of Nervous system
• Very useful for normal tissue respiration.
• Necessary for healthy mucous membranes
• Good for skin, nails and eyes
• helps in protects the body against cancer
16. • Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is chemically defined as
7,8-dimethyl-10-(1Υ-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine. The
ending “flavin” (from the latin word flavus =
yellow) refers to its
yellowish color.
• Structure of oxidized
and reduced riboflavin.
Molecular level of riboflavin
17. RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY
• Magenta Tongue.
• Angular Stomatis.
• Dermatitis and Cheilosis.
• Cracks and sores in mouth and lips.
18.
19. DIETARY SOURCES OF NIACIN
• yeast, meat, poultry, red fish (e.g.,
tuna, salmon), cereals, legumes, and seeds
Milk, green leafy vegetables
20. FUNCTIONS OF NIACIN (VIT B3)
• Releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and protiens.
• DNA synthesis.
• production of estrogen progesterone & testosterone
• Necessary for healthy skin, nerves and digestive system.
• Helps to detoxify the body.
• Vitamin B3, is very essential for the proper digestion of the
food
• may improve arthritis symptoms, including increasing joint
mobility and reducing the amount of anti-inflammatory
medications needed
• helpful in reducing migraine headaches
• High doses of niacin medications are used to prevent
development of atherosclerosis and to reduce recurrent
complications such asheart attack and perip
21. • Nicotinic acid is a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position
3 is replaced by a carboxy group. It has a role as
an antidote, an antilipemic drug, a vasodilator
agent, a metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.19
(nicotinamidase) inhibitor, an Escherichia coli
metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a human urinary
metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a vitamin
B3, a pyridinemonocarboxylic acid and a pyridine
alkaloid. It is a conjugate acid of a nicotinate
Molecular structure
23. VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY
• PELLAGRA -
• Characterised by 4D’s
– Diarrhoea
– Dermatitis
– Dementia
– Death
24. VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY
• • Casal’s Necklace
– Pigmented and scaling rash forming a ring
around
sun exposed area of neck
25.
26. VITAMIN B5
• PANTOTHENIC ACID
• water-soluble vitamin.
• It was discovered by Roger J. Williams in
1919.
• This word derived from
– greek word pantos meaning everywhere.
• Part of Coenzyme-A
• Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
28. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B5
• plays an important role in helping release
energy from sugars, starches, and fats.
• They are essential for the cell metabolism.
• They are very helpful in the cholesterol
metabolism.
• Accelerates wound healing.
• It is also used as anti-stress factor.
• Allergies, headaches, arthritis, psoriasis,
insomnia, asthma, and infections have all been
treated with some effectiveness using vitamin B5.
29.
30.
31. VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE)
• Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex
group, and its active form, Pyridoxal 5'-
phosphate (PLP) serves as a cofactor in many
enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose, and
lipid metabolism.
• It is white crystalline substance soluble in
water and alcohol.
32. DIETARY SOURCE OF VIT B6
• Milk, Fish, Vegetables, Beans, Eggs, Peanuts,
sunflower seeds
33. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6
• Make antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fight
many diseases.
• Maintain normal nerve function
• Promotes RBC production & hemoglobin.
• Break down proteins.
• Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges
• Assists in the balancing of Sodium and
Potassium
levels.
• Production of Serotonin, Dopamine,
Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
34. • Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal5'-
phosphate ,P5P), is the active form of vitamin
b6 which act as a coenzyme in q variety of
enzymatic reactions.
35. DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B6
• Peripheral Neuropathy and Depression
• Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
• Loss of muscle control, muscle weakness,
cramps and numbness
• Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular
Risk
• Treatment of deficiency- 50mg/d until
resolution of symptoms
36.
37. VITAMIN B7 (BIOTIN)
• Also known as
– Biotin
– Vitamin H
– coenzyme R
• Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase
enzymes,
involved in the synthesis of fatty acids,
isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis
39. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B7
• convert food into glucose, which is used to
produce energy
• produce fatty acids and amino acids (the
building blocks of protein)
• activate protein/amino acid metabolism in the
hair roots and fingernail cells.
• Maintenance of
– normal skin and mucous membranes
– normal function of the nervous system
– normal hair
– normal psychological functions.
40. Molecular structure
• The name biotin derives from the Greek word
"bios" (to live) and the suffix "-in" (a general
chemical suffix used in organic chemistry
41. VITAMIN-B7 DEFICIENCY
• Nausea, Anorexia, scaling seborrheic
erythematous rash around eyes, nose and
mouth.
• In infants- Alopecia, Rash involving Ears and
hypotonia.
• Treatment of deficiency- 10mg/d of biotin
60
42.
43. VITAMIN B9 (FOLIC ACID)
• also known as folic acid, folacin or folate.
• It is a water soluble vitamin.
• It is a yellow crystalline substance.
45. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B9
• Formation of RBC – folic acid in combination with vitamin
B12 is essential for formation, maturation of RBCs.
• Nerve – it is necessary for growth & division of all body
cells,
• Hair & Skin – it is essential for the health of skin & hair
• Pregnancy – it is an important nutrient for the pregnant
women & her developing fetus.
• Improves the lactation.
• DNA synthesis, DNA and RNA replication
• Homocysteine metabolism
• Neurotransmitter formation
49. VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)
• Complex organomatrix compound called as
COBALAMIN which is cobalt containing
porphyrin.
• It is freely soluble in water.
50. SOURCES
• Vitamin B12 is mostly found in animal
products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese,
and egg
51. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B12
• Red Blood Cells – it is essential for
production
of RBCs
• Nervous – It improves concentration,
memory,
& balance.
• Metabolism of fat, carbohydrate ,proteins,
folic acid.
• Promotes growth and increases apatite.
52. • The metalloenzyme structure of Cobalamin presents a corrin
ring with Cobalt, the only metal in the molecule, positioned
right in the center of the structure by four coordinated bonds
of nitrogen from four
pyrrole groups.
53. VITAMIN- B12 DEFICIENCY
• Megaloblastic Anemia.
• Pernicious anemia
• Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell
death
• Loss of Vibratory and Position Senses
• Abnormal Gait
• Dementia
• Loss of Bladder and Bowel Control
54.
55. characteristics of vitamin c
• Water soluble vitamin
• 70 percentage of vitamin C is lost in the
process of cooking
• Most animals & plants can synthesize
ascorbic
acid from glucose
• Man, higher primates, guineapigs & bats
cannot synthesize ascorbic acid
56. Molecular Structure
• Vitamin C (Vit C) or Ascorbic acid (AA) is a hydrophilic
molecule, composed of six carbons, similar to
glucose. In the organisms, Vit C can be found in its
reduced form (ascorbic acid or ascorbate) or in its
oxidized form called dehydroascorbic
acid (DHA), which is a
product of two-electron
oxidation of ascorbic acid.
57. Dietary sources of vitamin C
• Amla ( Indian gooseberry- 700 mg/100 g)
• Guava, lime, lemon, Green leafy vegetables
• Milk & Animal Products like liver & fish
58. Deficiency of vitamin C
• Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from lack
of vitamin C
Symptoms:
Adults: gingivitis, bleeding tooth; under
periosteal hematoma, petechiae, increased
thickening of the hair follicle. If left untreated
can be fatal due to massive bleeding or
ischemic cardiomyopathy.
59. Infantile scurvy (Barlow's disease)
• Babies: usually due to artificial diet, bleeding
under the periosteum, especially in the lower
limbs; easy bleeding under the skin; wound
healing