2. FR
Group 2 members
1. Hoda Muse Mohamed
2. Ikram Omer SH
3. Khalid Mohamed H. Hassan
4. Mustafe Mohamed Abdi
5. Mohamed Faisal Jama
6. Nimco Hussein Ahmed
7. Nimco Diriye Hirsi
8. Nimco Abdulahi Sultan
9. Ismahan Ali Omer
10. Imran Abdi Ali
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• Water soluble vitamins
• Definition and chemistry
• Source
• Function in body
• Defiency
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• Water soluble vitamins Include the B- Vitamins and Vitamin C. They share few
common properties besides their solubility characteristics. Since they are
water soluble excess can be excreted through urine. Hypervitaminosis may
not cause toxicity. Most of these vitamins act as coenzymes. The B- Vitamins
are essential and must be provided through diet: these include:
• Vitamin B1 Thiamine
• Vitamin B2 riboflavin
• Vitamin B3 Niacin
• Vitamin B6 pyridoxine
• Vitamin B7 biotin
• Vitamin B9 folic acid
• Vitamin B12 cobalamin
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• Thiamine consists of a pyrimidine ring attached to thiazole ring by methylene bridge.
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Function
• Vitamin B1 is very essential for
converting carbohydrate into energy.
• Its required for growth and
maintenance of nerve and muscle
tissue.
• It is very useful for proper
functioning of the heart.
Source
• Beans and legumes
• Meat, fish and egg
• Dairy, nuts
• Whole grains
RDA
• Men -1.3mg
• Women -1.0mg
• Pregnancy and lactation-2mg
• Children- 1.1mg
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Deficiency Manifestations
• The deficiency of vitamin B1
results in condition called
beriberi
• The early symptoms of
thiamine deficiency are
anorexia(lack of appetite),
nausea, mental confusion,
peripheral neuritis, and muscle
fatigue.
Types of beriberi
• Dry beriberi
• Affects the nervous system.
• Wet beriberi
• Affects cardiovascular system.
• Infantile beriberi.
• Affects children of
malnourished mothers.
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• Riboflavin is compound consisting of isoalloxazine ring with ribitol sugar side chain
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Function
Metabolism for carbohydrates
and fats
It helps in proper functioning of
nervous system.
It is good for skin, nails and eyes.
It protects the body against
cancer.
Sources
• Liver
• Egg
• Whole milk
• Fish
• Whole cereals
RDA
• 1.3 to 1.7 for adult
• Pregnant and lactating
women 2mg
• Children 1.1mg
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• Deficiency Manifestations
• Angular stomatitis with
fissuring at the angle of the
mouth
• Cheilosis red shinny lips
• Glossitis inflammation of the
tongue
• Itching and burning eyes
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Niacin is a general name for nicotinic acid and nicotinamide either of which may
act as a source of vitamin in the diet.
Niacin is simple pyridine
The term Nicotinic acid should not be confused with nicotine.
The term nicotinic acid is vitamin but the nicotine is potent poison from tobacco
.
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Source
• liver
• Cereals
• Legumes
• Meat
• fish
Function
• It helps in releasing
energy from carbohydrate.
• It is essential for DNA
synthesis
• It is essential for
production of estrogen
and progesterone
RDA
Men-17mg
Women-13mg
Pregnancy-12mg to 15mg
Children – 15mg
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Deficiency of niacin
niacin deficiency is common in areas where the stable food is maize
Because maize is low in niacin and tryptophan one of the essential amino acids which is precursor for
niacin.
Early signs and symptoms of niacin deficiency
Fatigue, poor appetite weakness, mild digestive disturbance anxiety, irritability
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• Vitamin B6 also known as pyridoxine is an essential vitamin that helps and maintain the
health of your whole body. It exists in three forms pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine
and their corresponding phosphates.
Source
• Wheat
• Cereals
• Legumes
• Oil seeds
• Milk
• Meat
• Fish
Function
• Protein metabolism
• Involved in formation of haemoglobin,
hormones and structural proteins
• Maintain Healthy development of
nervous system
RDA
• Adult- 2mg
• Children- 1.7mg
• Infant- 0.1- 0.4mg
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• Tiredness and Fatigue, irritability
• Premenstrual tension
• Infants may suffer convulsions if there is deficiency
• Dermatitis near the eyes
• Anemia
• Nausea and vomiting
Deficiency of vitamin B6 is not common and may result from intake of drugs such as
isoniazid and contraceptives.
Deficiency of Vitamin B6
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• Biotin Is a vitamin and a coenzyme commonly associated with enzymes
performing carboxylation reactions. It also known as vitamin H. H comes from
germen words haar and haut means hear and skin.
Sources
• Normally synthesized by
intestinal bacteria
• liver, kidney), nuts seeds
(sunflower seeds),
legumes, whole grains,
mushrooms
Function
• serves as a coenzyme
• important for maintaining healthy
hair, skin, and nails.
• plays a crucial role in the
synthesis of fatty acids, glucose
production, and the breakdown of
amino acids.
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Deficiency of biotin
hair loss, skin rashes, brittle nails, fatigue.
RDA
30-35 µg per day
More during pregnancy
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• Vitamin B9 is also known as folic acid. It is a water-soluble
vitamin
Source
• Rich source of folate are
yeast, green leafy
vegetables
• Moderate source are
cereals, oil seeds and egg.
• Milk is poor source for
folate acid.
Function
• Formation of red blood cells
• Essential for synthesis of DNA and RNA
• Development of brain, spinal cord and
skeleton in foetus
• Reduces risk of neural tube defects e.g.
spina bifida
• May play role preventing heart attacks,
strokes and cancer
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Deficiency
• Fatigue in mild cases
• Anaemia in severe cases
• Neural tube formation
defects
RDA
500 microgram in
pregnant women and
300 during lactation
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• Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamins.
• This vitamin is found in animal products
Source
• Meat
• Fish
• Cheese
Function
• Red blood cell formation
• Nervous system -
maintains myelin sheath
around nerves
• Helps treat pernicious
anaemia
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Deficiency
• Pernicious anaemia
• Nerve degeneration
• Lack of appetite
RDA
3-4 µg per day
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• B vitamins are water-soluble, which means that excess amounts are
typically excreted in the urine rather than stored in the body.
• However, extremely high doses of certain B vitamins, such as vitamin
B6 (pyridoxine), can lead to neurological symptoms, including
numbness, tingling, and nerve damage.
• Excessive intake of vitamin B3 (niacin) can cause a condition called
niacin flush, characterized by skin flushing, itching, and
gastrointestinal symptoms.
• It is generally recommended to obtain B vitamins from a balanced diet,
and supplementation should be done under the guidance of a
healthcare professional.
EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF VITAMIN
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• Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin known as ascorbic acid
Source
Citrus fruit
Potato
Tomato
Green vegetables
Function
Collagen biosynthesis
Bone mineral metabolism
Potent anti-oxidant
Prevents scurvy
Critical to immune system
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deficiency
Scurvy
Poor healing
Pain in bones and muscles
Poor bone & dentin formations
RDA
Adult – 70-90mg
Children – 40mg
Infant – 25mg
Pregnancy and lactations – 80mg
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• Vitamin C is also water-soluble, and excess amounts are typically excreted in the
urine.
• The most commonly known consequence of excessive vitamin C intake is diarrhea or
gastrointestinal discomfort due to its osmotic effect.
• High doses of vitamin C can increase the risk of kidney stone formation in susceptible
individuals.
• Individuals with certain medical conditions, such as iron overload disorders or kidney
disease, may be more susceptible to adverse effects of excessive vitamin C intake.
• It is generally recommended to obtain vitamin C from dietary sources, such as fruits
and vegetables, and supplementation should be done in moderation.
EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF VITAMIN C
