Describe the morphology of cooci and its effect on the body . Describe Diagnostic test for streptococci infection :- Microscopy – general blood test – gram sating - blood culture – esr – aso titer – crp. 3. Describe the acute inflammation and it courses . 4. Describe the physical changes acute inflammation and systemic manifestation . 5 . Explain the mechanism of necrosis

1. Pod1 – first year
asem shadid

2. 1. Describe the morphology of cooci and its effect
on the body .
2. Describe Diagnostic test for streptococci
infection :-
 Microscopy – general blood test – gram sating -
blood culture – esr – aso titer – crp.
 3. Describe the acute inflammation and it courses
.
 4. Describe the physical changes acute
inflammation and systemic manifestation .
 5 . Explain the mechanism of necrosis

3.  Single celled organisms
 Very small
 Need a microscope to see
 Can be found on most materials and surfaces
◦ Billions on and in your
body right now

4.  Three basic shapes
◦ Rod shaped called bacilli (buh-sill-eye)
◦ Round shaped called cocci (cox-eye)
◦ Spiral shaped
 Some exist as single cells, others
cluster together
 Bacteria are ALIVE!
◦ They reproduce (make more of themselves)
◦ They need to eat
Bacilli
Spiral
Cocci
Cluster of cocci

5. Staphylococcus aureus it is a common cause of skin infections (e.g. boils),
respiratory disease (e.g. sinusitis), and food poisoning.
streptococcal infection in adults, infection is normally associated with
pregnancy, or with comorbidities that predispose to infection, such as diabetes
Streptococcus

6. Coccus
Diplococcus
Streptococcus
Tetrad
Sarcinae
Staphylococcus

7. 1. Describe Diagnostic test for streptococci infection :-
Microscopy
A throat culture is a test to check for a bacterial or fungal infection in the
throat. A sample from the throat is collected by swabbing the throat and
placing the sample into a special cup (culture) that allows infections to
grow
• If an infection grows, the
culture is positive.
• If no infection grows, the
culture is negative.
Culture
Deliberate growing of cells, especially
microorganisms, in a solid or liquid
medium (e.g. agar, gelatin), as of
bacteria in a Petri dish

8. Why It Is Done
• A throat culture may be done to:
• Find the cause of a sore throat.
• Finding the organism that is causing the infection can guide treatment.
• Most sore throat infections are caused by a virus. A throat culture shows
the difference between a bacterial infection and a viral infection.
• A negative throat culture may mean that the cause of your infection is a
virus, rather than bacteria or fungus.
• A positive throat culture may mean Bacteria grows in the culture. Some
bacterial throat infections include Strep throat .

9. The Gram staining
The Gram staining method, named after Hans Christian Gram.
the Gram's method are commonly classified as Gram-positive and Gram
negative.
Others that are not stained by crystal violet are referred to as Gram negative,
and appear red.
A Gram stain and culture of the material from an infected site are the most
commonly performed microbiology tests used to identify the cause of a
bacterial infection.
After culture a Gram stain is performed to help determine the type of bacteria
present and to help determine what other tests may need to be performed to
definitively identify the cause of infection.
Viruses cannot be detected with a Gram stain.

13. Antistreptolysin O titer (general blood test )
1. A blood sample is needed.
2. You should not eat for 6 hours before the test.
3. This test is done if you have symptoms of a previous infection by group A
Streptococcus. Some illnesses caused by this bacteria are
• Scarlet fever
• Strep throat
 A negative test result means you have likely not had a recent strep
infection.
 An abnormal or positive test means you recently had a strep infection, even
if you had no symptoms. The ASO test may stay positive

14. C-Reactive Protein
Also known as: CRP
Formal name: C-Reactive Protein
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein found in the blood plasma, the levels of
which rise in response to inflammation.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific test. It is used by a doctor to detect
inflammation if there is a high suspicion of tissue injury or infection somewhere
in the body, but the test cannot tell where the inflammation is or what condition
is causing it.
CRP may sometimes be ordered along with an Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR), another test that detects inflammation. While the CRP test is not specific
enough to diagnose a particular disease
• The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test will also be increased in the
presence of inflammation; however, CRP increases sooner and then decreases
more rapidly than the ESR.

15. ESR
Also known as: Sed Rate; Sedimentation Rate; Westergren Sedimentation Rate
Formal name: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) the rate at which red blood cells
sediment - ‫تترسب‬ -in a period of one hour.
• non-specific test that has been used for many years to help detect
inflammation
• indicates the presence of inflammation but does not tell the health
practitioner exactly where the inflammation is in the body or what is causing
it.
• A low ESR can be seen with
• a high red blood cell count (polycythemia)
• high white blood cell count (leukocytosis)
• Some changes in red cell shape (such as sickle cells in sickle cell anemia) also
lower the ESR.

16. Inflammation is divided into acute inflammation, which occurs over seconds,
minutes, hours, and days, and chronic inflammation, which occurs over
longer times.
Acute inflammation begins within seconds to minutes following the injury of
tissues. The damage may be purely physical, or it may involve the activation
of an immune response. Three main processes occur:
Increased blood flow
Increased permeability
Migration of neutrophils
3. Describe the acute inflammation and it
courses .

17. 5 . Explain the mechanism of necrosis
Necrosis is a form of cell injury that results in the premature death of
cells in living tissue by autolysis .
In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and
targeted cause of cellular death. apoptosis often provides nice
effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always bad and can be
fatal ( lead to death )