This document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, with a focus on methods of collection, transfer stations, and landfilling. It provides details on: 1. Factors that affect the rate of solid waste generation such as location, season, culture, and public attitudes. 2. Proper handling and separation of solid waste to prevent pollution, including covering waste, containing stormwater runoff, and labeling hazardous materials. 3. The need for transfer stations between collection and long-distance transportation to optimize vehicle usage and minimize transportation time. Transfer stations can be either level or split-level designs. 4. Sanitary landfilling as a disposal method where waste is compacted and covered daily to avoid nu

1. Environmental Management
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
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R K Kamble
Department of Environmental Science
S P College, Chandrapur, Maharashtra
e-mail: rahulkk41279@yahoo.com

2. What we have studied so far?
• Definition of solid waste (SW)
• Sources
• Classification
• Characteristics
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3. Objective of this lecture
• Factors affecting SW generation rate
• Handling and separation of SW
• Methods of collection
• Need of transfer station
• Types of transfer station
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4. Factors affecting SW generation rate
• Geographical locations
• Season of the year
• Cultural factor
• Characteristics of population
• Extent of salvaging and recyling
• Public attitude
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6. Handling and separation of SW
• Prevent waste material from coming in direct
contact with wind or rain
– Cover with a permanent roof
– If not possible, with temporary covering material
viz. reinforced tarpaulin, polythene, polyurethane,
polypropylene etc.
– Cover dumpsters to prevent rain from washing
out waste materials
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7. • Design waste handling and disposal area to
prevent storm water runoff
– Enclose waste handling and disposal area or built
burm around it
– Position roof downspouts to direct storm water
away from waste handling and disposal area
• Design area such a way to contain spills
– Place dumpsters or other receptacles on an
impervious surface
– Construct a berm around the area to contain spills
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8. • Keep waste collection area clean
– Use dry method of cleaning e.g. sweeping,
absorbents
– If water needs to be used, collect wastewater and
discharge to the sewer
• Label and store hazardous waste according to
regulation
• Solid waste may be separated as dry and wet
• Glass-injurious to humans-separate at source
• While handling solid waste it should not
pollute other area
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9. Methods of collection of SW
• House to house collection
• Curb service
• Alley service
• Set out service
• Set out, set back
• Backyard service
• Block collection
• Community bin
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10. Needs for SW transfer operation
• Collection of house-to-house SW is time
consuming, strenuous, slow speed, holding
capacity of vehicle
• Collection vehicle shall not go for transporting
to the disposal site
• Collection of SW and transportation to
disposal site, two different things, shall not be
combined
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11. • If transportation and collection is done by a
truck, major time for collection for one trip,
can’t go for second trip
• Underutilization of high ply load vehicles
• Therefore, necessary to have independent
vehicles for collection and transportation,
hence transfer station is required
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12. Objectives of transfer station
• To receive the collected quantity of SW and
make large quantity  loading into
transporting trucks in a short time period
• To relieve collecting vehicles quickly
• To synchronize the receipt and dispatch-
minimum storage facility
• All vehicles always on move-except during
discharge and loading
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13. Types of transfer station
• Level site
• Split level site
• Level site: Refuse transferred from one vehicle
to another manually. Smaller vehicle unloads
its contents manually transferred. Contents
of hand carts can directly tipped inside
vehicle. Site becomes littered.
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15. • Split level site: When direct discharge from
one vehicle into another is desired. Loading
platform 3-4 m above ground level ramp
having a slope. Vehicle climb up the ramp
unload the SW into vehicle standing at down.
A backhoe is used to compact and distribute
the refuse. The smaller vehicle climbs down
from other side.
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16. Methods of treatment &disposal of MSW
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17. Composting
• Composting is anaerobic and thermophyllic
decomposition of organic matter (OM) by
microorganisms
• OM transformed into stable humus like
substances
• Reaction taking place generates heat,
compost temp. raises during process
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18. • Waste volume is reduced to 30-60%
• For optimum composting following
parameters are usually adhered to:
– Temp. 40-50o
C, pH 4.5-9.5, moisture 40-70%,
particle size 0.63-2.54 cm, air 0.5-0.8 m3
/day/kg,
C:N 27:1, C:P 100:1.
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19. Steps in composting process
1. Separation of refuse into compostable and
non compostable
2. Shredding
3. Blending
4. Digestion
5. Product up-gradation
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20. 1. Separation of refuse into compostible and
non compostible: SW placed on slow moving
conveyer belt.
Material like corrugated papers are
handpicked and ferrous material by magnetic
separation. The separation of refuse into
compostible and non compostible at source.
2. Shredding: The compostible material is
shredded into small pieces. Sufficient large
area for bacterial action. Size: 20-50 mm.
Hammer mills are used for this purpose
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21. 3. Blending and composting: Important is C:N. If
it is more than 35 composting is slow.
Optimum C:N is about 1:27, moisture 50%,
temperature 60 o
C.
4. Digestion: The mixture are placed in
windrows for 4-6 weeks, turning once or twice
week. Waste is decomposed by thermophyllic
MO.
5. Product up-gradation: Product is up gradated
by operation such as curing, grinding,
screening, palatalizing and bagging.
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22. Turned Windrows
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23. Sanitary landfilling
• What it is?
• Ideal sanitary landfill site criteria
• Construction
• Reaction
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
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24. Sanitary landfilling
• A method of disposal of refuse on land
without creating nuisance or hazardous to
public health or safety by utilizing the
principles of engineering to confine the refuse
into smallest particle area, to reduce it to
smallest particle volume, and to cover it with
a layer of earth at the conclusion of each days
operation, or at such more frequent intervals
as may be necessary.
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25. Sanitary landfill site criteria:
• Cheap, accessible, reasonable distance
• 1.5 km downwind from commercial and
residential area
• Reasonably leveled, clear, well drain, 3 years
capacity
• Low permeability soil  can be used as cover
material
• Above groundwater level,
• Site should not be deleterious to surrounding 25

26. http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2/chapter9.pdf
Sanitary Landfill (Municipal Solid Waste Landfill)
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28. SANITARY LANDFILLS (accommodate 57% of total
municipal solid waste):
• Each day trash is
spread in thin layers
• Compacted down
• Covered with a soil
layer
• Graded for drainage
http://www.epa.gov/garbage/dmg2/chapter9.pdf
Sanitary landfills have largely
replaced open dumps.
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30. Thank you
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