This document discusses construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in India. It notes that C&D waste makes up 14.5 million tons (MT) of India's total 48 MT of solid waste annually. Concrete comprises 65% of C&D waste in India. Reasons for increased C&D waste include new construction, demolition of old structures, and natural disasters. The document outlines sorting and management processes and highlights key issues like lack of segregation and recycling facilities. It also compares India's estimated C&D waste to official figures and notes most waste ends up illegally dumped. Better enforcement of regulations and increased recycling could help address India's C&D waste problems.

1. Construction & Demolition Waste Management
Prepared By :Konark
prakash

2. Construction and Demolition
Waste building materials, dredging
materials that are produced in the
process of constructions, remodeling,
repair, or demolition of residential
buildings, commercial buildings and
other structure and pavements.

3. Construction & Demolition Waste Consist of
Concrete
Bricks
Timber
Sanitary ware
Glasses
Steel
Plastic

4. Present Indian Scenario of Construction and Demolition Waste
 14.5 MT Out Of 48 MT of total solid waste generated per annum

5. Composition of Construction & Demolition Waste in India
65%
25%
5%
2% 2% 1%
Concrete
Bricks & Tiles
Wood
Metals
Others
Plastic

6. Reasons For Increase of Construction & Demolition
Waste
Many old buildings, concrete pavements, bridges and other
structures have overcome their age and limit of use due to
structural deterioration beyond repairs and need to be demolished
New construction for better economic growth
Structures are turned into debris resulting from natural disasters
like earthquake, cyclone and floods etc.

7. Hierarchy for C & D waste management

8. Sorting Process of Construction & Demolition Waste
Chemical
Mineralogical
Appraisal
Mechanical
Sorting

9.  Chemical-MineralogicalAppraisal
Recognizes particular grain size
X-Ray Fluorescence - Invest chemical composition in terms of major elements.
X-Ray Diffractometry - Recognizes the constitute mineralogical phases
 Mechanical Sorting Process
Bar Screening
Magnetic
Separation
Air classifier

10. Main Issue for Construction & Demolition Waste
Management
Absence of segregation of waste at source
Lack of appropriately located recycling facilities
Indifferent attitude of citizens toward waste management
Illegal practices performed by contractors to save money

11. Key Requirement of Waste Management Plan
Types, quantities and qualities of wastes
Measures for reducing waste generation
On-site waste sorting
On-site and off-site reuse
Areas for waste storage
Quantities of wastes requiring off-site disposal
Monitoring and auditing program

12. C&DwastegenerationinIndia:
grossunderestimation?
The Union ministry of forests and environment (MoEF) has
confessed there is no systematic database on C&Dwaste
As per the estimates of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), since 2005, India has
newly constructed 5.75 billion sq m of additional floor space with almost one billion sq
m in 2013 itself. If (according to the Technology Information, Forecasting and
Assessment Council's, or TIFAC's, thumb rule) a new construction generates 40-60 kg of
C&D waste per sq m, then taking an average of 50 kg per sq m, India must have
generated 50 million tonne (MT) of C&D waste in 2013. Over the last eight years, it
would have produced 287 MT of this waste.

13. This estimate only accounts for new construction. Demolition and
renovation/repair-related waste of the older stock generates additional
waste. The waste produced per sq m of demolition is 10 times that
generated during construction: as per TIFAC, 300-500 kg of waste per sq
m. If it is assumed that five per cent of the existing building stock gets
demolished and rebuilt completely annually, then about 288 MT more
of C&D waste would have been generated in 2013 alone because of
demolitions
TIFAC also says building repair produces 40-50 kg per sq m of waste.
Assuming that one-third of the existing building stock underwent some sort
of repair or renovation in 2013, India must have generated an average of 193
MT of C&D waste just from repair and renovation in that year

14. Thus, the total C&D waste generated in India just by buildings in one year — 2013 — amounts to a
humungous 530 MT, 44 times higher than the official estimate. Imagine the scenario if the waste
generated by infrastructure projects such as roads and dams is added. Not surprisingly, in India, if
C&D waste is quantified, it will be more than all the other types of solid waste put together
Where is all this C&D waste going?
• A lot of it is being used by land sharks to illegally fill up waterbodies and
wetlands around urban centers for real estate development. The rest is
just being dumped into rivers and open spaces.

15. In India Construction agencies like CPWD say that Indian
laws permit the use of only naturally sourced building
material. The IS: 323-1970 Indian standard specification
related to aggregates for concrete, laid down by the Bureau
of Indian Standards (BIS), stipulates that concrete can be
made only with naturally accessed materials. Construction
agencies cite this rule to avoid using recycled C&D waste.
No reuse

16. Buildingmaterialcrisisandenvironmentalconcern
Indiscriminate mining of sand and other minor minerals has caused extensive
damage to the environment, scarred rivers, made many areas susceptible to
floods, and destroyed the crucial recharge zones. In 2012, the Supreme Court
had asked state governments to amend the rules to regulate mining of minor
minerals and ensure environmental management. On August 5, 2013, the
National Green Tribunal (NGT) declared sand mining without environmental
clearance illegal. However, the concern for a deteriorating environment is being
seen in the context of a growing shortage of these materials. The Union ministry
of housing and urban poverty alleviation had told the Rajya Sabha in 2012 about
the shortage of building material, especially for aggregates and concrete owing
to mining bans/restrictions on environmental grounds. The shortage has been so
severe that several civil projects in India are facing delays. This is aggravating the
housing crisis and affecting the construction of roads, bridges, canals, etc. If sand
mining and other naturally sourced materials have to be restricted and
regulated, other strategies must be put in place to reduce demand

17. India's first plant that recycles construction waste
 In collaboration with Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), IL&FS Environ
mental Infrastructure & Services ltd (IEISL)has developed a pilot project to
demonstrate the potential benefits of increasing the recycling rates for
C&D waste in Delhi.
 The project itself has been set up on a Public Private Partnership (PPP)
basis, which has proved successful as it
serves the dual purpose of saving landfill space on the one hand and also d
eveloping the market for C&D recyclables.

18. Project details
The facility is located in Burari on approximately seven acres of low and
marshy land which has provided by the MCD for a period of 10 years.
In the processing facility, IEISL collects some 500 tonnes per day of C&D
waste from three designated zones in Delhi Karol Bagh, Sadar-
Paharganj and City. .
The C&D waste is recycled into aggregates at the waste management
facility and in turn converted to Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), pavement
blocks, kerb stones, and concrete bricks

19. Globalbestpracticesshowtheway
 In the United Kingdom, the Northern Ireland Environment Agency has
published The Quality Protocol for the Production of Aggregates from
Inert Waste in 2004. This has helped promote use of recycled and
secondary aggregates. Almost 280 MT of aggregates are used every year,
which is 28 per cent of the total C&D waste generated.
 Singapore, yet another land constrained country, recycles 98 per cent of
its C&D waste.
 In the US, New York has stringent measures for C&D waste as it is land-
locked and has limited space for disposal. Its disposal practices are more
efficient than the rest of the US. It forces the developers to segregate
waste at site, dismantle and not demolish, in addition to other measures.

20. Stadium in brazil where the 2016 Olympics were held is made up of 70 percent
recycled building material.

21. Some of the salient features of SWM Rules, 2016 include:-
 The Rules are now applicable beyond Municipal areas and extend to urban agglomerations, census towns, notified
industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbase, Port and harbour, defence
establishments, special economic zones, State and Central government organizations, places of pilgrims, religious &
historical importance.
 The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to wealth by recovery, reuse and recycle.
 Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three streams, Wet (Biodegradable), Dry
(Plastic, Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and domestic hazardous wastes (diapers, napkins, empty containers of cleaning agents,
mosquito repellents, etc.) and handover segregated wastes to authorized rag-pickers or waste collectors or local bodies.
 Integration of waste pickers/ ragpickers and waste dealers/ Kabadiwalas in the formal system should be done by State
Governments, and Self Help Group, or any other group to be formed
 No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste generated by him, on streets, open public spaces outside his
premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.
 Generator will have to pay ‘User Fee’ to waste collector and for ‘Spot Fine’ for Littering and Non-segregation.
 Used sanitary waste like diapers, sanitary pads should be wrapped securely in pouches provided by manufacturers or
brand owners of these products or in a suitable wrapping material and shall place the same in the bin meant for dry waste
/ non- bio-degradable waste.
 The concept of partnership in Swachh Bharat has been introduced. Bulk and institutional generators, market associations,
event organizers and hotels and restaurants have been made directly responsible for segregation and sorting the waste
and manage in partnership with local bodies.
 All hotels and restaurants should segregate biodegradable waste and set up a system of collection or follow the system of
collection set up by local body to ensure that such food waste is utilized for composting / biomethanation.

22.  All Resident Welfare and market Associations, Gated communities and institution with an area >5,000 sq. m should
segregate waste at source- in to valuable dry waste like plastic, tin, glass, paper, etc. and handover recyclable material to
either the authorized waste pickers or the authorized recyclers, or to the urban local body.
 The bio-degradable waste should be processed, treated and disposed of through composting or bio-methanation within
the premises as far as possible. The residual waste shall be given to the waste collectors or agency as directed by the local
authority.
 New townships and Group Housing Societies have been made responsible to develop in-house waste handling, and
processing arrangements for bio-degradable waste.
 Every street vendor should keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the course of his activity such
as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food, vegetables, fruits etc. and deposit
such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified by the local authority.
 The developers of Special Economic Zone, industrial estate, industrial park to earmark at least 5% of the total area of the
plot or minimum 5 plots/ sheds for recovery and recycling facility.
 All manufacturers of disposable products such as tin, glass, plastics packaging etc. or brand owners who introduce such
products in the market shall provide necessary financial assistance to local authorities for the establishment of waste
management system.
Municipal Solid Waste
With the ever increasing population and urbanization, the waste management has emerged as a huge challenge in the
country. Not only the waste has increased in quantity, but the characteristics of waste have also changed
tremendously over a period, with the introduction of so many new gadgets and equipment. It is estimated that 43
million TPA is collected, 11.9 million is treated and 31 million is dumped in landfill sites.

23. Proper solid waste management
Scientific disposal of solid waste through segregation, collection and treatment and disposal in an
environmentally sound manner minimises the adverse impact on the environment. The local
authorities are responsible for the development of infrastructure for collection, storage,
segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of MSW.As per information available for 2013-
14, compiled by CPCB, municipal authorities have so far only set up 553 compost & vermi-compost
plants, 56 bio-methanation plants, 22 RDF plants and 13 Waste to Energy (W to E) plants in the
country.
Problems of unscientific MSW disposal
Only about 75- 80% of the municipal waste gets collected and out of this only 22-28 % is processed and treated and
remaining is disposed of indiscriminately at dump yards. It is projected that by the year 2031 the MSW generation shall
increase to 165 million tonnes and to 436 million tons by 2050. If cities continue to dump the waste at present rate
without treatment, it will need 1240 hectares of land per year and with projected generation of 165 million tons of waste
by 2031, the requirement of setting up of land fil for 20 years of 10 meters height will require 66,000 hectares of land.
As per the Report of the Task Force of erstwhile Planning Commission, the untapped waste has a potential of generating
439 MW of power from 32,890 TPD of combustible wastes including Refused Derived Fuel (RDF), 1.3 million cubic metre of
biogas per day, or 72 MW of electricity from biogas and 5.4 million metric tonnes of compost annually to support
agriculture.

24. The Choice is yours
To Landfill To Recycle
THANK YOU