AS PER GTU SYLLABUS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (5TH SEM)

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Solid waste management
Environmental ENGG.
PREPARED BY:-
Karm Balar
Asst. Prof.
S.S.A.S.I.T.

2. Content…
oSolid Waste Management:
oQuantity,
oComposition and characteristics of solid waste,
oMethods of solid waste collection,
oconveyance,
otreatment and disposal.
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3. Types of waste
• Solid waste
• Liquid waste
• Gaseous waste
• Animal by product(ABPs)
• Biodegradable waste
• Chemical waste
• Commercial waste
• Business waste
• Biomedical waste
• Bulky waste
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4. Municipal Solid Waste
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5. • Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and that are
discarded as useless or unwanted. The term refuse, is often
used with the term solid wastes.
Solid Waste
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6. Basic terms related to solid waste
Ash :Material remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other
combustible wastes. Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine
powdery materials, cinders, clinkers, and small amount of burned and
partially burned materials.
Bulky waste: large wastes such as appliances, furniture, and trees and
branches, that cannot be handled by normal MSW processing methods.
Co-disposal: the disposal of different types of waste in one area of a landfill
or dump. For instance, sewage sludges may be disposed of with regular solid
wastes.
Biodegradable material : any organic material that can be broken down by
microorganisms into simpler, more stable compounds. Most organic wastes
(e.g., food, paper) are biodegradable.
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7. Composting : biological decomposition of solid organic materials by
bacteria, fungi, and other organisms into a soil-like product.
Disposal : the final handling of solid waste, following collection,
processing, or incineration. Disposal most often means placement of
wastes in a dump or a landfill.
Landfilling : the final disposal of solid waste by placing it in a
controlled place intended to be permanent.
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8. Leachate : liquid that has travelled through a landfill or solid waste or
other medium and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials
from it.
MSW : municipal solid waste.
MSWM : municipal solid waste management.
Putrefy : microbial decomposition of organic matter Usually used in
reference to food wastes and other organic wastes that decay quickly.
Refuse : all kinds of wastes in solid state excepting excreta coming
from residential, commercial and industrial area.
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9. Rubbish : all non putrefaction organic waste except ashes are known
as rubbish. Paper pieces, Brocken glasses, plastic bottles, crockery
etc.
Emissions: the sum of total substances discharge in to the air from
vent or other outer sources.
Calorific value: number of heat units obtained by complete
combustion of unit mass of fuel. Measure in kCal/kg of fuel.
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10. Classification of Solid Wastes
Normally solid waste are classified in to two
categories
1. Organic waste: it include dry animal waste,
vegetable, leaves, plastic bottle, paper waste etc.
2. Inorganic waste: that include dust, mud, metal,
Brocken glasses, waste building material etc. 10

11. Classification of Wastes according to
their Places
1. DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE
2. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
3. COMMERCIAL SOLID WASTE
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12. Municipal Wastes
• Municipal Wastes Include waste from residential,
commercial, open areas such as parks, streets,
playgrounds etc. and treatment plant waste these include
wastes such as, garbage, rubbish, ashes, demolition and
construction wastes, special wastes, treatment plant
wastes, principally composed of residual sludges.
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14. Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from industrial
activities and typically include rubbish, ashes, demolition
and construction wastes, special wastes and hazardous
wastes.
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16. Hazardous Wastes
• Wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period of
time to human, plants, or animal life are classified as hazardous
wastes. A wastes is classified as hazardous waste if it exhibits any of
the following characteristics:
• (1) Ignitability (2) Corrosivity (3) Reactivity (4) Toxicity.
• In the past, hazardous wastes were often grouped into the following
categories:
• (1) Radioactive Wastes (2) Chemicals (3) Biological Wastes (4)
Flammable wastes (5) Explosives.
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SR NO Types
Avrg Composition % by weight
at disposal site
1 GARBAGE 50-55
2 RUBBISH 10-15
3 DUST AND SILT 20-25
4 ASHES 10-15
COMPOSITION SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES

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20. Solid Waste in India
7.2 million tonnes of hazardous waste
One Sq km of additional landfill area every-year
Rs 1600 crore for treatment & disposal of these wastes
In addition to this industries discharge about 150 million
tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which
is mostly dumped on open low lying land areas.
Source: Ministry of Environment & Forest
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21. S.No City Municipal solid Waste (TPD) Per capita waste (Kg/day)
1. Ahmadabad 1,683 0.585
2. Bangalore 2,000 0.484
3. Bhopal 546 0.514
4. Bombay 5,355 0.436
5. Calcutta 3,692 0.383
6. Coimbatore 350 0.429
7. Delhi 4,000 0.475
8. Hyderabad 1,566 0.382
9. Indore 350 0.321
10 Jaipur 580 0.398
11 Kanpur 1,200 0.640
12 Kochi 347 0.518
13 Lucknow 1,010 0.623
14 Ludhiana 400 0.384
15 Madras 3,124 0.657
16 Madurai 370 0.392
17 Nagpur 443 0.273
18 Patna 330 0.360
19 Pune 700 0.312
20 Surat 900 0.600
21 Vadodara 400 0.389
22 Varanasi 412 0.400
23 Visakhapatnam 300 0.400
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24. Characteristics of solid waste
Three types of characteristics:
1. Physical
2. Chemical and
3. Biological
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25. Physical characteristics
This includes the determination of percent contents of
various ingredients of the solid waste.
Bulk Density is generally calculated.
Function of location, season, storage time, equipment used,
processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)
Used in volume calculations.
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26. Chemical characteristics
• Chemical quantities of solid waste in Indian urban centers
are pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N-P-K), total
carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratio, calorific value.
• Bio-chemical characteristics include carbohydrate, proteins,
natural fiber, and biodegradable factor.
• Toxic characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides,
insecticides etc.
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27. Proximate Analysis
 Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C)
 Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C, closed
crucible)
 Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
 Ash (temp = 950C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
 Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation temperature, 2000
to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
 Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
 Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters
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28. Solid waste management
Waste management is the
• storage
• collection
• transport and handling
• recycling
• disposal and monitoring of waste materials.
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29. storage • Storage:
- Galvanized steel dust bin
- Paper sack
- Public bins
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30. collection • Collection
- House-to-house collection
- Collection from the public bins
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31. Waste handling and transport
• Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste
management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection.
Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of
collection.
• waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport
equipment
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32. Recycling
• Recycling refers to the collection and
refuse of waste materials such as empty beverage container.
• The materials from which the items are
made can be processed into new
products.
• Materials for recycling may be collected
separately from general waste using dedicated bins.
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33. Types of collection
Municipal Collection Services:
a. Residential:
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
2. Alley
3. Set out and set back
4. Backyard collection
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34. Curb (Kerb-side)
 House owner is responsible for placing solid waste
containers at the curb on scheduled day.
 The work man come, collect and empty the container and
put back at the curb.
 House owner is required to take back the empty containers
from the curb to his house.
 Quickest/ economical
 Crew: 1 driver + 1 or 2 collectors
 No need to enter property
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35. Curb Service
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36. Alley service
The containers are placed at the alley line from
where they are picked up by workmen from refuse
vehicles who deposit back the empty container.
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38. Set-out, set back
 Collectors have to enter property
 Set out crew carries full containers from
resident storage location to curb/ alley
before collection vehicle arrives.
 Collection crew load their refuse into vehicle
 Set-back crew return the container to storage
area. 38

39. • Set out Set Back Service: Set out man go to the house collect containers and
empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another group of persons return them to the
house owner’s yard
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40. Backyard service
 Backyard Service: The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or
sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel
barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste vehicle where it is emptied.
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42. 1. Composting
2. Incineration
3. Landfilling
4. Pyrolysis
5. Recycling
Treatment and disposal of solid waste
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43. Composting
• Composting as defined earlier is a process in which organic matter of
the solid waste is decomposed and converted to humus and stable
mineral compounds. The end product of composting process is called
compost which is rich fertilizer.
• There are three methods of composting:
(1) Composting by Trenching
(2) Open window composting
(3) Mechanical Composting
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44. Composting by trenching
Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m deep with
spacing 2 m.
Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each layer 5
cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is sprayed in
semi liquid form.
Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and decomposition
starts.
Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as humus.
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45. Composting by Trenching
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47. Indore Method of Composting:
• In this method solid waste and animal dung etc. are placed in brick
lined pits 3 m x 3 m x 1 m deep.
• alternate layers of 7.5 to 10 cm height, till the total height becomes
1.5 m.
• Chemical insecticides are added. The material is turned regularly for
a period of about 8 to 12 weeks and then stored on ground for 4 to 6
weeks.
• In about 6 to 8 turnings and period of 4 months time compost becomes
ready for use as manure.
• Insecticide used in Indore method was DDT but now because of very
high half life of DDT in nature other suitable insecticide is
recommended, e.g. Gamaxine. 47

48. Indore Method of Composting
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49. Bangalore Method
• The solid waste is stabilized anaerobically. Earthen trenches of size 10
x 1.5 x 1.5 m deep are filled up in alternate layers of solid waste and
cow dung.
• The material is converse with 15 cm earthen layer and left for
biodegradation.
• In about 4-5 months the compost becomes ready to use, normally a
city produces 200 to 250 kg/capita/year of refuse and 8 to 10 kg /
capita/year of night soil.
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50. Bangalore Method of Composting
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51. 2. Open Window Composting:
• In This method large materials like broken glass pieces, stone, plastic
articles etc. are first removed and remaining solid waste is dumped on
ground in form of piles of 0.6 to 1 m height the width and length of
pile are kept as 60%.
• The piles are then covered with animal dung to supply necessary
organisms for biodegradation.
• The complete process may taker 4 to 6 weeks and finally compost is
ready to use. As fertilizers
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52. Open Window Composting
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54. 3. Mechanical Composting
• The composting by trenching and open window composting methods
require very large area. The process are laborious and time
consuming. In large cities the larger area may not be available and
therefore mechanical composting is adopted which is very fast
mechanical devices are employed in turning the solid waste
undergoing composting. The stabilization of the wastes takes only
about 3 to 6 m days.
• The operation involves
• (1) Reception and refuse (2) segregation
• (3) Shredding (4) Stabilization (5) Marketing the humus.
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55. Mechanical Composting
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57. Incineration (evaporation)
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves
the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas,
and heat.
Incinerators are used for this process.
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58. • Incinerators are used for the process of incineration. Following
important points should be observed carefully during incineration.
• Charging of solid waste should be continuous
• Each batch of waste should be well mixed and proportion of fuel
should be such that complete combustion takes places and the proper
temperature is maintained.
• Auxiliary burners are usually installed above the refuse to ignite it
and to establish the draft at the beginning of the cycle. This is
required when moisture content of solid waste is high.
• The minimum temperature in the chamber should be not less than 670
⁰C so that all organic matter is incinerated.
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61. Landfilling
A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by
burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment.
Historically, landfills have been the most common methods
of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places
around the world.
The dumping is done with layers of 1- 2 m.
The layer is covered with soil of 20 cm thickness.
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63. Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.
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64. Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.
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65. Landfilling with Solid Wastes
• Land filling involves the controlled disposal of solid waste on or in
the upper layer of the earth’s mantle.
• Landfilling Methods and Operations
• The principal methods used for landfilling dry area may be classified
as
(1) Area
(2) Trench
(3) Depression.
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66. Landfilling with Solid Wastes
• The Area Method
The Area Method is used when the terrain is unsuitable for
the excavation of trenches in which to place the solid wastes.
The filling operation usually started by building an earthen bund
against which wastes are placed in thin layers and compacted as
the fill progresses untill the thickness of the compacted wastes
reaches a height of 2 to 3 m.
At the end of day’s operation a 150 mm to 300 mm layer of cover
material is placed over the compacted fill.
The cover material must be hauled in by truck or earth-moving
equipment from adjacent land or from borrow-pit areas.
A final layer of cover material is used when the fill reaches the
final design height.
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68. Landfilling with Solid Wastes
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69. The Trench Method
The trench method is suited to areas where an adequate depth of
cover material is available at the site and where the water table is well
below the surface.
To start the process, a portion of the trench is dug with a bulldozer.
Wastes are then placed in the trench, spread into thin layers and
compacted.
The operation continues untill the desired height is reached. Cover
material is obtained by excavating an adjacent trench or continuing the
trench that is being filled.
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74. Plasma Pyrolysis
• It is defined as heating the solid waste at very high temperature in
absence of air.
• Pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature between 500 0 C to 1000 0C
to produce three component streams.
• Gas: It is a mixture of combustible gases such as hydrogen, carbon
dioxide, methane, carbon mono-oxide and some hydrocarbons.
• Liquid: It contains tar, pitch, light oil, and low boiling organic
chemicals like acetic acid, acetone, methanol etc.
• Char: It consists of elemental carbon along with inert material in the
waste feed.
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77. Types of Collection Systems
• Based on the mode of operation, collection systems are classified into
two categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container
systems.
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78. Hauled Container Systems
• Collection system in which the containers used for the storage of
waste are hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site,
emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other
location are defined as hauled-container system.
• There are two main types of container:
1. Tilt-frame Container
2. Trash-Trailer. 78

79. • Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often
called drop boxes, are ideally suited for collection of all types of solid
wastes and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants
the use of large containers.
• Open-top containers are used at warehouses and construction sites.
• Large Containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are
common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer
stations.
• Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame
hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among
private collectors servicing industrial accounts.
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80. Hauled Container Systems
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81. Stationary-Container System (SCS)
• Collection systems in which the containers are not hauled. They remain at
their location and they are emptied in the collection vehicle which has
got very large capacity to accommodate the solid waste.
• The vehicle receives waste and place empty container at the original
place moves to other collection site and repeat the process. There are two
main types of stationary-container system:
(1) Those in which self-loading compactors are used and
(2) Those in which manual loaded vehicles are used.
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82. Stationary-Container System (SCS)
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84. Wastes per Indian cities
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85. Waste management policies
• Environment protection act, 1986
• Hazardous waste rule 1989
• Bio-medical waste rule 1998
• Municipal solid waste rule 2000
• Waste management act 1996
• Solid waste policy in India 2006
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