Solid waste consists of discarded solid materials from human and animal activities, categorized into municipal, agricultural, industrial, hazardous, and medical waste. Proper management of solid waste involves collection, processing, and disposal to minimize environmental impact and health risks, with methods including sanitary landfills, incineration, and recycling. The composition and classification of solid waste are crucial for efficient management and to facilitate recycling efforts.

1. Solid waste

2. What is a solid waste
 Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from
human and animal activities that are
normally solid and are discarded as useless
or unwanted.
the useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the
activities of and discarded by society.
It is produced either by - product of production processes or arise form
the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are
discarded after use.

3.  Five main categories of solid waste :
1. Municipal Solid Waste :waste from the household, commercial waste
and institutional waste.
2. Agriculture waste : Wastes and residues resulting from diverse
agricultural activities include plant residue and animal waste. Food
processing waste is consider as agriculture waste.
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that pose a
3. Industrial waste :comprises waste from industrial processes
4. Hazardous waste: Wastes or combination of wastes
substantial presence or potential hazard to human.
5. Medical waste: includes hazardous (clinical waste) and non-hazardous
waste.
• Clinical wastes are any waste consist human tissue, blood or other body
fluids, emission include infectious waste.

4. Sources of Solid Waste

5. Major classification
1. Organic waste
This waste is subjected to decay with time and evolve highly
offensive odour and gases which are highly harmful to health.
it breeds flies, mosquitoes, etc. produces diseases like
typhoid, diarrhea, etc.
2. Inorganic waste
This consists of non-combustible materials such as grit,
dust, mud, metal pieces, metal containers, broken glass,
waste building material, etc.
it is not subjected to decay and is therefore not
harmful to public health.

6. Other Classification
1. Municipal waste
2. Commercial waste
3. Garbage
4. Construction & Demolition
waste
5. Industrial waste
6. Hazardous waste
7. Agricultural wastes
8. Biomedical/Hospital waste
9. Plastics

7.  Advantages of Classification of solid
waste
1. Easiness in Recycling
2. Stable Collection system
3. Proper Disposal

8. 1. Municipal Waste
• Municipal waste includes waste resulting
from municipal activities and services
such as street wastes, dead animals,
market wastes.

9. 2. Commercial Waste
• Included in this category are solid wastes
that originate in offices, wholesale and
retail stores, restaurants, hotels,
warehouses.

10. 3. Garbage
• Garbage is the term applied to animal
and vegetable waste resulting from the
handling, storage, sale, cooking and
serving food.

11. 4. Construction and Demolition
Wastes:
Construction and demolition wastes are
the waste materials generated by the
construction, repair and demolition of
houses. It mainly consists of earth,
stones, concrete, bricks, roofing materials,
plumbing materials.

12. 5. Industrial Wastes
• Industrial waste is defined as waste generated
by manufacturing or industrial processes.
• The types of industrial waste generated
include concrete, scrap metals, trash, solvents,
chemicals, and scrap lumber, and similar
wastes

13. 6. Hazardous Wastes
• Hazardous wastes may be defined as wastes
of industrial, institutional or consumer origin
which because of their physical, chemical or
biological characteristics are potentially
dangerous to human and the environment.

14. 7.Agricultural Wastes
• Includes both natural (organic) and non-
natural wastes, is a general term used to
describe waste produced on a farm through
various farming activities like leaf, waste
Vegetables & Fruits.

15. 8. Biomedical/Hospital Waste
• Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of
human beings or animals or in research
activities. It may include wastes like sharps,
disposables, discarded medicines, chemical
wastes, etc.

16. 9. Plastics
• Plastic waste, or plastic pollution, is 'the
accumulation of plastic objects (e.g.: plastic
bottles and much more) in the Earth's
environment that adversely affects wildlife,
wildlife habitat, and humans

17. When solid wastes are disposed off on land in open dumps
or in improperly designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas),
it causes the following impact on the environment.
 Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump
 Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump.
 They produce a good breeding place for flies, hence create a favorable
conditions for food contamination by flies and other fly-borne diseases.
 Provide food and shelter for rats and mice, which are destroyers and
contaminants of food and other goods.
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 Under certain conditions, may create suitable breeding place for
mosquitoes. Subsequently bring in the problem of mosquito-borne
diseases, (e.g. malaria, filariasis, etc)
 May cause nuisances- which create aesthetic problem, (e.g. looks
unpleasant and has bad smell, etc.)
 May attract dogs, cats and other scavengers.
 May cause fire hazards by instantaneous combustion
Effects of Solid Waste

18. 32
 Composition is the term used to describe the individual
components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative
distribution , usually by percent by weight.
 Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in
evaluating
1. equipment needs,
2. systems required and
3. manage program and plans.
 The residential and commercial portion makes up about 50 to
75 percent of total Solid waste generated in a community. The
actual percentage distribution will depends on:
1. The extent of construction and demolition activities
2. The extent of the municipal services provided
3. The types of water and wastewater treatment process that
are used

19. The percentage distribution values for the components inSolid
waste varywith
1. Location
2. Season
3. economic conditions
4. population
5. Social behavior
6. Climate
7. Marketfor waste materials
8. Other factor
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20. Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to
the process of collecting and treating solid wastes.
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and
disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has
served its purpose or is no longer useful
Solid waste management

21. Initial Steps in Solid Waste Management

22. Functional elements of solid waste management
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Theactivitiesinvolvedwith themanagementof solidwastesfrom the
point of generation to final disposal have been grouped into six
functional elements:
1. Waste generation
2. On-site handling, storage, and processing
3. Col ection
4.Transfer andtransport
5.Processing and recovery and
6.Disposal.

23. 6
Functional elements of solid waste
management…
Interrelationship of functional elements comprising a solid waste management System

24. Functional elements of solid waste management…
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Waste generation: Those activities in which materials are
identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away
orgatheredtogetherfordisposal.
On- site handling, Storage, and processing: Those activities
associated with the handling, storage, and processing of solid
wastesatornearthepointofgeneration.
Col ection: Those activities associated with the gathering of solid
wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to the location
wherethecollectionvehicleisemptied.
Transfer and transport: Those activates associated with the
transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger
transport equipment and the subsequent transport of the wastes,
usuallyoverlongdistancetothedisposal site.

25. Processing and recovery: Those techniques, equipment and
facilitiesusedbothtoimprovetheefficiencyof theother functional
elementsandtorecoverusablematerials,conversion products,or
energyfromsolid wastes.
Disposal: Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of
solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported
directly to a landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from
wastewatertreatmentplantsincineratorresiduecompost,or other
substances from thewiressolid wasteprocessing plants thatare
of nofurther use.
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Functional elements of solid waste
management…

26. Optimal Situation
Waste Management

27. Collection of Solid Waste
Collection accounts for 50-90% of the
budget of a MSW management
system!

28.  Collection includes not only the gathering or picking up of SW
from various sources, but also the hauling to the location where
the contents of the collection vehicles are emptied.
 The unloading of collection vehicle is also considered part of the
collection operation.
 Activities associated with hauling and unloading are similar for
most collection systems.
 Gathering or picking up of SW will vary with the characteristics
of facilities, activities, or locations where wastes are generated
and the methods used for onsite storage of accumulated wastes
between collections.
Collection of MSW

29. Collections may be made by:
1.Municipal/ District Council
2.Private firm under contract to municipal
3.Private firm contract with private
residents

31. Transfer and Transport

32. Transfer & Transport
 Functional element of transfer and transport refers to the
means, facilities used to effect the transfer of wastes from
one location to another, usually more distant, location.
 Contents of relatively small collection vehicles are transferred
to larger vehicles that are used to transport the waste over
extended distances either to MRFs or to disposal sites.

33. Transfer & Transport
Collection
Transfer
Transport
Final
disposal
Generation

34. Disposal of Solid Waste
• Sanitary Landfill
• Incineration
• Composting
• Open Dump
• Ocean dumping

35. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF
SOLID WASTES
I. Sanitary Landfill
Is a method of disposing of refuse on land
without creating annoyances or hazards to
public health or safety.
Careful preparation of the fill area, including
the use of clay and/or synthetic liners
and control of water drainage are
required to ensure proper landfilling.

36.  It is the most economical if land is available
at reasonable price, low capital investment
 It accepts all types of solid waste
 Land reclamation (raising the elevation of a low-lying land)
 Moderate operating cost
I- Sanitary Landfill

37. I- Sanitary Landfill
•Disadvantages:
•Requires top daily cover which might
be costly
•Water and air pollution, breeding
places for vectors of disease if
improperly managed

39. I- SANITARY LANDFILL
Synthetic liner Compacted
soil (Bottom composite liner)
Groundwater monitoring well
MSW
MSW
MSW
Filter material
Drainage material for
Leachate collection system
Synthetic liner Compacted
soil (Upper composite liner)
Drainage material
Natural soil foundation
Leachate
Collection pipe
Intermediate (daily) cover
Topsoil and vegetation
(final cap)
Methane flare

40. I- Sanitary Landfill

41. I- Sanitary Landfill

43. II. Incineration
Incineration is a thermal waste treatment technique that
can be understood as a controlled combustion process
with the primary objective of volume reduction and
energy recovery from the waste stream

44.  Advantages
 can be very efficient
 decrease waste volume
 can be located close to residential
areas, safe transportation cost
 source of energy such as steam
II. Incineration

45. II. Incineration
Disadvantages :
Air pollution
Ashes might be considered hazardous
waste due to high contents of metals
High capital investment
Expensive to operate and maintain

46. III. Open Dumping
The open dump is all too common and
need no explanation.
It is never satisfactory.
Refuse is generally spread over a large
area, providing a source of
food and harborage of rats, flies.

47.  It is Illegal
 Optimum for breeding rats, insects,
 Accessible to birds, wild animals,
 Fires, air and water pollution
III. Open Dumping

48. Is the controlled biological decomposition
of organic solid waste under aerobic
(in the presence of oxygen) conditions.
Organic waste material are transformed
in to soil amendments as humus.
IV. Composting

50. V. Grinding and adding to
sewage
Is an acceptable method of garbage
“disposal” .
It is recommended from
a convenience and public health
standpoint, but the disposal of other
refuse remains to be handled.
It adds to the BOD load (50% more)of
sewage treatment plants

51. Recycling
Is a resource recovery method
involving the collection and treatment
a waste product for use as raw material
in the manufacture of the same or another
produce.