Conventional Vehicles.pptx

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Conventional vehicles rely on basic principles of physics for performance. Rolling resistance from tires touching the road provides friction that both propels the vehicle and hinders its motion. Maintaining optimal tire pressure minimizes this resistance and improves fuel efficiency.

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HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 1. INTRODUCTION A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor. Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs. Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid. Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels. Motors are the "work horses" of Hybrid Electric Vehicle drive systems. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must "ramp up" before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. The motor also has low noise and high efficiency. Other characteristics include excellent "off the line" acceleration, good drive control, good fault tolerance and flexibility in relation to voltage fluctuations. The front-running motor technologies for HEV applications include PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), BLDC (brushless DC motor), SRM (switched reluctance motor) and AC induction motor. A main advantage of an electromotor is the possibility to function as generator. In all HEV systems, mechanical braking energy is regenerated. The maximum operational braking torque is less than the maximum traction torque; there is always a mechanical braking system integrated in a car. The battery pack in a HEV has a much higher voltage than the SIL automotive 12 Volts battery, in order to reduce the currents and the I2R losses. Accessories such as power steering and air conditioning are powered by electric motors instead of being attached to the combustion engine. This allows efficiency gains as the accessories can run at a constant speed or can be switched off, regardless of how fast the combustion engine is running. Especially in long haul trucks, electrical power steering saves a lot of energy.

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Creating a PowerPoint presentation on the "Types of Electric Vehicles" can be a useful way to educate your audience about the various electric vehicle (EV) technologies available. Here's a short description for each type of electric vehicle that you can include in your presentation: Slide 1: Title Title: "Types of Electric Vehicles" Slide 2: Introduction Briefly introduce the topic and its importance. Mention the environmental and economic benefits of electric vehicles. Slide 3: Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) Describe BEVs as vehicles that run solely on electric power. Highlight their zero-emission nature. Mention examples like Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf. Slide 4: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Explain PHEVs as vehicles that combine an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. Emphasize their ability to drive on electric power and gasoline. Mention examples like the Chevrolet Volt. Slide 5: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) Define HEVs as vehicles with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. Explain how they use regenerative braking to charge the battery. Mention examples like the Toyota Prius. Slide 6: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) Describe FCEVs as vehicles that use hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity to power the electric motor. Emphasize their zero-emission nature and fast refueling times. Mention examples like the Toyota Mirai. Slide 7: E-Bikes and E-Scooters Explain that electric bicycles (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters) are becoming popular forms of electric mobility. Discuss their role in last-mile transportation. Slide 8: Commercial Electric Vehicles Mention electric buses, trucks, and delivery vans. Explain how commercial EVs contribute to reducing emissions in urban areas. Slide 9: Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Highlight the importance of charging infrastructure for EV adoption. Discuss the types of chargers (Level 1, Level 2, DC fast chargers). Slide 10: Government Incentives Explain government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption. Mention tax credits, rebates, and other benefits. Slide 11: Environmental Benefits Discuss how electric vehicles contribute to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Highlight the positive impact on local air quality. Slide 12: Cost of Ownership Compare the total cost of ownership of electric vehicles to traditional gasoline vehicles. Mention savings on fuel and maintenance. Slide 13: Challenges and Future Outlook Address challenges such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure gaps, and battery disposal. Discuss the future outlook of electric vehicles and advancements in technology. Slide 14: Conclusion

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Have you pulled your car up to the gas/petrol pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past Rs1400 or 1500, maybe you thought about trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems, it's the hybrid electric vehicle. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own hybrid versions. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are dieselelectric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.

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A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.

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Male patients confined to bed usually prefer to use the urinal for voiding. The use of a urinal in the standing position facilitates emptying of the bladder If the patient is unable to stand, the urinal may be used in bed. Patients may also use a urinal in the bathroom to facilitate measurement of urinary output. Provide skin care and perineal hygiene after urinal use and maintain a professional manner EQUIPMENT Urinal with end cover (usually attached) Toilet tissue Clean gloves Additional PPE, as indicated ASSESSMENT Assess the patient’s normal elimination habits. Determine why the patient needs to use a urinal, such as a physician’s order for strict bed rest or immobilization. Assess the patient’s degree of limitation and ability to help with activity Assess for activity limitations, such as hip surgery or spinal injury, which would contraindicate certain actions by the patient. Check for the presence of drains, dressings, intravenous fluid infusion sites/equipment, traction, or any other devices that could interfere with the patient’s ability to help with the procedure or that could become dislodged. Assess the characteristics of the urine and the patient’s skin. Document the patient’s tolerance of the activity. Record the amount of urine voided on the intake and output record, if appropriate. Document any other assessments, such as unusual urine characteristics or alterations in the patient’s skin. SPECIAL CONSIDERATION Urinal should not be left in place for extended periods because pressure and irritation to the patient’s skin can result. If patient is unable to use alone or with assistance, consider other interventions, such as commode or external condom catheter. It may be necessary to assist patients who have difficulty holding the urinal in place, such as those with limited upper extremity movement or alteration in mentation, to prevent spillage of urine. The urinal may also be used standing or sitting at the bedside or in the patient’s bathroom, if patient is able to do so.

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A home-based pelvic floor muscle training and bladder training in women with urinary incontinence showed that combined pelvic floor muscle training and bladder training decreased the symptoms and improved the quality of life To strengthen your pelvic floor muscles, squeeze the muscles up to 10 times while standing, sitting or lying down. Do not hold your breath or tighten stomach, bottom or thigh muscles at the same time. When you get used to doing pelvic floor exercises, you can try holding each squeeze for one second

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Defecation Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool. Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool CONSTIPATION Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces IMPACTION Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon. DIARRHEA Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration HEMORRHOIDS Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal. FLATULENCE As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus) FECAL INCONTINENCE Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY, An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig

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