Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Alternative energy technologies are being popular for power generation applications nowadays. Among others, Fuel cell (FC) technology is quite popular. However, the FC unit is costly and vulnerable to any disturbances in input parameters. Thus, to perform research and experimentation, Fuel cell emulators (FCE) can be useful. FCEs can replicate actual FC behavior in different operating conditions. Thus, by using it the application area can be determined. In this study, a FCE system is modelled using MATLAB/Simulink®. The FCE system consists of a buck DC-DC converter and a proportional integral (PI) based controller incorporating an electrochemical model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC model is used to generate reference voltage of the controller which takes the load current as a requirement. The characteristics are compared with Ballard Mark V 5kW PEMFC stack specifications obtained from the datasheet. The results show that the FCE system is a suitable replacement of real PEMFC stack and can be used for research and development purpose.
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Due to the increasing concern for environment protection and the uncertainty about oil reserves, nowadays electricity is playing a key role as an alternative energy source in the automotive sector. In this paper, non isolated bidirectional converter is used for electric vehicle application during regenerative braking process. During motoring operation, the converter supplies energy to motor through battery. In regenerative braking action, the converter supplies the available back emf to charge the battery. The recycled energy is effectively stored in the battery. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The worthiness of simulation is illustrated experimentally by developing a prototype. The simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
Improving Electromagnetic Compatibility and Better Harmonic Performance by Us...rnvsubbarao koppineni
Now-a-days, photovoltaic (PV) power systems are getting more and more widespread with the increase in the energy demand and the concern for the environmental pollution around the world. A seven level CHB inverter with Phase shifted PWM technique used for PV-battery hybrid system which makes the irregular PV power smoother and also limits the grid current under grid voltage dips. For improve electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and better harmonic performance in this paper proposed a configuration which different from the conventional configuration where the PV and the battery inverters are paralleled on the grid side, the proposed seven level CHB based hybrid system connects the AC sides of the PV inverter and the battery inverter in cascade Compare to proposed seven level hybrid system THD is 21.58% where as conventional parallel inverter system THD is 52.39%.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
This paper presents the conceptual study on grid-to-electric vehicle (G2V) wireless power transfer (WPT) using Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC). In this work, the SPMC is used as a direct AC to AC converter to convert the input supply voltage at 50 Hz frequency to the output of 20 kHz to meet the WPT switching frequency operation of the transmitter and receiver coils. The high frequency AC voltage of the receiver coil is then rectified to a DC form by using SPMC. Through the proposed system, the battery of an electric car can be charged wirelessly, thus removing the annoying wires of the conventional electric vehicle charging system. The reduction in size of the charging system, power losses and optimum efficiency are among the advantages of the proposed system. MATLAB/Simulink (MLS) has been used to simulate the proposed model. Selected simulation result are presented to verify the proposed work.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the most popular modulation echnique for high speed data transmission. But the great disadvantage of the OFDM technique is its high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, the Selected Mapping (SLM) technique and Clipping and Differential Scaling is applied to Space Frequency Block Coded (SFBC) OFDM systems to reduce the PAPR with Alamouti coding scheme. In SLM technique, different representations of OFDM symbols are generated by rotation of the original OFDM frame by different phase sequences, and the signal with minimum PAPR is selected and transmitted. To compensate for the effect of the phase rotation at the receiver, it is necessary to transmit the index of the selected phase sequence as side information (SI). Additionally, a suboptimum detection method that does not need SI is introduced at the receiver side. In Clipping and Differential Scaling technique, the amplitude of complex OFDM signal is clipped and then scaled in such a way so that the PAPR is reduced without causing much degradation in bit error rate (BER). The threshold values for clipping and scaling is determined using Monte Carlo Simulations. Simulation results show that the SLM method and Clipping and Scaling method effectively reduce the PAPR. Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), selected mapping (SLM), space frequency block coded (SFBC), Side information (SI), high power amplifiers (HPA), complementary cumulative density function (CCDF), inter-symbol interference (ISI).
Due to the increasing concern for environment protection and the uncertainty about oil reserves, nowadays electricity is playing a key role as an alternative energy source in the automotive sector. In this paper, non isolated bidirectional converter is used for electric vehicle application during regenerative braking process. During motoring operation, the converter supplies energy to motor through battery. In regenerative braking action, the converter supplies the available back emf to charge the battery. The recycled energy is effectively stored in the battery. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink. The worthiness of simulation is illustrated experimentally by developing a prototype. The simulation and experimental results are presented in this paper.
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Charge Controller for Standalone PV SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The depletion of conventional energy sources and global warming has raised worldwide
awareness on the usage of renewable energy sources particularly solar photovoltaic (PV). Renewable
energy sources are non-polluting sources which can meet energy demands without causing any
environmental issues. For standalone PV systems, a low conversion efficiency of the solar panel and high
installation cost due to storage elements are the two primary constraints that limit the wide spread use of
this system. As the size of the system increases, the demand for a highly efficient tracking and charging
system is very crucial. Direct charging of battery with PV module will results in loss of capacity or
premature battery degradation. Furthermore, most of the available energy generated by the PV module or
array will be wasted if proper tracking technique is not employed. As a result, more PV panels need to be
installed to provide the same output power capacity. This paper presents selection, design and simulation
of maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and battery charge controller for standalone Photovoltaic (PV)
system. Contributions are made in several aspects of the whole system, including selection of suitable
converter, converter design, system simulation, and MPPT algorithm. The proposed system utilizes direct
duty cycle technique thus simplifying its control structure. MPPT algorithm based on scanning approach
has been applied by sweeping the duty cycle throughout the I -V curve to ensure continuous tracking of the
maximum power irrespective of any environmental circumstances. For energy storage, lead acid battery is
employed in this work. MATLAB/Simulink® was utilized for simulation studies. Results show that the
propose strategy can track the MPPs and charge the battery effectively.
Improving Electromagnetic Compatibility and Better Harmonic Performance by Us...rnvsubbarao koppineni
Now-a-days, photovoltaic (PV) power systems are getting more and more widespread with the increase in the energy demand and the concern for the environmental pollution around the world. A seven level CHB inverter with Phase shifted PWM technique used for PV-battery hybrid system which makes the irregular PV power smoother and also limits the grid current under grid voltage dips. For improve electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and better harmonic performance in this paper proposed a configuration which different from the conventional configuration where the PV and the battery inverters are paralleled on the grid side, the proposed seven level CHB based hybrid system connects the AC sides of the PV inverter and the battery inverter in cascade Compare to proposed seven level hybrid system THD is 21.58% where as conventional parallel inverter system THD is 52.39%.
One of the preferred choices of electronic power conversion for high power applications are multilevel inverters topologies finding increased attention in industry. Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter is one of these topologies reaching the higher output voltage, power level and higher reliability due to its modular topology. Level Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation (LSCPWM) and Phase Shifted Carrier Pulse Width Modulation are used generally for switching cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters. This paper compares LSCPWM and PSCPWM in terms of total harmonics distortion (THD) and output voltage among inverter cells. Simulation for 21-level CHB inverter is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
This paper presents the conceptual study on grid-to-electric vehicle (G2V) wireless power transfer (WPT) using Single Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC). In this work, the SPMC is used as a direct AC to AC converter to convert the input supply voltage at 50 Hz frequency to the output of 20 kHz to meet the WPT switching frequency operation of the transmitter and receiver coils. The high frequency AC voltage of the receiver coil is then rectified to a DC form by using SPMC. Through the proposed system, the battery of an electric car can be charged wirelessly, thus removing the annoying wires of the conventional electric vehicle charging system. The reduction in size of the charging system, power losses and optimum efficiency are among the advantages of the proposed system. MATLAB/Simulink (MLS) has been used to simulate the proposed model. Selected simulation result are presented to verify the proposed work.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Partial Shading Effect on Output Parameters of a ...IJECEIAES
One of the issues of grid-connected photovoltaic systems is the effect of the partial shading on the key parameters and performance of the system. In practice, a share of the entire PV panel may shadded because of the various reasons, inevitably. In this case, the key parameters of the system output are affected with respect to the shading extent and paradigm. In this paper, the effects of the various partial shading patterns on the ouput of the system are examined. This is performed by deriving relevant equations and appropriate modeling of the system and defining different scenarios. The analysis on the system performance is carried out on the dominant output parameters including panel voltage, panel power, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. Also, the study considers the effect of using bypass diodes in the panels or not. Addintionally, to compare derived conclusions, the study is implementd on a practical system. The set up is made up of a 7-level multilevel inverter, a Z-source converter, and 1 kW lateral circuitry. The real world test results of the study demonstrate a negligible deviation compared to the simulation results.
Partial Shading Detection and MPPT Controller for Total Cross Tied Photovolta...IDES Editor
This paper present Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) controller for solving partial shading problems in
photovoltaic (PV) systems. It is well-known that partial shading
is often encountered in PV system issue with many
consequences. In this research, PV array is connected using
TCT (total cross-tied) configuration including sensors to
measure voltage and currents. The sensors provide inputs for
MPPT controller in order to achieve optimum output power.
The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is
utilized in this paper as the controller methods. Then, the
output of MPPT controller is the optimum power duty cycle
(α) to drive the performance DC-DC converter. The simulation
shows that the proposed MPPT controller can provide PV
voltage (VMPP) nearly to the maximum power point voltage.
The accuracy of our proposed method is measured by
performance index defined as Mean Absolute Percentage Error
(MAPE). In addition, the main purpose of this work is to
present a new method for detecting partial condition of
photovoltaic TCT configuration using only 3 sensors. Thus,
this method can streamline the time and reduce operating
costs.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.
Analysis of Peak to Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques in Sfbc Ofdm SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the most popular modulation echnique for high speed data transmission. But the great disadvantage of the OFDM technique is its high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). In this paper, the Selected Mapping (SLM) technique and Clipping and Differential Scaling is applied to Space Frequency Block Coded (SFBC) OFDM systems to reduce the PAPR with Alamouti coding scheme. In SLM technique, different representations of OFDM symbols are generated by rotation of the original OFDM frame by different phase sequences, and the signal with minimum PAPR is selected and transmitted. To compensate for the effect of the phase rotation at the receiver, it is necessary to transmit the index of the selected phase sequence as side information (SI). Additionally, a suboptimum detection method that does not need SI is introduced at the receiver side. In Clipping and Differential Scaling technique, the amplitude of complex OFDM signal is clipped and then scaled in such a way so that the PAPR is reduced without causing much degradation in bit error rate (BER). The threshold values for clipping and scaling is determined using Monte Carlo Simulations. Simulation results show that the SLM method and Clipping and Scaling method effectively reduce the PAPR. Keywords: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), selected mapping (SLM), space frequency block coded (SFBC), Side information (SI), high power amplifiers (HPA), complementary cumulative density function (CCDF), inter-symbol interference (ISI).
The effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure in the centri...IOSR Journals
The current investigation is aimed to simulate the three-dimensional complex internal flow in a
centrifugal pump impeller with five twisted blades by using specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software ANSYS /FLUENT 14code with a standard k-ε two-equation turbulence model.
A single blade passage will be modeled to give more accurate results for static pressure contours on (blade,
hub, and shroud). The potential consequences of static pressure associated with operating a centrifugal
compressor in variable rotation speed.
A numerical three-dimensional, through flow calculations to predict static pressure through a
centrifugal pump were presented to examined the effect of rotational speed variation on the static pressure of
the centrifugal pump . The contours of the static pressure of the blade, hub, and shroud indicates negative low
static pressure in the suction side at high rotational speed (over operation limits )and the static pressure
increases gradually until reach maximum value at the leading edge (6×105 Pa) of the blade.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Fire Detection System using Statistic Color ModelIOSR Journals
Abstract: Normally fire detection system uses the heuristic fixed threshold values in their specific methods. However, input images may be changed, in general, so the heuristic fixed threshold values used in the fire detection systems might be modified on a case by case basis. In this paper, an automatic fire detection system without the heuristic fixed threshold values was studied. We presented an automatic method using the statistical color model and the binary background mask. We did the experiment using 600 frames from 6 typical different fire video clips. As the experimental results the proposed method showed a good performance of about average 85% detection rate without false positive, compared with the other methods with the heuristic fixed threshold values. Keywords: Emperical value,Fire detection,RGB,threshold,sensors
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
Computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the blank from given ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, we present Development of computer aided environment for drawing (to set) fill in the
blanks that can generate for given paragraph. The System finds fill in the blanks, blanking key generates from
the selected statement. Syntactic and lexical features are used in this process. NLP parser is used, part of speech
taggers are applied on each of these sentences to encode necessary information.
We present our work in designing and implementing the system which generate the blanks. The System is
developed in Java using JDBC which is open source.
Keyword: Natural Language Processing NLP, Key selection, POS tagging, Sentence selection
DESIGN OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER WITH CURRENT CONTROLIAEME Publication
This paper proposes a set of design techniques to build a DC-DC converter for the interconnection of different sources of renewable energy with storage elements and flexible load profiles. This type of multifunctional DC-DC converter is essential to provide the dispatch of energy generation to storage connected to the DC bus or allow energy exchange with the AC network, with different decision modes as a function of the state of charge of batteries, with the forecast of the consumption of a house with renewable production. This work emphasizes the application of a method to design switched mode flyback converters with current control capabilities on the output side.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
Performance enhancement of DC/DC converters for solar powered EV IJECEIAES
The paper initially presents the essential drive arrangement required for electric vehicle. It requests high power bidirectional stream ability, with wide info voltage range, and yield voltage of vitality stockpiling gadgets, for example, super capacitors or batteries shift with the adjustment in stack. At that point the tenacity and outline of previously mentioned converter is proposed in this paper. The converter which relates a half extension topology, has high power stream ability and least gadget focuses on that can appropriately interface a super capacitor with the drive prepare of a crossover electric vehicle. Besides, by contrasting the fundamental qualities and applications with some ordinary bidirectional DC/DC converter, the proposed converter has low gadget rating and can be controlled by obligation cycle and stage move. Finally, the most essential attributes of this converter is that it utilizes the transformer spillage inductance as the essential vitality exchange component and control parameters, Simulation waveforms in light of MATLAB recreation are given to exhibit the integrity of this novel topology, and this converter is additionally reasonable for high power application, specifically to control the charge-release of super capacitors or batteries that can be utilized as a part of cross breed solar based electric vehicle.
Interleaved Boost Converter Fed with PV for Induction Motor/Agricultural Appl...IAES-IJPEDS
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HIGH EFFICIENT BRIDGELESS BOOST RECTIFIER FOR LOW VOLTAGE ENERGY HARVESTING A...IAEME Publication
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environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
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Efficient bridgeless SEPIC converter fed PMBLDC motor using artificial neural...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a new design of Bridgeless SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductance converter) with Artificial neural network (ANN) fed PMBLDC Motor drive is proposed to improve Power Factor. The proposed converter has single switching device of MOSFET, so the switching losses is reduced.ANN is used to achieve the higher power factor and fixed dc link voltage. Also the ANN methodology the time taken for computation is less since there is no mathematical model. The output voltage depends on the switching frequency of the MOSFET. The BLSEPIC act as a buck operation in continuous conduction mode. Detailed converter analysis, equivalent circuit and closed-loop analysis are presented for 36V, 120W, 1500rpm BLDC Motor drive. This proposed converter produces low conduction loss, low total harmonic reduction, low settling time and high power factor reaching near-unity. All the simulation work is verified with MATLAB – Simulink.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan – Feb. 2015), PP 72-79
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10117279 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced
Power Electronics Interface
B Gururaj1
, K Rajeshgoud2
and A Mallikarjuna Prasad3
1
Assist. Prof. EEE Dept., at SJCET, Yemmiganur, Kurnool (dist), Andhra Pradesh.
2
PG Student at SJCET, Yerrakota, Yemmiganur, Kurnool (dist), Andhra Pradesh.
3
Assoc. Prof. EEE Dept., at SJCET, Yemmiganur, Kurnool (dist), Andhra Pradesh.
Abstract: A new integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in order to
optimize the performance of the power train is proposed in this paper. As Power electronics interfaces plays
important role in the automotive vehicle technologies the proposed IPEI is responsible for the power-flow
management for each operating mode. The operating modes will explain how IPEI works during different
modes like charging/discharging and traction/breaking modes. In this concept, an IPEI is proposed and
designed to realize the integration of the dc/dc converter, on-board battery charger, and dc/ac inverter together
in the BEV power train with high performance. The proposed concept improves the system efficiency and
reliability, and reduces the current, voltage ripples, and also reduces the size of the passive and active
components in the BEV drive trains compared to other topologies. And control strategy for IPEI is designed and
analyzed by using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results related to the output waveforms are obtained and
validated.
Index Terms: Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), interleaved dc/dc converter, on-board battery charger, power-
train control strategies, power-train modeling, small-signal model.
I. Introduction
A critical factor propelling the shift from conventional gasoline/diesel engine vehicles to electric,
hybrid and fuel cell vehicles is the revolutionary improvement in performance, size, and cost of power
semiconductor switches over the past decade, with parallel improvements in sensors and microprocessors. The
issues to be addressed in the design of HEV power electronics circuits include [1], [2], [3]. Electrical Design:
including main switching circuit design; controller circuitry design; switching frequency optimization; and loss
calculations.
Mechanical and Thermal Design: including modeling of the loss of power devices and magnetic
components; cooling system, heat sink, and enclosure design; and integration of the power electronics unit.
Control algorithm design: including developing the control algorithm to achieve the desired voltage, current
and frequency at the output, and to realize bidirectional power flow as needed.
Magnetic Design: including the design of inductors, transformers, and other components, such as
capacitors, needed for filtering, switching, and Gate driver units. The on-board voltage levels of vehicular power
system have been raised to 42 V, to 300 V, or higher, as the case may be [1], [7], [5] assuming that there is
almost 4% increase in automotive load per year.
Owing to the high voltage levels being produced in HEVs, it becomes essential to have DC/AC
converters to supply all the auxiliary loads on board the vehicle. Although the DC/DC converter technology is
well developed for low-power applications at lower cost, much work needs to be done for high-power
applications. In addition, power electronic converters also dictate how and when fuel/electricity is used in
HEVs.
A suitable inverter draws dc power from the batteries to drive the electric traction motor, which in turn
provides power to the wheels. The inverter also performs the function of recharging the batteries during re-
generative braking in HEVs.
2. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
II. Circuit Topologies
Fig. 1. Typical layout of HEV
Fig. 1 shows the general power train layout of hybrid electric vehicle [1], [5]. The power electronics
unit consists of a bidirectional DC/DC converter that links the lower voltage hybrid battery and the higher
voltage DC bus, and three motor drive circuits that control the front and rear motor/generators. Fig. 1 shows
that other than propelling the vehicle, power electronics converters are used for activation and control of all
other loads such as air conditioning, power steering, fans, pumps, video, and many other hotel and
ancillary loads in sports utility vehicles.
While the detailed circuit of the proposed APEI (Advance power electronics interface) is shown in Fig.
2. In this power train, the battery pack is connected to the dc-link through the BMDIC. The BMDIC comprises
two inductors, eight switches (IGBTs), and eight anti parallel diodes for boost and buck operating modes. The
BMDIC has the ability to reduce the size of the passive components (such as inductors and capacitor), and to
reduce input/ output EMI filters by means of increasing the frequency of inductor current ripple and the output
voltage ripple without increasing the switching frequency.
Fig.2 Detailed circuit diagram of the proposed APEI.
To achieve the control strategy of the BMDIC, a phase-shift interleaved control between phases and
parallel devices is used to generate the switching patterns. These switching patterns are shifted by 360◦
/(n×m)(or
Ts/(2×2)) as shown in Fig. 3, where n is the number of phases or channels per port, while m is the number of the
switches per phase. As can be seen from Fig. 3, the sequence of the driving signals is very crucial to achieve a
doubled ripple frequency in inductor current at the same switching frequency, and to provide the interleaved
control between inductors as well as power switching devices. This sequence can contribute to a higher system
bandwidth compared to bidirectional-interleaved converter (BIC) with four switches (IGBTs) and four diodes.
Furthermore, this control strategy can achieve a fast dynamic response for the proposed converter.
3. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Fig. 3. Switching pattern of the BMDIC in boost mode.
In the proposed power train, the ESI is the only means to transfer the energy from/to the traction motor
during traction and braking modes or to transfer the energy from/to the ac grid during charging and discharging
modes. Thereby, the proposed APEI combines the merits of the BMDIC and ESI, which can improve the power
train efficiency and reliability as well as minimizing the size of the passive components (such as inductors,
capacitors, and filters).
A. Modes of Operation for the Proposed APEI
Table I: Summary of the Operating Modes of the Proposed APEI
As can be seen from Fig. 2, in the structure of the BMDIC, the power switching devices are operated
by using an interleaved technique, which leads to share the current between these power-switching devices. As a
result, the current ratings of these switches can be reduced. It means that the proposed topology can decrease the
current stress on the switches and EMI especially at transients. In addition, this structure can also provide a high
reliability compared to other topologies, thanks to multichannel and multi device topology. The BMDIC can
reduce the size of the passive components and the input/output ripples in operating conditions (such as output
power, switching frequency, and temperature).The proposed APEI can be mainly operated in four operating
modes. These operating are given as follows:
1) In the Mode 1, the ESI will operate as a dc/ac inverter to transfer the power from dc-link to the IM, while the
BMDIC operates in boost mode to set-up the LV battery to the high-voltage dc-Link.
2) In the Mode 2, the ESI operates as a three-phase PWM ac/dc rectifier to transfer the power from motor to dc-
link, whereas the BMDIC works in buck mode to transfer the energy from the high-voltage dc-Link to the
battery pack.
3) In the Mode 3, the ESI works as a single-phase PWM ac/dc converter to charge the battery from the ac grid,
while the BMDIC operates in buck mode to transfer energy from the DC link to the battery pack.
4) In Mode 4, the ESI can operates as a single-phase dc to ac inverter to deliver the power from the dc-link to
the ac grid during peak load, whereas the BMDIC works in boost mode.
These operating modes are summarized in Table I. In order to investigate the proposed BEV power
train, the dynamic modeling of the power train (such as battery and EM), small-signal model of the BMDIC, and
the power train control strategies are explained.
Operating
Modes
APEI
ESI BMDIC
Mode1 Three-Phase dc/ac
Inverter
Boost Mode
Mode2 Three-Phase ac/dc
PWM rectifier
Buck Mode
Mode3 Single-Phase ac/dc
rectifier
Buck Mode
Mode4 Single-Phase dc/ac
Inverter
Boost Mode
4. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
III. Dynamic Modeling Of Power Train
A. Dynamic Modeling of the Battery System
The battery stores energy in the electrochemical form and is the most widely used device for energy
storage system in the variety of applications such as EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs. Lithium-Ion batteries are
increasingly accepted to be an optimal choice for energy storage in automotive applications.
Fig.4. Thevenin battery model.
The mathematical modeling of the Li-Ion battery package used in the simulation program is defined as
a thevenin battery model. The Thevenin battery model, the most commonly used battery model, consists of an
internal resistance Rint, polarization capacitance Cp, and over voltage resistance (Rp, polarization resistance),
and open circuit voltage Voc. All elements that are used in this model are functions of the battery state of charge
(SoC). Fig.4 illustrates the thevenin battery model. The battery system comprises a package with N batts cells
that are connected in series and N batt p that are connected in parallel. The terminal voltage of the battery pack,
V Batt, can be denoted as follows:
Vbatt= NbattS[Voc-Ibatt.Rint – Vcp] (3.1)
SoC=SoC+
1
3600
∫
𝐼 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐶 𝑏
dt (3.2)
Where
𝐼 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡 =
𝐼 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑁 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑃
(3.3)
𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝑑𝑡
= -
𝑉𝑐𝑝
𝐶 𝑝 𝑅 𝑝
+
𝐼 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐶 𝑏
(3.4)
The MATLAB/Simulink-based battery system is designed and modeled in this paper by using the
aforementioned equations.
B. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
The bidirectional DC-DC converter [12],[13] allows for a bidirectional flow of power to utilize grid
power when necessary and to supply power to the grid when excess power is generated, the bidirectional DC-
DC converter shown in Fig 5. Applications of bidirectional DC-DC converters include battery energy storage
systems, next generation motor drives, interconnecting load centers that possess on site generation. The
bidirectional DC-DC converter used in this concept based off of the one designed.
In this the bidirectional DC-DC converters operation within the context of the EVCS (Electrical vehicle
charge station), will be considered as Buck/Boost mode. In buck mode, the bidirectional DC-DC converter
utilizes constant voltage control to operate as a voltage regulator for the LVDC bus.
Fig.5. Bi direction dc to dc converter
The gating signals and key operating waveforms as well as the converter current paths for the boost and
buck modes of operation for the bidirectional DC-DC converter are presented in above Fig.5 The currents IHV
and ILV are measured using the reference of „going into the converter‟ as the positive direction, which is why IL
is negative in buck mode and positive in boost mode. In boost mode only one current wave form is displayed. .
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Buck/Boost Mode Operating Waveforms are shown in Fig 6 and Fig 7.
5. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Fig.6. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Buck Mode Operating Waveforms
Fig.7. Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Boost Mode Operating Waveforms
IV. Simulation Results
The proposed APEI which is show in below Fig 8, which takes responsibility of power flow
management in drive train. The circuit works under the different modes of operation like charging/discharging,
and traction/breaking modes. APEI has different control strategies that are design by using MatLab/Simulink.
Fig.8. MatLab Models for BEV with APEI
6. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
The fundamental output wave form of the voltage(Vg) and current(Ig) is shown which is shown in the
subsystem of the below Fig 9(a)
Fig 9(a) Fundamental voltage and current waveforms
The speed (rpm) with respect to the time(sec) curve which is shown in Fig 9(b) this is dynamic response of the
power train during traction and braking modes.
Fig 9(b) speed curve
The Torque (N-m) with respect to the time(sec) which is shown in Fig 9(c) this is dynamic response of the
power train during traction and braking modes.
Fig 9(c) Torque curve
The Line Voltage with respect to the time(sec) which is shown in Fig. 9(d)
Fig. 9(d)Line voltage
The Stator Current with respect to the time(sec) which is shown in Fig 9(e)
Fig 9(e)Stator Current
Output wave formsVbatt, Ibatt and State of charge of the battery with respect to the time which is show in Fig
9(f)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
Time (Sec)
Voltage(V),Current(A)
V
I
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time(sec)
Speed(rpm)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Time(sec)
Torque(NM)
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
Time(sec)
LineVoltage(V)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time(sec)
StatorCurrent(A)
7. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Fig 9(f) Line voltage
In the conventional simulation results the vehicle to grid control strategy has the THD output is shown in Fig
9(g) For PI controller THD is 6.94% shows in V2G control strategy.
Fig 9(g) THD for a PI controller
The extension of proposed concept for given power train by using Fuzzy controller the output of THD is
reduced 3.10% which is show in Fig. 9(f).
Fig. 9(f) THD for a Fuzzy controller
V. Conclusions
A novel integrated power electronic interface for BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) which optimizes the
performance of the power train is proposed. The proposed concept of APEI (Advanced Power Electronics
Interface) combines the features of the BMDIC (Bi-directional Multi Device interleaved DC-DC converter) and
the ESI (Eight Switch Inverter). The proposed APEI and its performance characteristics had been analyzed and
presented. Different control strategies are designed to verify the performance of the proposed APEI during
different operating modes. It should be pointed out that the IFOC based on PWM voltage is more efficient
which is used to drive the EM (Electric Machine) during traction and braking modes. Moreover, the proposed
APEI can achieve a high power factor correction, and can achieve a low THD for the input current during
charging mode from the ac grid. As is clear from the simulation results, the proposed APEI can reduce the
current and voltage ripples, can improve the efficiency and reliability, and can provide a compact size for the
BEV power train. Furthermore, the battery lifespan can be increased due to the ripple reduction. Finally, the
results of simulation are demonstrated for the proposed APEI has been successfully realized and it promises
significant savings in component count with high performance for BEVs compared to other topologies.
Therefore, it can be expected that these topologies can be utilized for development of high efficiency BEV
power trains.
8. Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronics Interface
DOI: 10.9790/1676-10116671 www.iosrjournals.org 79 | Page
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