Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it enables the formation of prothrombin in the liver. It exists in different forms including phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in plants and menaquinone (vitamin K2) produced by intestinal bacteria. The daily requirement of vitamin K is 120 μg for adult males and 90 μg for adult females. A deficiency of vitamin K can cause hemorrhagic disease in newborns who lack intestinal bacteria and a true deficiency in adults is rare. Vitamin E consists of tocopherols, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form. It is an important antioxidant found in plant oils and protects polyunsaturated fatty

1. 1111
Fat soluble VITAMINSFat soluble VITAMINS
Vitamin KVitamin K

2. Learning objectives
 Role of vitamin K regarding prothrombin formation
in liver.
 Natural and synthetic form of vitamin K.
 From where we get vit K naturally.
 Daily requirement of vit K.
 Deficiency symptoms of vit K.
 Why generally recommend vit K inj to newly born
babies.
 Toxic effect of high dose of vit K.
 Chemistry, functions, deficiency and daily
requirement of Tocopherol.

3. 33
Vitamin K
 Vitamin K is essential for the formation of
prothrombin couple in the liver & therefore
maintaining the normal prothrombin level in
the blood.
 It exist in several forms, for example, in plants
as phylloquinone (vitamin K1), & in intestinal
bacterial flora as menaquinone (vitamin K2).
 A synthetic form of vitamin K3 – menadione.
Vitamin K

4. 44
Structures of vit K
 C11H8O2C11H8O2
Vitamin K1 Vitamin K2
Vitamin K3 (Menadione)

5. 55
SourceSource
 In plants (vit K1) it is chiefly present in greenin green
leafyleafy tissues (alfalfa, spinach), also found in
cauliflower, cabbage, tomatoes, soya beans,
rice etc.
 In human alimentary canal, it is synthesized
by intestinal floraintestinal flora & endogenously supplied tosupplied to
the bodythe body.

6. 66
Requirement:Requirement:
 120120 μμg/dayg/day for adult males & 9090 μμg/dayg/day for
adult females.
 Functions of vit K:Functions of vit K:
 Vit K is required in the hepatic synthesis of
prothrombinprothrombin & blood clottingblood clotting factors II, VII,
IX & X.

7. 77
Deficiency of vit k (Hypovitaminosis)Deficiency of vit k (Hypovitaminosis)
 A true vit k deficiency is unusualunusual because
adequate amountsadequate amounts are generally produced by
intestinal bacteriaintestinal bacteria or obtained from the dietdiet.
 In case of chemotherapy (antibioticsantibiotics) amount
of vit K is depressed, that can lead to
hypoprothrombinemia in malnourishedmalnourished
individual, e.g: a debilitated geriatric patient.
 Newborns have sterile intestinesterile intestine which lack the
bacteria that synthesize vit K. So, it is
recommended that all newbornsall newborns receive a
single IM dosesingle IM dose of vit K as prophylaxisprophylaxis against
hemorrhagic disease.

8. 88
HypervitaminosisHypervitaminosis
 Prolonged administration of large doses of
synthetic vit K (menadione) can produce
hemolytic anemiahemolytic anemia & jaundicejaundice in the infant, due
to toxic effects on RBCstoxic effects on RBCs; therefore, it is nono
longer usedlonger used to treat vit K deficiency.
Normal Hemolytic anemia Jaundice

9. 99
Vitamin E

10. 1010
Vitamin E (TocopherolTocopherol)
 The vitamin E consist of eight naturallyeight naturally
occurringoccurring tocopherols, of which α-tocopherol
is the most activemost active.
 They are commercially important, as they are
antioxidantantioxidant for fats, oils, vitamin A &
carotenes.

11. 1111
Structural formula of α-tocopherol

12. 1212
Occurrence
 Plant source: All green plantsgreen plants contain
considerable amount of tocopherols. VegetableVegetable
fatsfats are the richestrichest naturalnatural source (wheat germ
oil).
 Legumes, nuts, cereals are also important
source.
 Only a small amountssmall amounts are present in olive &
coconut oils.
 Animal tissue contain relatively less amounts.
Milk is poor in this factor.

13. 1313
Requirements of vit E:
 The RDA for α-tocopherol is 15mg15mg for adults.
 The vit E requirement increasesincreases as the intakeintake
of polyunsaturated fatty acidpolyunsaturated fatty acid increases.
 Deficiency of Vit E:
 In human – not takes placenot takes place due to its wide
occurrence in vegetablevegetable.
 Vit-E deficiency may be found in
lipoproteinemialipoproteinemia & in diseases such as sprue,
obstructive jaundice etc.

14.  Vit E deficiency in adults, is usually associated
with defective lipiddefective lipid absorption or transport.
The signs are; sensitivitysensitivity of erythrocytes to
peroxide, & the appearanceappearance of abnormal
cellular membrane.

15. 1515
Functions
 Vit E participates in the formationformation of
intercellular substance, collagencollagen & elasticelastic
fibersfibers derived from it.
 It is important antioxidantantioxidant & protectprotect easily
oxidizable vit A. Tocopherols are usually
added to commercial oily foodscommercial oily foods to prevent
their oxidation.
 Vitamin E Prevents massive hepatic necrosishepatic necrosis
produced on diet deficient in Sdeficient in S containing
amino acids.

16.  It protects lungs tissueslungs tissues from polluted air.
 Also protects & stabilizes the cell membranecell membrane.
 Vitamin E also takes part in the synthesis ofsynthesis of
hemeheme.
 More recent functions are its curative action
on menopausal disordersmenopausal disorders, male sterilitymale sterility &
prurituspruritus etc.
 “Every healthy person, after 45 yrsafter 45 yrs must take
vit-E daily to prevent heart attackheart attack & to retard
agingaging processprocess”.

17. 1717
References & keys
 Mushtaq Ahmad vol-IIMushtaq Ahmad vol-II
 Hashmi’s Textbook of Medical BiochemistryHashmi’s Textbook of Medical Biochemistry
 Debilitate = weak
 Geriatric: old age people
 Sprue: tropical disease - deficiency of nutrients absorption from intestine,
diarrhoea, enemia.
