This document provides an overview of fat-soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the general characteristics, functions, classification, and individual details of each vitamin. For each vitamin, the document outlines its dietary sources, mechanisms of action in the body, functions, and deficiency diseases. The presentation aims to introduce the key properties and roles of the important fat-soluble vitamins.
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
This document summarizes key information about Vitamin C, including its history, uses, sources, and effects on the body. It discusses how 17th century British sailor James Lind discovered that lemon juice prevented scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency disease. It also outlines that Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient needed for growth, immune function, and collagen production. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, cabbage, broccoli and tomatoes. While deficiencies can cause scurvy, moderate daily intake through foods is sufficient for health.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Vitamin C and vitamin B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin C aids in tissue growth and repair, acts as an antioxidant, and supports the immune system. It is found in many fruits and vegetables. A vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Vitamin B12 is important for brain and nervous system function as well as blood cell formation. It supports energy production and cardiovascular health. Good sources are animal products. Deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Both vitamins have recommended daily intake amounts to support health.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is obtained through sunlight exposure and dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods. It plays an important role in bone and immune health by aiding in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Testing for vitamin D levels has increased in recent years due to research linking vitamin D deficiency to diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes and depression. While vitamin D shows promise for many health benefits, more research is still needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential.
Vitamins are organic molecules that are essential micronutrients required for normal cellular function and tissue integrity. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B and C). Vitamin D is produced in the body from sunlight exposure and is important for calcium absorption and bone health. A deficiency can cause rickets or osteomalacia due to impaired bone mineralization, while excess intake can result in hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification. Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to maintain appropriate serum calcium levels through effects on bone resorption and renal excretion.
This document summarizes key information about Vitamin C, including its history, uses, sources, and effects on the body. It discusses how 17th century British sailor James Lind discovered that lemon juice prevented scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency disease. It also outlines that Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient needed for growth, immune function, and collagen production. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, cabbage, broccoli and tomatoes. While deficiencies can cause scurvy, moderate daily intake through foods is sufficient for health.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Report about some facts about vitamin B complex and the importance, origin, signs and symptoms of deficiency and food sources of Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B6 (pyrodixine), and Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), It also has very detailed origin on how each vitamin was discovered
Vitamin C and vitamin B12 are essential water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin C aids in tissue growth and repair, acts as an antioxidant, and supports the immune system. It is found in many fruits and vegetables. A vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy. Vitamin B12 is important for brain and nervous system function as well as blood cell formation. It supports energy production and cardiovascular health. Good sources are animal products. Deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia. Both vitamins have recommended daily intake amounts to support health.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is obtained through sunlight exposure and dietary sources like fatty fish and fortified foods. It plays an important role in bone and immune health by aiding in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Testing for vitamin D levels has increased in recent years due to research linking vitamin D deficiency to diseases like cancer, heart disease, diabetes and depression. While vitamin D shows promise for many health benefits, more research is still needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in maintaining connective tissues and acting as an antioxidant. The body needs a daily intake of vitamin C from foods like fruits and vegetables as it does not produce or store vitamin C on its own. Deficiency can lead to issues like bleeding gums and slowed wound healing, while long term deficiency increases risks of health issues like high blood pressure and cancers. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include guava, peppers, citrus fruits, and leafy greens.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
The naming of vitamins began with Funk's isolated concentrate called vitamin B which cured Beri beri disease. Vitamins were then named alphabetically, with vitamin A discovered in 1913-1914, followed by vitamin C, vitamin D which cured rickets, and vitamin E which was important for fertility. The later discovery of a vitamin required for blood clotting led to vitamin K being named for koagulation.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that prevents scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. It was discovered in the 17th century that lemon juice could prevent scurvy in sailors. Vitamin C helps form collagen, protects the immune system, aids iron absorption, and facilitates fat and neurotransmitter metabolism. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and leafy greens. While deficiency is rare, complete lack of vitamin C causes scurvy. The recommended daily intake is 60 mg but higher doses are considered safe and may provide additional health benefits.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
Definitions
Introduction to classification
All fat soluble vitamins
Biosynthesis
Sources of vitamins
Daily dosage
Biochemical function of vitamins
Deficiencies of vitamin
Sign and symptoms
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble antioxidant. It exists in various forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from damage by reacting with and terminating free radicals. It also plays a role in reproduction, blood flow, and the electron transport system. Dietary sources include vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables. A deficiency can impact muscle function, blood cell health, and reproduction.
Introduction about Vitamin B2, Chemistry of Riboflavin, Biochemical Functions of Riboflavin, Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin B2, Dietary Sources of Riboflavin, Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B2, Synthesis of FMN, FAD from Riboflavin pathway, Coenzymes of Riboflavin.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that prevents scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums and bruising. It was discovered in the 17th century that lemon juice prevented scurvy in sailors. Vitamin C is found in many fruits and vegetables and plays an important role in immune function, collagen production, iron absorption and cardiovascular health. A daily intake of 60 mg is recommended, though some research suggests higher intakes may provide additional health benefits. Without enough vitamin C, scurvy will develop due to a breakdown of connective tissues.
This document discusses vitamin D, including what it is, how the body processes and activates it, its functions, sources, and requirements. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and found in some foods. It is activated through two hydroxylation steps in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization and supports immune function. While sunlight is the major source, many factors impact skin synthesis, so dietary sources and supplements are also important to meet daily requirements.
Vitamin D Deficiency, by Dr. Mihir Adhikari Mihir Adhikari
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and the active form calcitriol is produced in the kidneys. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Deficiency is highly prevalent in India due to low dietary intake and sun exposure. It is associated with many systemic disorders including musculoskeletal, autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases.
The document discusses fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine, requiring bile and entering the bloodstream through lymph vessels. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues. Each vitamin's functions, sources, and deficiency signs are outlined, with vitamin A playing roles in vision, growth, and immunity, and vitamin D aiding calcium absorption. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the criteria of water soluble vitamins, including that they are hydrophilic and soluble in water. It then describes several B vitamins in detail, including their roles as coenzymes in important metabolic processes and the deficiency symptoms that can arise from not getting enough of each vitamin. The vitamins covered are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and vitamin C.
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential component of coenzymes involved in redox reactions in the body. It acts as a precursor to FMN and FAD, which are cofactors for redox enzymes. Deficiency can result from poor intake, malabsorption, drug interactions, and genetic defects affecting flavin metabolism. Symptoms include sore throat, cheilosis, and glossitis. Status is assessed by urinary riboflavin levels, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, and direct measurement of flavins in plasma and erythrocytes.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
The document discusses vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It covers key details about vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, and B2. Specifically, it describes:
- Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities. They are classified as lipid-soluble or water-soluble.
- Vitamin A is important for vision, cell differentiation, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate levels and is synthesized from sunlight exposure. It supports bone and immune health.
- Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
This presentation provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Key points include:
- Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention.
- They are classified as either water soluble or fat soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body.
- Vitamins act as coenzymes and play important roles in energy production, cell differentiation, bone health, vision, and other processes.
- Dietary sources of each vitamin are identified along with recommended daily intake amounts
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for good health. They are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. The presentation summarized key vitamins including their sources, functions, and daily requirements. Vitamin A supports vision and immune function. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and immunity. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting. The B vitamins help release energy from carbohydrates and support nervous system function. Vitamin C supports immune function and collagen production.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in maintaining connective tissues and acting as an antioxidant. The body needs a daily intake of vitamin C from foods like fruits and vegetables as it does not produce or store vitamin C on its own. Deficiency can lead to issues like bleeding gums and slowed wound healing, while long term deficiency increases risks of health issues like high blood pressure and cancers. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include guava, peppers, citrus fruits, and leafy greens.
The document discusses various B vitamins, including their chemistry, food sources, roles in the body, and deficiency diseases. It provides information on vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and B9 (folic acid). The key points made are that B vitamins serve as cofactors in many enzyme reactions involved in metabolism and must be obtained through the diet as humans cannot synthesize most of them. Deficiencies can result in diseases like beriberi, pellagra, and anemia.
The naming of vitamins began with Funk's isolated concentrate called vitamin B which cured Beri beri disease. Vitamins were then named alphabetically, with vitamin A discovered in 1913-1914, followed by vitamin C, vitamin D which cured rickets, and vitamin E which was important for fertility. The later discovery of a vitamin required for blood clotting led to vitamin K being named for koagulation.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that prevents scurvy, a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. It was discovered in the 17th century that lemon juice could prevent scurvy in sailors. Vitamin C helps form collagen, protects the immune system, aids iron absorption, and facilitates fat and neurotransmitter metabolism. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and leafy greens. While deficiency is rare, complete lack of vitamin C causes scurvy. The recommended daily intake is 60 mg but higher doses are considered safe and may provide additional health benefits.
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
Definitions
Introduction to classification
All fat soluble vitamins
Biosynthesis
Sources of vitamins
Daily dosage
Biochemical function of vitamins
Deficiencies of vitamin
Sign and symptoms
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
This document provides information about vitamin C, including its food sources, functions, recommended dietary allowances, deficiency, research, and references. It summarizes that vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin obtained through foods like fruits and vegetables as humans cannot synthesize it themselves. The document outlines vitamin C's roles in collagen synthesis, immune function, and as an antioxidant for protecting against free radical damage. It also details signs of deficiency like scurvy and groups at higher risk like smokers.
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble antioxidant. It exists in various forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from damage by reacting with and terminating free radicals. It also plays a role in reproduction, blood flow, and the electron transport system. Dietary sources include vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy vegetables. A deficiency can impact muscle function, blood cell health, and reproduction.
Introduction about Vitamin B2, Chemistry of Riboflavin, Biochemical Functions of Riboflavin, Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin B2, Dietary Sources of Riboflavin, Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B2, Synthesis of FMN, FAD from Riboflavin pathway, Coenzymes of Riboflavin.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that prevents scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums and bruising. It was discovered in the 17th century that lemon juice prevented scurvy in sailors. Vitamin C is found in many fruits and vegetables and plays an important role in immune function, collagen production, iron absorption and cardiovascular health. A daily intake of 60 mg is recommended, though some research suggests higher intakes may provide additional health benefits. Without enough vitamin C, scurvy will develop due to a breakdown of connective tissues.
This document discusses vitamin D, including what it is, how the body processes and activates it, its functions, sources, and requirements. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and found in some foods. It is activated through two hydroxylation steps in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization and supports immune function. While sunlight is the major source, many factors impact skin synthesis, so dietary sources and supplements are also important to meet daily requirements.
Vitamin D Deficiency, by Dr. Mihir Adhikari Mihir Adhikari
Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It is caused by lack of vitamin D from diet and sun exposure. The body synthesizes the inactive form cholecalciferol from cholesterol in skin upon sun exposure and the active form calcitriol is produced in the kidneys. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Deficiency is highly prevalent in India due to low dietary intake and sun exposure. It is associated with many systemic disorders including musculoskeletal, autoimmune, cardiovascular and infectious diseases.
The document discusses fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the absorption process of fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine, requiring bile and entering the bloodstream through lymph vessels. Excesses of these vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues. Each vitamin's functions, sources, and deficiency signs are outlined, with vitamin A playing roles in vision, growth, and immunity, and vitamin D aiding calcium absorption. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant while vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the criteria of water soluble vitamins, including that they are hydrophilic and soluble in water. It then describes several B vitamins in detail, including their roles as coenzymes in important metabolic processes and the deficiency symptoms that can arise from not getting enough of each vitamin. The vitamins covered are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and vitamin C.
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential component of coenzymes involved in redox reactions in the body. It acts as a precursor to FMN and FAD, which are cofactors for redox enzymes. Deficiency can result from poor intake, malabsorption, drug interactions, and genetic defects affecting flavin metabolism. Symptoms include sore throat, cheilosis, and glossitis. Status is assessed by urinary riboflavin levels, erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, and direct measurement of flavins in plasma and erythrocytes.
Vitamins are chemical compounds that regulate human body functions and metabolism. They are necessary for converting food into energy and tissues. There are several types of vitamins including A, B1, B2, B12, C, D, E, and K. Each vitamin plays an important role and deficiency can cause specific health issues. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, while vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. The document provides information on each vitamin's function, deficiency symptoms, and major food sources.
A presentation on pantothenic acid or b5jainsaketjain
1. Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in energy production and metabolism.
2. It is widely found in foods like meat, eggs, legumes, and whole grains. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A which is involved in important processes in the body.
3. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare due to its abundance in foods, but may cause burning sensations in hands and feet, fatigue, and muscle cramps. The recommended daily intake is 2-7 mg depending on age.
The document discusses vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It covers key details about vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, and B2. Specifically, it describes:
- Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities. They are classified as lipid-soluble or water-soluble.
- Vitamin A is important for vision, cell differentiation, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate levels and is synthesized from sunlight exposure. It supports bone and immune health.
- Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
This presentation provides an overview of vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and mechanisms of action. It discusses both water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Key points include:
- Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention.
- They are classified as either water soluble or fat soluble depending on how they are absorbed and transported in the body.
- Vitamins act as coenzymes and play important roles in energy production, cell differentiation, bone health, vision, and other processes.
- Dietary sources of each vitamin are identified along with recommended daily intake amounts
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for good health. They are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. The presentation summarized key vitamins including their sources, functions, and daily requirements. Vitamin A supports vision and immune function. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and immunity. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cells. Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting. The B vitamins help release energy from carbohydrates and support nervous system function. Vitamin C supports immune function and collagen production.
The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
mcg – microgram (a microgram is one millionth of a gram. 1,000 micrograms is equal to one milligram)
IU – international unit (the conversion of milligrams and micrograms into IU depends on the type of vitamin or drug)
The document discusses the four main fat soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, functions, deficiency diseases, dietary sources, and recommended intake levels. The key points are:
- Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat in the small intestine and stored in the liver and fatty tissues. They include vitamins A, D, E, and K.
- Vitamin A supports vision and immune function. Vitamin D works with calcium for bone health. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and vitamin K aids in blood clotting.
- Deficiencies can lead to conditions like rickets, osteomalacia, heart disease, or bleeding disorders.
The document discusses the four main fat soluble vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their structures, functions, food sources, deficiency diseases, and dietary recommendations. The fat soluble vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet as they are involved in many important processes in the body like vision, bone health, cell growth and blood clotting. Maintaining adequate levels of these vitamins is important for overall health.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
Vitamins are organic compounds that have various functions in the body and differ in their chemistry, biochemistry and food sources. They are either water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include the B vitamins and vitamin C, which are absorbed in the small intestine and excreted through urine. Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed through the intestinal tract with dietary fats and stored in body tissues. Vitamins play essential roles in growth, metabolism and various bodily processes, and deficiencies can lead to structural and functional disorders.
The document provides information about various vitamins, including their sources, daily requirements, and functions. It discusses both water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). For each vitamin, there is a section on dietary sources, daily intake recommendations, and the key roles the vitamin plays in the body.
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for normal growth, health and biological functions. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with fats and stored in tissues while water-soluble vitamins are not stored and must be continuously supplied. Each vitamin plays important roles as enzyme cofactors in critical biochemical reactions related to energy production, cell growth, immune function and more. The document provides details on the chemistry, sources, functions and requirements of several key vitamins.
Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues. Their excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in adipose tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs.
This document provides information about vitamins, including their classification, sources, functions, and deficiency diseases. It discusses both fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K and water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for growth, cell function, and disease prevention. They are classified based on their solubility and whether they can be stored in the body. Deficiencies can result in diseases like rickets, osteomalacia, and beriberi.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is an essential micronutrient that serves as a cofactor for many enzyme reactions in the body. The document discusses the structures and functions of various B vitamins, including their roles in metabolism and as coenzymes. It also covers fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water-soluble vitamins C and B vitamins. Common deficiency diseases are mentioned along with sources and recommended daily intake of different vitamins.
Vitamins UNIT-7 biochemistry and clinical pathology, D.Pharm 2nd year.pptxAanchal Gupta
Vitamins, unit-7 for D.Pharm second year, According to PCI syllabus.
Definition and classification with examples
Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are essential nutrients involved in important metabolic processes. They do not provide energy but support various functions. There are two types - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) which are stored in body and water soluble which circulate freely. Vitamins have specific roles like bone growth (D), antioxidant protection (E), blood clotting (K). Deficiencies can cause diseases while excess intake beyond recommended amounts can lead to toxicity in some cases.
Fat-soluble Vitamin E & K for dental studentsDeepakAravind8
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids , dental seminar,
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it activates clotting factors in the liver through carboxylation. It exists as K1, K2, and K3 and is absorbed in the small intestine before being transported to the liver via LDL. A deficiency results in bleeding issues while toxicity can cause anemia, with good dietary sources including green vegetables, meat, and dairy.
Similar to Vitamins ppt presented by Ankit Boss Golden Heart (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. OBJECTIVES
Introduction
General characteristics
General Functions
Classification Structure
Individual Characteristics
Individual Dietary Sources
Individual Mechanism of
Action
Individual Function
Hypervitaminosis
Symptoms of fat soluble
vitamins
Specific deficiencies diseases.
3. INTRODUCTION
The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means
"life".
Vitamins are organic components in food that are needed
in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining
good health.
Everybody must eat a certain amount of vitamins to stay
healthy.
Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many
different foods.
4. CHARACTERISTICS
Vitamins are required in small quantities in the diet
because they cannot be synthesized by the body.
Water soluble vitamins cannot be stored in human tissues.
Their excess is excreted with urine.
Significant amounts of fat soluble vitamins can be stored in
adipose tissue and the liver.
Synthetic vitamins are identical to natural vitamins.
Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain
essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells,
tissues, and organs.
5. FUNCTIONS
Vitamins are helpful for the health and life of the
body in the following respects:
(a)They build up the resistance of the body against
diseases.
(b)Prevent and cure various diseases caused by
deficiency.
(c)Help the digestion and utilization of mineral salts
and Carbohydrates in the body.
(d)Stimulate and give strength to digestive and
nervous system.
(e) Help health protection.
(f)Help maintenance of proper health and normal
growth.
6. CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of their solubility vitamins are mainly 2 types-
Fat soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in fat. Because fat is
easily stored on our body, fat-soluble vitamins can be stored within
our fat. This means they can accumulate and be saved for later use.
The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.
7. Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins that dissolve in water.
Because our body is a watery environment, these vitamins
can move through our body pretty easily, and they can also
be flushed out by the kidneys. Water-soluble vitamins
include the B-complex vitamins and vitamin C.
There are eight B vitamins, including vitamin B1, B2, B3,
B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12.
11. FATSOLUBLEVITAMINS (A, D, E, K )
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organiccompounds,
that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and
several provitamin A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is
the most important. Its active form is present only in AnimalTissue.
DAILY REQUIRMENT
Men and women – 600 mcg.
Pregnancy and lactation – 950 mcg.
Infants – 350mcg.
Children – 600mcg.
13. M/A OF VITAMIN A
Dietary retinyl esters are hydrolysed by pancreatic/intestinal hydrolases
in intestine releasing retinol & free fatty acids.
Carotenes are hydrolysed by β-carotene 15-15’ dioxygenase of intestinal
cells to release 2 moles of retinal which is reduced to retinol.
In intestinal mucosal cells, retinol is re-esterified to LCFA incorporated
into chylomicrons & transferred to lymph.
Retinol esters of chylomicrons are taken up by liver & stored.
When required Vitamin A is released from liver as freeretinol.
Retinol is transported in circulation by Plasma Retinol Binding Protein in
association with albumin(transthyretin).
Retinol-RBP complex binds to specific receptors on cell membrane of
peripheral tissues & enters cells.
Carry retinol by Cellular Retinol Binding Protein(CRBP)and Cellular
Retinoic Acid Binding Protein(CRABP-I, CRABP-II) to nucleus & binds to
chromatin(DNA).
14. RHODOPSIN is the membrane
protein in photoreceptor of
retina
15. FUNCTIONS
Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions
throughout the body, such as:
Vision
Gene transcription
Immune function
Embryonic development and reproduction
Bone metabolism
Hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells and
platelets)
Skin and cellular health
Antioxidant activity
16. VITAMIN D
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids (a type
of steroid with a "broken" ring) found in liver and fish oils, or
obtained by irradiating provitamin D with ultraviolet light and are
responsible for enhancing intestinal absorption
of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. It is also called
SUNSHINE VITAMIN.
it is available in 2 forms-
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
is made from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin of animals andhumans.
Calciferol - D2
is obtained artificially by irradiation of ergo- sterol and iscalled
ergocalciferol.
17. DIETARYSOURCESOF VITAMIN D
DAILY REQUIRMENT
Men and women- 0.01
mg.
Pregnancy and lactation
– 0.01 mg
Infants & Children –0.01
mg
18. M/A OF VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is carried in the bloodstream to the liver, where it is
converted into the prohormone calcidiol.
Circulating calcidiol may then be converted into calcitriol, the
biologically active form of vitamin D, in the kidneys.
Following the final converting step in the kidney, calcitriol is
released into the circulation.
By binding to vitamin D-binding protein, a carrier protein in
the plasma, calcitriol is transported to various target organs.
In addition to the kidneys, calcitriol is also synthesized
by monocyte-macrophages in the immune system. When
synthesized by monocyte-macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as
a cytokine, defending the body against microbial invaders by
stimulating the innate immune system.
19. Whether it is made in the skin or
ingested, cholecalciferol
is hydroxylated in the liver.
This reaction is catalyzed by the
microsomal enzyme vitamin D 25
hydroxylase, which is produced by
hepatocytes. Once made, the
product is released into the plasma,
where it is bound to an α-globulin,
vitamin D-binding protein.
Calcidiol is transported to the
proximal tubules of the kidneys,
where it is hydroxylated to form
calcitriol. This product is a
potent ligand of the vitamin D
receptor, which mediates most of
the physiological actions of the
vitamin.
20. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D
Calcium Balance
Cell Differentiation
Immunity
Blood Pressure Regulation
Development of Bones & Teeth
21. VITAMIN E
Vitamin E refers to a group of compounds that include
both tocopherols and tocotrienols. They are naturally occuring
anti-oxidant.
It is also called anti-aging factor.
The word tocopherol is derived from the word toco meaning child
birth and pheros meaning to bear.
It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat solvent.
Tocopherol α,β,γ, δ have been obtained from the natural sources.
23. M/A OF VITAMIN E
Free radicals, such as superoxide, hydroxyl
ions and nitric oxide all contain an unpaired
electron. These radicals can have a negative
effect on cells causing oxidative damage that
leads to cell death.
Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, prevent cell
damage by binding to the free radical and
neutralising its unpaired electron. For
example, when vitamin E binds to OO· or
O2
· they form an intermediate structure that is
converted to a-tocopherylquinone.
A recent population based study of
antioxidants concluded that a diet rich in foods
containing vitamin E might help protect some
people against Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Vitamin E in the form of supplements was not
associated with a reduction in the risk ofAD.
24. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN E
Antioxidant (most powerful natural)
Free radical scavenger
Protects cell membranes
Protects LDL from oxidation
Protection of double bonds in
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Prevention of rancidity
Works in conjunction with selenium
Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological
functions, and inhibition of platelet
aggregation.
Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents
the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
25. VITAMIN K
Vitamin K refers to a group of structurally similar, fat-
soluble vitamins the human body needs for complete
synthesis of certain proteins that are required for
blood coagulation, and also certain proteins that the
body uses to manipulate binding of calcium in bone and
other tissues.
Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the
intestines.
It is essential for production of a type of protein called
prothrombin & other factor involve in blood clotting
mechanism. Hence it is known as anti – hemorrhagic
vitamin.
Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers :
vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
and vitamin K2 (menaquinones)
27. M/A OF VITAMIN K
Vitamin K-induced synthesis of prothrombin in a vitamin K-
deficient rat is only slightly inhibited by cycloheximide
treatment.
Vitamin K is a co-factor for the enzyme, gammaglutamate
carboxylase (GGCX). This enzyme is required for the post-
translational modifications of proteins that contain the amino
acid residue, glutamic acid (Glu).
In the presence of vitamin K and GGCX, these proteins go
through a carboxylation process that alters the structure by
converting Glu residues into γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)
residues
The functional significance of this change is that Gla residues
have a strong binding affinity to calcium. Thus in support of the
blood clotting pathway, Vitamin K is required for the activation
of prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X
28. The isolated prothrombin does
contain radioactivity if the
vitamin K-deficient rats are
treated with vitamin K but no
cycloheximide.
When radioactive amino acids
were given to deficient rats 1
hr before cycloheximide and
vitamin K, radioactivity was
found in prothrombin.
These data suggest that, in the
intact rat, the action of vitamin
K is to convert a protein
precursor with a short
biological half life to
prothrombin.
29. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN K
It is essential for the hepatic synthesis of
coagulation factor II, V,VII, IX, X.
CLOTTING – it prevents hemorrhage
only in cases when there is defective
production of prothrombin
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
– it acts as a co- factor in oxidative
phosphorylation associated with lipid
Vitamin-K is needed for carboxylation
of glutamyl residue of Ca++ binding
transport between the flavin coenzyme
and the cytochrome system.
30. WATERSOLUBLE VITAMINS
Water soluble vitamins are
found in yeast, grain, rice,
vegetables, fish, and meat.
These are essential co-
enzymes required in energy
releasing mechanisms.
They also act as co-
enzymes for metabolism of
proteins, carbohydrates and
fats.
They include-
B1- Thiamine
B2- Riboflavin
B3– Niacin
B5– pantothenic acid
B6 –Pyridoxine
B7– Biotin
B9-Folicacid
B12 –Cobalamin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
31. VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE)
It is also called Anti Beri-Beri factor,
Anti Neuritic factor, and also Aneurin.
It is colorless basic organic compound
composed of a sulfated pyramiding ring.
All living organisms use thiamine, but it
is synthesized only in bacteria, fungi,
and plants.
Contains sulfur and nitrogengroup
Destroyed by alkaline andheat
Coenzyme: Thiamin pyrophosphate
(TPP)
33. M/A OF THIAMINE
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
feeds important molecules into the Krebs
cycle, which allows the cell to produce
energy.
The conversion of α-ketoglutarate to
succinyl-CoA is necessary for the Krebs
cycle to continue "spinning". Without
vitamin B1 (thiamine) the cycle would
slow causing decreased energy production.
Synthesis of neurotransmitter
Convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Thiamine is metabolized to its active
form, TPP, by PfTPK in an ATP-dependent
manner.
34. FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE
Vitamin B1, is very essential for converting carbohydrate
into energy.
The most important use of thiamine is in the treatment of
beriberi, a condition caused by a deficiency of thiamine in
the diet. Symptoms include swelling, tingling or burning
sensation in the hands and feet, confusion, difficulty
breathing.
Vitamin B1, helps in maintaining the healthy nervous
system.
Vitamin B1, is necessary for healthy mucous membranes.
It helps in the digestion of food.
It provides strength to muscles.
It is very useful for the proper functioning of heart.
35. VITAMIN B2(RIBOFLAVIN)
It is also called as beauty vitamin.
it is yellowish green fluorescent
compound soluble in water.
The word riboflavin is derived from 2
sources
ribose – means many ribose sugar
found in several vitamins
flavin – yellow.
It is widely involved in oxidation-
reduction reaction.
37. FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN
It is essential for normal growth.
Metabolism – It is involved in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, fat &
proteins.
Digestion – it helps in digestion
Nervous system – it helps in proper
functioning of Nervous system
It is very useful for normal tissue
respiration.
Necessary for healthy mucous membranes
Good for skin, nails and eyes
It helps in protects the body against cancer.
38. VITAMIN B3(NIACIN)
Vitamin B3 is also known as niacin or nicotinic acid.
it is essential for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein & fat.
It is a colorless, water-soluble solid derivative of pyridine, with a
carboxyl group (COOH) at the 3-position.
It is a pyridine derivative and is a
precursor of the coenzyme NAD (Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide).
40. M/A OF NIACIN
Niacin and its precursor, tryptophan, which is converted to niacin in the
liver, form the active co-enzymes nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
and nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
Niacin can decrease the synthesis of apoB (Apolipoprotein B) -
containing lipoproteins—VLDL, LDL, IDL and Lp(a)—via several
mechanisms:
(1)direct inhibition of DGAT2, a key enzyme for triglyceride synthesis;
(2)binding to the receptor HCAR2 (also called GPR109A), thereby
decreasing lipolysis and FFA flux to the liver for triglyceride synthesis; and
(3)
increased apoB catabolism. Meanwhile, HDL cholesterol levels are
increased by niacin through direct and indirect pathways.
(4) Niacin decreases CETP mass and activity, and this effect, together with
the decrease in triglyceride levels, can indirectly raise HDL cholesterol
levels. Direct effects on the β chain of ATPsynthase
41. (5)and on production
(6)and hepatic uptake
(7)of apoA-I also increase HDL cholesterol levels. Abbreviations: apo,
apolipoprotein; CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein; DGAT2,
diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2; FFA, free fatty acids; HCAR2,
hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); TG, triglycerides.
42. FUNCTIONS OF NIACIN (VIT B3)
Vitamin B3, helps in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and
protiens.
vitamin B3, is very essential for the DNA synthesis.
it is essential for production of estrogen progesterone & testosterone
It is also helpful in reducing migraine headaches.
Vitamin B3, as niacinamide, may improve arthritis symptoms, including
increasing joint mobility and reducing the amount of anti-inflammatory
medications needed.
It is necessary for healthy skin, nerves and digestive system.
High doses of niacin medications are used to prevent development of
atherosclerosis and to reduce recurrent complications such as heart attack
and peripheral vascular disease in those with the condition.
It helps to detoxify the body.
Vitamin B3, is very essential for the proper digestion of the food.
43. VITAMIN B5(PANTOTHENICACID)
Vitamin B5 is also known as Pantothenic Acid, is a water-soluble
vitamin.
It was discovered by Roger J. Williams in 1919.
Tissue extracts from a variety of biological materials provide a
growth factor for yeast this growth factor identified as pantothenic
acid
This word derived from greek word pantos meaning everywhere.
Part of Coenzyme-A
Essential for metabolism of CHO, fat, protein
44. DIETARY SOURCES OF VIT B5
Men – 10 mg
women – 10 mg
Children – 5.5mg.
Daily requirement
45. M/A OF PANTOTHENIC ACID
Pantothenic acid is a precursor of coenzyme A, which is a cofactor for a
variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving transfer of acetylgroups.
Functions of pantothenic acid include oxidative metabolism of
carbohydrates, gluconeogenesis, synthesis and degradation of fatty acids,
and synthesis of steroids (cholesterol), steroid hormones, sphingosine,
citrate, acetoacetate, and porphyrins.
Taking additional B5 increases the amount of Coenzyme A available foruse
in the cell.
The more Co-Enzyme A, the more fatty acids can be metabolized, which
means they are oxidized or burned up as energy production.
46. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B5 (PANTOTHENIC ACID)
Vitamin B5 plays an important role in helping release energy from
sugars, starches, and fats.
Vitamin B5 is important for releasing energy stored as fat, it is equally
important for the creation of fat. Two basic types of fats - fatty acids
and cholesterol - both require the CoA form of B5 for their synthesis.
Sometimes it is important for the body to make small chemical changes
in the shape of cell proteins, thus vitamin B5 is used in this case.
They are essential for the cell metabolism.
They are very helpful in the cholesterol metabolism.
Accelerates wound healing.
It is also used as anti-stress factor.
Allergies, headaches, arthritis, psoriasis, insomnia, asthma, and
infections have all been treated with some effectiveness using vitamin
B5.
47. VITAMIN B6(PYRIDOXINE B6)
Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically very similar
compounds which can be interconverted in biological systems.
Vitamin B6 is part of the vitamin B complex group, and its
active form, Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as
a cofactor in many enzyme reactions in amino acid, glucose,
and lipid metabolism.
It is white crystalline substance soluble in water and alcohol.
48. DIETARY SOURCE OF VIT B6
Daily requirement
Men – women – 2 mg
Children – 1.7 mg.
Infant – 0.1-0.4 mg
Milk
Fish
Vegetables
Beans
Eggs
Peanuts,
sunflower seeds, etc.
50. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B6
Make antibodies. Antibodies are needed to fightmany
diseases.
Maintain normal nerve function
Make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the red
blood cells to the tissues. Avitamin B6 deficiency can cause a
form of anemia.
Break down proteins. The more protein you eat, the more
vitamin B6 you need.
Keep blood sugar (glucose) in normal ranges
Assists in the balancing of Sodium and Potassium levels.
Promotes RBC production.
Production of Serotonin, Dopamine, Noradrenaline and
Adrenaline
51. VITAMIN B7(BIOTIN)
Vitamin B7 or Biotin, also known as vitamin
H or coenzyme R, is a water-solubleB-vitamin.
Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes,
involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine,
and valine, and in gluconeogenesis
52. DIETARY SOURCES OF VIT B7
Daily requirement
Men – women – 100-
200 mcg
Children – 50-200 mcg.
Infant – 35 mcg
53. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B7
sufficient intake of vitamin B7 (biotin) is important as it helps the body to-
•convert food into glucose, which is used to produce energy
•produce fatty acids and amino acids (the building blocks of protein)
•activate protein/amino acid metabolism in the hair roots and fingernail cells.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which provides scientific
advice to assist policy makers, has confirmed that clear health benefits have
been established for the dietary intake of biotin (vitamin B7) in contributing to:
•normal macronutrient metabolism;
•normal energy yielding metabolism;
•the maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes;
•the normal function of the nervous system;
•the maintenance of normal hair;
•normal psychological functions.
54. VITAMIN B9(FOLICACID)
Vitamin b7 is also known
as folic acid, folacin or
folate.
It is a water soluble
vitamin.
It is a yellow crystalline
substance.
DIETARY SOURCE
56. FUNCTIONS OF VIT B9
Formation of RBC – folic acid in combination with vitamin
B12 is essential for formation, maturation.
Nerve – it is necessary for growth & division of all body cells,
Hair & Skin – it is essential for the health of skin & hair
Pregnancy – it is an important nutrient for the pregnant
women & her developing fetus.& folic acid improves the
lactation.
DNAsynthesis
Transfer of single carbon units
Synthesis of adenine and guanine
Anticancer drug methotrexate
Homocysteine metabolism
Neurotransmitter formation
57. VITAMIN B12(COBALAMIN)
Vitamin B12 is complex
organomatrix compound
called as cobalamin which is
cobalt containing porphyrin.
It is freely soluble in water.
SOURCES
Vitamin B12 is mostly found in
animal products such as meat,
shellfish, milk, cheese, and
eggs. Clams, Oysters, Mussels,
Caviar (Fish Eggs), Octopus,
Crab and Lobster r the great
source of B12.
58. M/A OF VITAMIN B12
Coenzyme B12's reactive C-Co bond participates in three
main types of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
1.Isomerases
Rearrangements in which a hydrogen atom is directly
transferred between two adjacent atoms with
concomitant exchange of the second substituent, X,
which may be a carbon atom with substituents, an
oxygen atom of an alcohol, or an amine. These usethe
adoB12 (adenosylcobalamin) form of thevitamin.
2.Methyltransferases
Methyl (-CH3) group transfers between two molecules.
These use MeB12 (methylcobalamin) form ofthe
vitamin.
3.Dehalogenases
Reactions in which a halogen atom is removed from an
organic molecule. Enzymes in this class have not been
identified in humans.
59. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN B12
Red Blood Cells – it is essential for production of RBCs
Nervous – It improves concentration, memory, & balance.
It is important for metabolism of fat, carbohydrate ,proteins,
folic acid.
It promotes growth and increases apatite.
DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA it leads to Megaloblastic or pernicious anemia
Demyelination & irreversible nerve cell death.
60. VITAMIN C(ASCORBIC ACID)
It is also called ascorbic acid and antibiotic vitamin.
it is the most active reducing agent.
it is powerful antioxidant
Synthesized by most animals (not by human)
61. DIETARY SOURCES OF VITAMIN C
Daily requirement
Men – women – 70-90mg
Children –40mg
Infant – 25mg
Pregnancy & lactation – 80mg
62. M/A OF VITAMIN C
The chemopreventive action of
vitamin C is attributed to two of
its functions. It is a water-soluble
chain breaking antioxidant
(Ishwarial et at 1991). As an
antioxidant, it scavenges free
radicals and reactive oxygen
molecules, which are produced
during metabolic pathways of
detoxification. It also prevents
formation of carcinogens from
precursor compounds (Block and
Menkes, 1988). The structure of
ascorbic acid is reminiscent of
glucose, from which it is derived
in the majority of mammals.
63. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN C
Synthesis of collagen.
Maintenance – necessary for
maintenance of bones &
proper functioning of the
adrenal & thyroid gland .
Antioxidant
It stimulates immune
function, combats bacterial
infection, reduces effects of
allergy-producing substances
and protects vitamins, A, E
and some B complex
vitamins from oxidation.
64. VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
SCURVY
Fragility of blood vessels
Easy bruising, hemorrhage
Poor healing
Pain in Bones & Muscle
Poor Bone & Dentin
formation
Compromised immunity
65. HYPERVITAMINOSIS
Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels
of Vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.
Specific medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin
involved: an excess of vitamin A, for example, is called hypervitaminosis A.
Hypervitaminoses are primarily caused by fat-soluble vitamins (D and A), as
these are stored by the body for longer than the water-soluble vitamins.
Generally, toxic levels of vitamins stem from high supplement intake and not
from natural food.
Toxicities of fat-soluble vitamins can also be caused by a large intake of
highly fortified foods, but natural food rarely deliver dangerous levels of fat-
soluble vitamins.