Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for various metabolic processes in the body. They are classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immunity, and skin health. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone growth. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and protects cell membranes. Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and supports wound healing and collagen production. The B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Deficiencies of various vitamins can lead to conditions like scurvy, beriberi, rickets, and pellagra
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
Describes about the importance of vitamins in our daily activities , classification of vitamins,various sources of vitamins and also about the problems which occurs due to the deficiency of vitamins.
Definition
Classification
Introduction
Types of WATER SOLUBLE vitamin
Public health significance
Dietary goals
Dietary guidelines
Vitamin C
the B Vitamins
Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Nutritional programmes in india
Vitamins are the organic compounds and it is a micro nutrient which requires in small quantity for proper functioning of the organism to maintain its metabolism.
Bradley Joseph Mancuso - Explaining what is Balanced Diet ?bradleyjoseph8
Bradley Joseph Mancuso fitness expert In perth Explaining what is Balanced Diet ?
For more info visit bradley mancuso website - https://bradleyjosephmancuso.blogspot.com/
For Follow Bradley On Linkedin - www.linkedin.com/in/bradley-joseph-mancuso
Co-ordination Exercise,Definitions,Nervous control,Motor pathway,Cerebral cortex,Kinesthetic sensation,Causes of Incoordination,Flaccidity
Spasticity ,Cerebellar ataxia,Loss of kinesthetic sensation,Types of coordination,Posterior column,Test for Incoordination.
Introduction,Goals,Muscles of ventilation,Inspiration,Expiration ,Mechanics of ventilation,Lungs and pleurae,Lobes of lungs,Lung volumes and capacities,Total lung capacity,Analysis of chest shape,Barrel chest ,Pectus excavatum (funnel chest),Chest mobility,Palpation,Mediastinal shift,Auscultation of breath sounds,Normal Breath sound,Adventitious Breath sound.
Definition of inflammation, Causes, Signs of inflammation, Types of inflammation, Triple response, Phagocytosis, Transudate or Exudate, Difference between transudate and exudate, Granuloma and Granulomatous inflammation
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. What are vitamins ?
Vitamins are naturally occurring organic substance.
Organic compound required in small amounts.
Their coenzyme forms are essential in metabolic processes.
They are essential for providing good health and are necessary
for many life functions.
Thus we must obtain them from the foods we eat, or via
vitamin supplements.
3. VITAMINS ARE CLASSIFIED
Into two groups:-
Fat- soluble vitamins A D E & K , Foods that contain
these vitamins will not lose them when cooked.
Water-soluble vitamins B complex & vitamin C.
10. Vitamin A (Retinol)
Mc Collum, Simmonds and Kennedy isolated vitamin
A in 1913.
Paul Karrer in 1931 elucidated the structure of vitamin
A1.
Fat-soluble
Retinol
One of the most active, usable forms
Vitamin A1 is most common.
Vitamin A2 is found in fish oils and has an extra
double bond in in the ring.
12. Intestine is the major site of absorption.
In the liver, vitamin is stored as retinol palmitate.
A special transport protein, retinol binding protein
(RBP), transports vitamin A from the liver to other
tissues.
The active forms of vitamin A have three basic
functions:
1. Vision
2. Growth and Development of tissues
3. Immunity
18. Physiological Role
1. Vision : Retina of the eye contains two types of cells.
Rod cells (vision in dim light ) and Cone cells ( vision
in bright light).
1. Generates pigments for the retina
2. Maintains surface lining of eyes
2. Bone growth
3. Reproduction
4. Cell division and differentiation
5. Healthy Skin
6. Regulate Immune System
19. Signs of Deficiency
Night blindness
Decreased resistance to infections
Extremely dry skin, hair or nails
20. Causes for Vitamin A Deficiency
1. Decreased intake
2. Obstructive jaundice causing defective absorption.
3. Cirrhosis of liver.
4. Sever malnutrition.
5. Chronic nephrosis.
21. Assessment of Deficiency
Dark adaptation test
RBP level in serum is decreased.
Vitamin A in serum is decreased.
Normal blood level of vitamin A is 25 to 50
mg/dl.
22. Too Much Can Be Toxic!!
Hypervitaminosis A leads to toxic symptoms:
Dry, itchy skin
Headaches and fatigue
Hair loss
Liver damage
Blurred vision
Loss of appetite
Skin coloration
Peeling of Skin
23. Who Is At Risk For Deficiency?
Young children
Children with inadequate health care
Adults in countries with high incidences of vitamin A
deficiency.
Adults or children with diseases of the pancreas, liver,
intestines, or inadequate fat digestion/absorption
25. Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Angus and coworkers isolated vitamin Din 1931.
Vitamin D is called sun-shine vitamin.
The cis double bond between 5th and 6th carbon atoms,
is to give rise to vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol.
The ergosterol when treated with ultraviolet light,
ergocalciferol or vitaminD2 is produced.
The calcitriol thus formed is the active form of
vitamin.
D2 in plants.
D3 in fish , egg and liver.
27. Vitamin D3 can be obtained in diet, or derived from cholesterol in a
reaction that requires UV light.
UV light
spontaneous
liver enzyme
25-hydroxylase
Vitamin D3
calcitriol
28. Calcitriol promotes the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus from the intestine.
Calcitriol acts like a steroid hormone.
The production of vitamin D in the skin is directly
proportional to the exposure to sunlight and inversiely
proportional to the pigmentation of skin.
Vitamin deficiency is seen in winters.
29. Recommended Dietary Allowance
Children : 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
Adults : 5 – 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
Pregnancy and lactation : 10 μg/day (400 IU/day)
vitamin D2 or D3 are not active biological, but
converted to active form by hydroxilation.
37. Causes of vitamin D deficiency
Not exposed to sun light properly
Nutritional deficiency.
Mal-absorption of vitamin D.
Abnormality of vitamin D activation.
Deficient renal absorption of phosphates.
38. Sources of vitamin D
Sunlight
Fish liver oil
Fish
Egg yolk
Milk contains moderate quantity of the vitamin
42. Vitamin E ( Tocopherol)
The active vitamin was isolated from wheat germ oil
and named tocopherol.
Fat soluble
Antioxidant
Reduce the energy of the free radical
Stop the free radical from forming in the first place.
Interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to minimize the
damage of free radicals.
43. Protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts of the
body from oxidation
May reduce the risk of heart disease
May also discourage development of some types of cancer
Promotes normal growth and development
Promotes normal red blood cell formation
Acts as anti-blood clotting agent
Plays some role in the body’s ability to process glucose
Also been known to aid the process of wound healing
52. Vitamin K (koagulation vitamin)
The important forms of vitamin K are:
1. Phylloquinone (K1)
2. Menaquinone (K2)
3. Menadione (K3)
Vitamin K is necessary for coagulation.
Factors dependent on vitamin K are Factor II
(prothrombin), Factor VII (SPCA), Factor IX
(christmas factor) and Factor X (stuart power factor).
53. Source
Green leafy vegetables
Tomato
Fish meal
It is also synthesized by microorganisms in the
intestinal tract.
60. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Antioxidant
water-soluble
Plays an important role in human health and disease
Toxic to viruses , bacteria, and some malignant tumor
cells
61. Biochemical function
Necessary for maintenance of normal connective tissue and
wound healing process.
Bone formation
Iron and hemoglobin metabolism
Folic acid metabolism
Peptide hormone synthesis
Corticosteroid hormones synthesis
Immunological function
Cataract prevention
Reduces the risk of cancer
Reduces the risk of coronary heart disease
63. Sources
Citrus fruits
Gooseberry
Guava
Green vegetables
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Milk is poor source of vitamin C
64.
65.
66.
67.
68. Deficiency of C causes
Weight loss
fatigue and joint pain
Spongy gums
Loose teeth
Fragile blood vessels
Aching swollen joints
Anemia
reduced resistance to colds and infections
slow healing of wounds and fractured bones
69. Scurvy
This disease is characterized by spongy and sore gums,
loose teeth.
Scurvy is the name for a vitamin C deficiency. It can
lead to anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous
bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially the legs,
swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes
ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.
70. Symptoms
Early signs include a loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue,
irritability, and lethargy.
anemia
myalgia, or pain, including bone pain
swelling, or edema
petechiae, or small red spots resulting from bleeding under
the skin
corkscrew hairs
gum disease and loss of teeth
poor wound healing
shortness of breath
mood changes, and depression
71. Causes and risk factors
a poor diet lacking in fresh fruits and vegetables,
possibly due to low income or famine
illnesses such as anorexia or loss of appetite and
other mental health issues
restrictive diets, due to allergies, difficulty orally
ingesting foods, or other reasons
older age
excessive consumption of alcohol or use of illegal
drugs
72.
73. videoScurvy, its causes, symptoms, treatment, and
how to avoid the disease.mp4
videovitamin C.mp4
76. These vitamin chemically not related to one another.
They are grouped together because all of them
function in cell as coenzymes.
Vitamin B complex plays an important role in keeping
our bodies running like well oiled machines.
Convert our food into fuel.
Allowing us to stay energized throughout the day.
77. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
It is a sulfur containing vitamin
It has thiazole and pyrimidine rings.
It has a specific coenzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate
(TPP) which is mostly associated with carbohydrate
metabolism.
81. Function
TPP plays an important role in the transmission of
nerve impulse.
TPP is required for acetylcholine synthesis.
Carbohydrate metabolism.
Producing energy from carbohydrates
stabilizing the appetite
promoting growth and good muscle tone
ATP production
82. Deficiency
Loss of appetite
Weakness & Feeling tired
Insomnia
Loss of weight
Depression
Heart & Gastrointestinal problems
83. Deficiency of vitamin B1 results in a condition called
Beri-beri.
Beri-beri is of four types.
1. Dry beriberi (peripheral neuritis)
2. Wet beriberi ( cardiac manifestation)
3. Cerebral beriberi ( wernicke Korsa koff syndrome)
4. Infantile beriberi
84. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
This vitamin is synthesized by green plants and micro-
organisms.
Riboflavin is heat stable but sensitive to light.
Riboflavin exists in tissues tightly bound with
enzymes.
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine
dinucleotide (FAD) are the two coenzyme forms of
riboflavin.
87. Biochemical function
energy production
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
formation of antibodies and red blood cells
cell respiration
maintenance of good vision, skin, nails, and hair
88. Deficiency
Itching and burning eyes
Cracks and sores in mouth and lips
Bloodshot eyes
Dermatitis
Oily skin
Digestive disturbances
Glossitis (smooth and purplish tongue)
Cheilosis (fissures at the corners of mouth)
Angular stomatitis (inflammation at the corner of
mouth)
89. Vitamin B3(Niacin or Nicotinic acid)
Also known as pellagra preventive.
The niacin is stable in nature.
Nicotinic acid should not be confused with nicotine.
Nicotinic acid is vitamin but nicotine is the potent
poison from tobacco.
Two Types
Niacinamide (Nicotinamide)
does not regulate cholesterol
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
highly toxic in large doses
Inosital Hexaniacinate is a supplement that gives the
cholesterol regulation without high toxicity
92. Deficiency
Pellagra
disease caused by B-3 deficiency
rare in Western societies
The symptoms of pellagra are commonly referred to as three
Ds.
If three Ds not treated may rarely lead to Death (4th D)
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
gastrointestinal disturbance, loss of appetite
headache, insomnia, mental depression
fatigue, aches, and pains
nervousness, irritability
93. Vitamin B5 ( Pantothenic)
Pantothenic acid formerly known as chick anti-
dermatitis factor is widely distributed in nature.
It’s metabolic role as coenzyme A is also widespread.
96. Functions
Coenzyme A serves as a carrier of activated acetyl
CoA is required for
CoA
1. pyruvate acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
CoA
2. fatty acid acyl CoA
thiokinase
Synthesis of bile salt.
97. Deficiency
It is rare disease in human.
Gopalan’s Burning Foot Syndrome is manifested as
paresthesia in lower extremities.
Staggering gait due to impaired coordination and sleep
disturbances.
98. Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine)
B6 is an energy releasing vitamin.
Vitamin B6 is the term applied to a family of 3 related
pyridine derivatives; pyridoxine ( alcohol), pyridoxal
(aldehyde) and pyridoxamine.
Active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate
(PLP).
101. Function
Pyridoxal phosphate participates in reactions like
1. Transamination: converting amino acid to keto acids.
The keto acids enter the citric acid cycle and get
oxidized to generate energy.
2. Decarboxylation : Require PLP as coenzyme. Eg.
Histamine is a vasodilator and lowers blood pressure.
3. Production of niacin (one vitamin is necessary for
synthesis of another vitamin)
4. Helps in protein metabolism and absorption
5. Red blood cell formation
108. Vitamin B9 ( Folic acid )
Mostly found in green vegetable
Body can store 10-12 mg of folic acid that will usually
last for 2-3 months
Folic acid absorbed in upper part of jejunum
The active form of folic acid is tetrahydrofolate ( THF
of FH4)
109. Source
Green leafy vegetables
Milk is poor source of folic acid
Cereals, pulses, oil seeds and egg are moderate sources
110. Function
Red blood cell formation
Proper brain function
Plays an important role in mental and emotional
health
DNA production
112. Deficiency
Most common vitamin deficiency primarily in
pregnant women
Reduced DNA synthesis
Macrocytic Anemia
Birth defects
113. Vitamin B12 ( Cobalamin)
Also known as anti pernicious anemia vitamin
It is a unique vitamin
Synthesized by only microorganisms
B12 is exception. Whole liver contain about 2 mg of
B12.Which is sufficient for the requirement for 2-3
years.