This document discusses vitamin C, including its functions, dietary sources, recommended intake amounts, and the role of vitamin C in various health conditions. Some key points include: Vitamin C is water-soluble and acts as an antioxidant; dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and broccoli; recommended daily amounts vary from 15-90 mg depending on age and gender; and higher vitamin C intake through food or supplements may help reduce risks of conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer and stroke. However, very high supplemental doses could increase risks of side effects like diarrhea or kidney stones.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Chemistry of Vitamin E, Biochemical role of Vitamin E, Recommended dietary Allowances, Dietary sources of Vitamin E, Deficiency symptoms of vitamin E, Hypervitaminosis of vitamin E, Toxicity of Vitamin E,
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin and thus is not stored in the body . It is potent antioxidant and in this covid-19 arena ,there is lot of emphasis of its role in enhancing immunity. it is required daily in 40-80 mgm. This requirement can be easily fulfilled by eating food which are the rich sources of this vitamin.Hope this presentation will clear lots of myths which are prevalent like taking tablet 500-1000mgm daily
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin and thus is not stored in the body . It is potent antioxidant and in this covid-19 arena ,there is lot of emphasis of its role in enhancing immunity. it is required daily in 40-80 mgm. This requirement can be easily fulfilled by eating food which are the rich sources of this vitamin.Hope this presentation will clear lots of myths which are prevalent like taking tablet 500-1000mgm daily
As healthcare practitioners, we are well aware of the endless benefits of vitamin C in supporting immune health, antioxidant support, energy production, collagen formation, nervous system function and iron absorption. Faced with a huge array of vitamin C products, however, how can we be confident we’re recommending the best supplement to our clients?
During R&D for our latest addition to the Igennus Healthcare Nutrition synergistic range of supplements, we were impressed by both the high absorption of Ester-C and the unprecedented uptake and retention in immune cells. Ester-C boasts an impressive 10x higher bioavailability in leukocytes, whilst its pH neutral composition means it’s also gentle on the stomach.
In this webinar, Dr Danielle Crida discusses:
- A recap of vitamin C basics
- The research that led to the production of Ester-C
- The case for Ester-C: success in clinical use above standard vitamin C supplements
- Practical applications and dosing
Overview of the Health Benefits of Vitamin C by Prof Margreet VissersKiwifruit Symposium
Prof Margreet Vissers, Research Professor at University of Otago, New Zealand: http://www.kiwifruitsymposium.org/presentations/overview-of-the-many-health-benefits-of-vitamin-c/
Presented at 1st International Symposium on Kiwifruit and Health.
Vitamin C is essential for life, and humans obtain this nutrient exclusively through the diet. It functions inside the cells in our bodies, where it plays an important role in supporting many essential processes. One kiwifruit a day gives the daily requirement of vitamin C.
Current Thoughts on Nutrition With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenera...Visionary Ophthamology
Current Thoughts on Nutrition
With Emphasis on Treating the Cause of Degenerative Eye Disease, Safety Issues, B Vitamins and Essential Fatty Acids and Dry Eyes
Ellen Troyer, MT MA
1 Running head NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER HCG D.docxkarisariddell
1
Running head: NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
HCG Diet and Cystic Fibrosis
West Coast University
Orange County
Your Name Here
NURS 225: Nutrition in Health and Disease
2017
2
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Topic # 1: HCG Diet
Part I, Criteria # 1: Identification of Nutrients
According to the Dudek (2016), the RDAs represent the average daily-recommended
intake to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals by life stage and
gender. When estimating the nutritional needs of people with health disorders, health
professionals use the RDA’s as a starting point and adjust them according to the individual’s
need (Dudek, 2013). Even though HCG is a hormone injection program, there are extremely
strict and limited food choice to their diet plan such as: 500 calories limit per day, no cosmetic
products that contain fat in them, 2 small apples are not an expectable exchange for 1 apple.
Table 1 below lists some foods that patients are allowed to choose from for daily intake
(Simeons, 2016).
Table 1 The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons
3
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Due to such strict rules and limitation on food selection, patients would end up with deficiency in
two important macronutrients such as carbohydrate and fat. As we can see, if we plug in some
foods from Table 1 above into MyFitnessPal website we would end up with 509 calories, which
is very close to what the HCG program requires (Lose weight with MyFitnessPal. Retrieved
from http://www.myfitnesspal.com/). However, if we look at the amount of carbohydrate
remaining, it is obvious that patients only consume 50% of their daily-recommended calories.
Carbohydrate is a macronutrient that is important in providing energy for the daily living.
Clearly, patients using HCG program are very limited on fat consumption. According to
example below, if we follow The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons, we would end up
with only 5 grams from fat when the daily-recommended intake is 40 grams. Fats come in
multiple different forms. While some are bad and should be limited, some are essential for the
body; therefore, limiting the amount of fat consumption to almost completely nothing is not a
good diet plan. On the other side, this program provides a very sufficient amount of protein to
the patients. As we can see from Table 2 below, patient fulfilled the amount of daily-
recommended requirement, 60 grams, with the additional 4 grams. This might be also the key
element to the program that claims that by injecting HCG, patients will not feel hungry. It might
be because the high amount of protein patients consume that make them feel less hungry.
4
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Table 2 Patient Food Diary from MyFitnessPal Showing Daily Intake Goals versus RDAs.
Part I, Criteria # 2: RDA Approval Analysis
As mentioned previously, Recommended Dietary Allowa.
1 Running head NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER HCG D.docxjeremylockett77
1
Running head: NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
HCG Diet and Cystic Fibrosis
West Coast University
Orange County
Your Name Here
NURS 225: Nutrition in Health and Disease
2017
2
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Topic # 1: HCG Diet
Part I, Criteria # 1: Identification of Nutrients
According to the Dudek (2016), the RDAs represent the average daily-recommended
intake to meet the nutrient requirements of 97% to 98% of healthy individuals by life stage and
gender. When estimating the nutritional needs of people with health disorders, health
professionals use the RDA’s as a starting point and adjust them according to the individual’s
need (Dudek, 2013). Even though HCG is a hormone injection program, there are extremely
strict and limited food choice to their diet plan such as: 500 calories limit per day, no cosmetic
products that contain fat in them, 2 small apples are not an expectable exchange for 1 apple.
Table 1 below lists some foods that patients are allowed to choose from for daily intake
(Simeons, 2016).
Table 1 The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons
3
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Due to such strict rules and limitation on food selection, patients would end up with deficiency in
two important macronutrients such as carbohydrate and fat. As we can see, if we plug in some
foods from Table 1 above into MyFitnessPal website we would end up with 509 calories, which
is very close to what the HCG program requires (Lose weight with MyFitnessPal. Retrieved
from http://www.myfitnesspal.com/). However, if we look at the amount of carbohydrate
remaining, it is obvious that patients only consume 50% of their daily-recommended calories.
Carbohydrate is a macronutrient that is important in providing energy for the daily living.
Clearly, patients using HCG program are very limited on fat consumption. According to
example below, if we follow The Original HCG Diet Protocol by Dr. Simeons, we would end up
with only 5 grams from fat when the daily-recommended intake is 40 grams. Fats come in
multiple different forms. While some are bad and should be limited, some are essential for the
body; therefore, limiting the amount of fat consumption to almost completely nothing is not a
good diet plan. On the other side, this program provides a very sufficient amount of protein to
the patients. As we can see from Table 2 below, patient fulfilled the amount of daily-
recommended requirement, 60 grams, with the additional 4 grams. This might be also the key
element to the program that claims that by injecting HCG, patients will not feel hungry. It might
be because the high amount of protein patients consume that make them feel less hungry.
4
NUTRITION FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Table 2 Patient Food Diary from MyFitnessPal Showing Daily Intake Goals versus RDAs.
Part I, Criteria # 2: RDA Approval Analysis
As mentioned previously, Recommended Dietary Allowa ...
Over the past century, industrialized societies have seen a meteoric rise in the so-called diseases of civilization: obesity, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, autoimmune disease and cancer. These disorders are often associated with apparent "deficiencies" in critical nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and hormones. This talk will examine the arguments for and against supplementation, together with the evidence from interventional studies. The focus will be on the supplementation with Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and calcium. I will argue that the case for supplementation as a long-term preventive strategy has not be made, and often overlooks the compensating effects of homeostatic regulation.
Interaction of vitamins. WAQAR-2222.pptx2018n18210
This research paper examines the long-term causal relationship between the quality of education and technological readiness. It focuses on Northern Europe, where the quality of education is strongly supported by government policies and/or a high level of intellectual independence, distinguishable from that in the US and Continental Europe (Acemoglu, 2012).
Information technology is increasingly becoming a requirement for the success of modern education. From the point of enrolment in educational institutions up to the point of exit, various technologies are implemented to enhance the smooth running of educational processes such as registration, classroom/online teaching, administration and so on. The implementation of technology in education is aimed at improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of education delivery. Technology, in this regard, covers various teaching and learning aids that are established on the bedrock of an information technology infrastructure (Peña-López, 2016)
. Correspondingly, education combines all available resources to ensure the effective delivery or transfer of knowledge from a teacher to a learner. The end product of education, as suggested by many scholars in education, is “a change in the behavior of the learner” (Mayer-Mihalski & DeLuca, 2014). As education is a key determinant of the social, technological, economic, and political development of any nation, in order to improve and expand access to technology schools are making efforts to increase allocation of technological resources and thus improve the quality of education
Innovation in education can be a major driver behind more equally distributed income among a country’s population. Innovations to improve educational quality can provide long-term benefits in terms of creating a more equal society, which in turn can generate widespread innovative and creative thinking. According to a 2016 OECD report, innovation in educational systems can add value in different ways. First, it can improve learning outcomes and educational processes; for example, personalized learning can be created for each student. Second, education is a means of improving equity and equality; in this sense, innovation can enhance equity in access to education and promote equality in learning outcomes. Third, the educational sector in general introduces changes in response to societal needs. In this context, efficient educational systems should adopt teaching and learning practices that help to foster skills for innovation.
The open educational system in Nordic countries encourages use of technology and a high quality of education. Schleicher (2012) states that good policy in relation to open educational resources can make technology usage more effective in education. According to Schleicher (2012), open platforms can connect teachers experiencing the same difficulties in education and encourage a more collaborative teaching culture, which, in turn, can foster innovation and acq
Liposomal vitamin c: Also referred to as L-ascorbic acid, soluble in water (hydrosoluble) and powerful antioxidant. It is essential for tissue repair and growth and collagen synthesis in blood vessels, bones and cartilages.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. • Ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble micronutrient that is
easily excreted from the body when not needed.
• Person's age and health status can dramatically change
his or her need for vitamin C. (Levine M, 1986).
• Vitamin C is better absorbed in the presence of
flavonoids.
• The buffered forms should combine vit-C with minerals
like calcium, magnesium, or potassium. Buffered vit-C
may be helpful for individuals who have stomach
sensitivity (Worthington-Roberts B., Breskin M., 1984).
3
4. • The protective role of vitamin C can help our skin and
gums from pinpoint hemorrhage (scurvy disease).
Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and joint diseases are
all associated with vitamin C deficiency and can be partly
prevented by optimal intake of vitamin C (Kurl S et al,
2002).
• Vitamin C achieves much of its protective effect by
functioning as an antioxidant and preventing oxygen-
based damage to our cells. Structures that contain fat
(like the lipoprotein molecules that carry fat around our
body) are particularly dependent on vitamin C for
protection (Reaven PD, Witztum JL: 1996).
4
5. • The vitamin C deficiency disease called scurvy (including
bleeding gums and skin discoloration due to ruptured
blood vessels).
• Poor wound healing.
• Weak immune function, including susceptibility to colds
and other infections.
• The lining of respiratory tract depend heavily on vitamin
C for protection, respiratory infection and other lung-
related conditions can also be symptomatic of vitamin C
deficiency (Englard S, Seifter S, 1986).
5
6. • At high supplemental doses involving 5 or more grams of
vitamin C, diarrhea can result from the fluid in the
intestine becoming too concentrated ("osmotic diarrhea").
• Large supplemental doses of vitamin C can also increase
levels of uric acid in the urine, because vitamin C can be
broken down into uric acid. However, it is not clear that
increased uric acid in the urine can increase a person's
risk of forming uric acid kidney stones.
• Vitamin C can increase a person's absorption of iron from
plant foods (Levine M, Cantilena CC, Dhariwal KR,
1995).
6
7. • Collagen is one type of fiber found within connective
tissue. Collagen fibers are made from protein, and they
are somewhat unusual in having large amounts of two
amino acids, called hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline.
These two amino acids seem to be important for
formation of all types of collagen and are needed to
provide the different collagen types with their appropriate
amount of strength and flexibility.
• Vitamin C is required to change proline into
hydroxyproline (the collagen form) and lysine into
hydroxylysine (once again, the collagen form) (Mirhadi SA
et al., 1990).
7
8. • Poor intake of vitamin C-rich vegetables and fruits is a
common contributor to vitamin C deficiency.
• Smoking and exposure to second hand smoke also
increase the risk of vitamin C deficiency.
• The body's immune and detoxification systems make
special use of vitamin C, and overload in either of these
systems can increase risk of deficiency.
• The immune system protect the body from infection,
including white blood cells, complement proteins,
interferons; and vitamin C is especially important in the
function of these immune components (Groff JL, Gropper
SS, Hunt SM, 1995).
8
9. • Most forms of cardiovascular disease, joint disease,
cancer, eye disease, thyroid disease, liver disease, and
lung disease require special emphasis on vitamin C
intake. The process of aging itself requires special
attention to vitamin C. In addition to these broader
categories, several specific health conditions also require
special emphasis on vitamin C. These specific health
conditions include (Subar A., Block G., 1990):
• Acne and Alcoholism, Alzheimer disease and asthma.
• Autism, depression and diabetes.
• Irritable bowel disease and Parkinsonism.
9
10. According to National Academy of Sciences which established the
following (RDA) Recommended Dietary Allowances in 2000 for vitamin C:
Age in years Male Female
1-3 (adequate intake) 15 mg
4-8 (adequate intake) 25 mg
9-13 45 mg
14-18 75 mg 65 mg
19 and older 90 mg 75 mg
Pregnant females 80-85 mg
Lactating females 115-120 mg
10
11. Food Sources
(adapted from world healthiest food; WHFood’s)
Food Serving size Calories Vit-C (mg)
Bell peppers, red, raw, slices 1 cup 24.8 174.8
Broccoli, steamed 1 cup 43.7 123.4
Strawberries 1 cup 43.2 81.70
Lemon juice, fresh ¼ cup 15.3 28.06
Grapefruit ½ each 36.9 46.86
Kiwifruit 1 each 46.4 57.00
Cantaloupe 1 cup 56.0 67.52
Oranges 1 each 61.6 69.70
Tomato, ripe 1 cup 37.8 34.38
Banana 1 each 108.1 10.75
Apples 1 each 81.4 7.87
Grapes 1 cup 61.6 3.68
Avocado, slices 1 cup 235 11.53
11
13. • Every 500 mg increase in vitamin C intake, a man’s risk
of gout was cut by 17 percent. And for men with vitamin
C intakes of at least 1,500 mg/day, the risk of gout was
cut by 45 percent, said the findings of a prospective study
with 46,994 men.
• Mechanism: Vitamin C may reduce levels of uric acid in
the blood, thereby preventing the formation of the urate
crystal. This may be achieved by vitamin C having an
effect on the reabsorption of uric acid by the kidneys.
This would increase the speed at which the kidneys work
or protect against inflammation, all of which may reduce
gout risk, they added (Choi H.K., Gao X., Curhan G.,
2009).
13
14. • Block and her co-workers recruited 242 women aged between
18 and 21. Two-thirds of the women were African-American,
while the other third was Caucasian. The blood levels of
vitamin C of the women ranged from 0.22 to 3.13 mg/dL.
• During follow-up over a ten year period, the researchers noted
that blood vitamin C levels were inversely associated with both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
• Mechanism: due to potential role for vitamin C via an
antioxidant mechanism, there is also possibility other
functions. These include a role in the function of smooth
muscle function, or prevention of nitric oxide which is a
vasodilator or compound that opens up the blood vessels
(Block G et al., 2008).
14
15. • Vitamin C deficiency in the first weeks and months of life may
impair the development of neurones in the brain, and
decrease spatial memory, says an animal study from
Denmark.
• The Danish researchers took 30 new born guinea pigs and
randomly assigned them to one of two groups: One group was
fed a vitamin C-sufficient diet, while the other group was fed
the same diet but low in vitamin C. Levels of vitamin produced
deficiency, but were not extreme enough to cause scurvy.
• After two months, the animals were tested in a water maze,
and hippocampal neuron numbers were measured. Prof
Lykkesfeldt and his co-workers report that the vitamin C
deficient animals had a lower number of neurons in the
hippocampus, and also performed worse in the maze tests
(Lykkesfeldt J. et al., 2009).
16. • Increased intakes of vitamin C may increase the risk of
developing cataracts in some elderly people, according to a
new study.
• Findings from 24,593 Swedish women aged between 49 and
83 indicated that vitamin C use was associated with a 25
percent increase in the incidence of cataracts.
• Among the older women – over the age of 68 – vitamin C
supplements were associated with a 38 percent increase in
the risk of cataracts, report the researchers in the American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
• The findings were further complicated in women on hormone
replacement therapy, where the supplements were associated
with a 56 percent increase in cataracts (Rautiainen S. et al.,
2009).
16
17. • Higher levels of vitamin C from the diet may reduce the
loss of bone mineral density in elderly men.
Protective mechanism:
• Sahni and co-workers state protective effects of vitamin
C for bone health could be expected since the vitamin
could counter the effects of oxidative stress, which plays
a role in weakening of the bone by resorption.
• Furthermore, vitamin C plays an important role in the
formation of collagen, which constitutes 90 percent of the
bone matrix (Sahni S. et al., 2008).
17
18. • Vitamin C may reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy
by protecting the cancer cells.
• Using lymphoma and leukemia cell lines with and without
pre-exposure to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), Heaney
and his co-workers investigated the effects of the anti-
cancer drugs doxorubicin, cisplatin, vincristine,
methotrexate, and imatinib.
• They found that the efficacy of the chemotherapy drugs
tested was greatly reduced if the cells were pre-treated
with vitamin C, compared to untreated cancer cells.
Indeed, the reduction ranged from 30 to 70 percent,
report the researchers (Heany et al., 2008).
18
19. • Administration of a physiological dose of [6S]-5-MTHF
• [6S]-5-methyl-tetra-hydro-folate with L-ascorbic acid
significantly improved the measured serum folate
response in folate saturated healthy men.
• When [6S]-5-MTHF was concurrently administered with
289.4 or 973.8 mg [vitamin C], the total serum folate
response was significantly improved (46.54.0 and
53.04.0 versus 34.33.8 h nmol/l) (Verlinde P.H.C.J et al.,
2007).
19
20. • Increased blood levels of vitamin C may reduce the risk
of developing diabetes by 62 percent, says a study from
Cambridge.
• “Fruit and vegetable consumption may be protective for
diabetes risk, at least partially, through its effect on
obesity.”
• Oxidative stress, the situation in which an imbalance
between the levels of reactive oxygen species and
antioxidants exists, can lead to disturbed glucose
metabolism and hyperglycaemia (Harding A. et al).
20
21. • Increased blood levels of vitamin C may reduce the risk of
stroke by 42 percent, suggests a large European-based study.
• Strokes occur when blood clots or an artery bursts in the brain
and interrupts the blood supply to a part of the brain.
• Myint and co-workers followed the subjects for 9.5 years and
documented 448 strokes during this time. The subjects
completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire at the start of
the study, and blood samples were taken to measure vitamin
C levels.
• The highest average blood levels of vitamin C (greater than 66
micromoles/litre) were associated with a 42 percent lower risk
of stroke, compared to the lowest average blood levels (less
than 41 micromoles/litre) (Myint P.K.et al, 2008).
21
22. References:
• Block G, Jensen C.D., Norkus E.P., Hudes M., Crawford P.B., (2008). Vitamin C in plasma is
inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young
Black and White women. Nutrition Journal. 7:35 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-7-35.
• Choi H.K, Gao X., Curhan G., (2009). Vitamin C Intake and the Risk of Gout in Men: A Prospective
Study. Archives of internal medicine. 169 (5): 502-507.
• Englard S, Seifter S (1986). The biological functions of ascorbic acid. Ann Rev Nutr 1986;6:365-
406.
• Groff JL, Gropper SS, Hunt SM (1995). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. West
Publishing Company, New York, 1995.
• Harding A.-H, Wareham N.J., Bingham S.A., Khaw K., Luben R., Welch A., Forouhi N.G. Plasma
Vitamin C Level, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and the Risk of New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus - The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer - Norfolk Prospective Study. Archives
of Internal Medicine. 168 (14): 1493-1499.
• Heaney M.L., Gardner J.R., Karasavvas N., Golde D.W., Scheinberg D.A., Smith E.A., O’Connor
O.A, (2008). Vitamin C Antagonizes the Cytotoxic Effects of Antineoplastic Drugs. Cancer
Research. Volume 68: 8031-8038. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1490.
• Kurl S, Tuomainen TP, Laukkanen JA et al (2002). Plasma vitamin C modifies the association
between hypertension and risk of stroke. Stroke 2002 Jun;33(6):1568-73.
• Levine M (1986). New concepts in biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. N Engl J Med
1986;314:892-902.
• Levine M, Cantilena CC, Dhariwal KR (1995). Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in
humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;62(suppl):1347S-1356S.
22
23. References:
• Lykkesfeldt J., Tveden-Nyborg P., Johansen L.K., Raida Z., Villumsen C.K., Larsen J.O., (2009).
Vitamin C deficiency in early postnatal life impairs spatial memory and reduces the number of
hippocampal neurons in guinea pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi:
10.3945/ajcn.2009.27954.
• Mirhadi SA, Singh S, Gupta PP (1990). Effect of Garlic Supplementation to Atherogenic Diet on
Collagen Biosynthesis in Various Tissues of Rabbits. Indian Heart J.;42(2):99-104.
• Myint P.K., Luben R.N., Welch A.A., Bingham S.A., Wareham N.J., Khaw K.-T, (2008). Fruit and
vegetables: think variety, go ahead, eat!. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Volume 87: 5-7.
• Rautiainen S., Ejdervik Lindblad B., Morgenstern R., Wolk A., (2009). Vitamin C supplements and
the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study in women.
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28528.
• Reaven PD, Witztum JL (1996). Oxidized low density lipoproteins in atherogenesis: role of dietary
modification. Ann Rev Nutr 1996;16:51-71.
• Sahni S., Hannan M.T., Gagnon D., Blumberg J., Cupples L.A., Kiel D.P., Tucker K.L., (2008). High
vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. Journal of Nutrition.
Volume 138: 1931-1938.
• Subar A, Block G (1990). Use of vitamin and mineral supplements. Am J Epidem 1990;132:1901-
1011.
• Worthington-Roberts B, Breskin M (1984). Supplementation patterns of Washington State
dietitians. J Am Diet Assoc 1984;84(7):795-800.
• Verlinde P.H.C.J., Oey I., Hendrickx A.M., Van Loey A.M., Temme E.H.M., (2007). L-ascorbic acid
improves the serum folate response to an oral dose of [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in healthy
men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602840.
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