Vitamin d
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Vitamin A was discovered in the early 20th century when it was found that cooked liver or butterfat could cure night blindness. It is fat soluble and plays important roles in vision, epithelial cell maintenance, bone remodeling, and reproduction. Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, an abnormal dryness of the eyes, and keratomalacia, a softening of the cornea that can lead to blindness. Recommended dietary allowances are set to prevent deficiency symptoms.
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Folic acid
Folic acid is the oxidized form of a water-soluble B vitamin found in fortified foods and supplements. It is required in the diet because gut bacteria cannot synthesize a form that is bioavailable. Folic acid is absorbed in the small intestine through active transport and carrier proteins and is transported in the blood as methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-THFA). It is stored in tissues as polyglutamates and plays a key role in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and histidine metabolism. Deficiency can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or drug interactions, and may cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, weight loss,
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
folic acid B9 MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble B vitamin that occurs naturally in many foods. It is important for cell division and growth, especially during periods of rapid cell division and growth like infancy and pregnancy. Folic acid works as a coenzyme in single carbon transfers that are critical for DNA synthesis and metabolism. A deficiency can result in health issues like megaloblastic anemia or neural tube defects in developing embryos. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, legumes, liver, and fortified grains.
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Vitamin B6, PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, exists in three vitamer forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. The active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is synthesized from these vitamers and acts as a coenzyme in many important biochemical reactions in the body. These reactions include amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and histamine, and the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. Good dietary sources of vitamin B6 include meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, and fortified cereals. The recommended daily intake is 1.5-2 mg per day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and
vitamin B6
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is important for many metabolic processes in the body. It acts as a coenzyme in reactions involving transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. A lack of vitamin B6 can lead to abnormal growth, anemia, high blood pressure, dermatitis, and pellagra. Risk factors for vitamin B6 deficiency include a low vitamin intake, pregnancy, alcohol or smoking, older age, antibiotic use, and diabetes.
Vitamin D
This document discusses vitamin D, including its types, metabolism, absorption, storage, functions, requirements, sources, deficiency, and toxicity. The two major forms are vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and kidney where it is converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This active form regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and their deposition in bone. Requirements vary by species but adequate sunlight can meet animal requirements. Deficiency causes rickets in young animals due to poor bone mineralization.
Pyridoxal (Vitamin b6)
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Folic acid
Folic acid is the oxidized form of a water-soluble B vitamin found in fortified foods and supplements. It is required in the diet because gut bacteria cannot synthesize a form that is bioavailable. Folic acid is absorbed in the small intestine through active transport and carrier proteins and is transported in the blood as methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-THFA). It is stored in tissues as polyglutamates and plays a key role in one-carbon transfer reactions involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and histidine metabolism. Deficiency can result from inadequate intake, malabsorption, increased demands, or drug interactions, and may cause megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, weight loss,
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
folic acid B9 MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is a water-soluble B vitamin that occurs naturally in many foods. It is important for cell division and growth, especially during periods of rapid cell division and growth like infancy and pregnancy. Folic acid works as a coenzyme in single carbon transfers that are critical for DNA synthesis and metabolism. A deficiency can result in health issues like megaloblastic anemia or neural tube defects in developing embryos. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, legumes, liver, and fortified grains.
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Vitamin B6, PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, exists in three vitamer forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. The active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is synthesized from these vitamers and acts as a coenzyme in many important biochemical reactions in the body. These reactions include amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and histamine, and the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. Good dietary sources of vitamin B6 include meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, and fortified cereals. The recommended daily intake is 1.5-2 mg per day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and
vitamin B6
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is important for many metabolic processes in the body. It acts as a coenzyme in reactions involving transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. A lack of vitamin B6 can lead to abnormal growth, anemia, high blood pressure, dermatitis, and pellagra. Risk factors for vitamin B6 deficiency include a low vitamin intake, pregnancy, alcohol or smoking, older age, antibiotic use, and diabetes.
Vitamin D
This document discusses vitamin D, including its types, metabolism, absorption, storage, functions, requirements, sources, deficiency, and toxicity. The two major forms are vitamins D2 and D3. Vitamin D is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver and kidney where it is converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This active form regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and their deposition in bone. Requirements vary by species but adequate sunlight can meet animal requirements. Deficiency causes rickets in young animals due to poor bone mineralization.
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PYRIDOXINE (B6)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
Vitamin K- An overview
The document discusses vitamin K, including its chemistry, functions, deficiency, and treatment. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone formation. A vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding issues. Treatment involves oral or parenteral vitamin K supplementation. High doses of vitamin K can interfere with oral anticoagulant medications.
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Vitamin d
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Water soluble vitamins
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the criteria of water soluble vitamins, including that they are hydrophilic and soluble in water. It then describes several B vitamins in detail, including their roles as coenzymes in important metabolic processes and the deficiency symptoms that can arise from not getting enough of each vitamin. The vitamins covered are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and vitamin C.
Folic acid
Folic acid is a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables and whole grains. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. The biologically active form is tetrahydrofolate, which carries single carbon groups and is involved in reactions like purine synthesis. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia during pregnancy or infancy due to impaired DNA synthesis. It is also associated with increased homocysteine levels and neural tube defects if deficiency occurs during pregnancy. While folic acid supplements can treat deficiency, they should not be given to cancer patients as it may increase abnormal cell growth and division.
Fat Soluble Vitamins ppt
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
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Vitamin k deficiency
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and helps prevent excessive bleeding. It exists in two forms, K1 from plants and K2 created in the intestines. Vitamin K deficiency can cause hemorrhagic diseases in newborns due to poor placental transmission of vitamins, an immature liver, and low levels in breast milk. Risk groups include those on blood thinners or antibiotics and those with malabsorption conditions. Diagnosis involves tests of clotting factors and platelets.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, can be produced in the skin upon exposure to UVB light or obtained in the diet. It plays an important role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Dietary requirements are minimal as the body can produce vitamin D3 in the skin, but certain groups like the elderly are at higher risk of deficiency. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones and bone pain.
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The document summarizes the metabolism of various amino acids. It notes that some amino acids are glucogenic, producing pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, while others are ketogenic, producing acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate. Key points include:
- Alanine can be readily formed from pyruvate via transamination and is important for gluconeogenesis.
- Arginine produces ornithine and urea and is the precursor for nitric oxide and creatine synthesis.
- Serine can be converted to glycine and provides one-carbon units via tetrahydrofolate. Its carbon skeleton feeds into other amino acids.
- Glutamate is central to amino acid
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Vitamin B6 exists as several forms called vitamers that can be interconverted. It functions as a coenzyme involved in many important metabolic reactions including amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, and nervous system function. A deficiency can impact these processes and result in impaired immune function or nervous system abnormalities.
Vitamin D
The document discusses vitamin D, including its synthesis from sun exposure, its role in various bodily processes, and its potential health benefits. Key points include:
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can also be obtained through food and supplements. It plays an important role in bone and immune health.
- Vitamin D receptors are found throughout the body and vitamin D has been shown to regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off. This may explain its wide-ranging effects.
- Studies suggest vitamin D may help reduce the risk of various cancers, heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, and mental health conditions like depression. Optimal vitamin D levels are important
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This document summarizes iron, including its sources, recommended daily intake, metabolism, functions, and disorders related to deficiency and excess. Iron exists in both ferric and ferrous states and is essential for oxygen transport and energy production. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported by transferrin to tissues like liver for storage or to hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Deficiency can cause anemia while excess causes hemochromatosis or haemosiderosis.
VITAMIN D MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone. It exists in two main forms, D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol), and is obtained through exposure to sunlight, dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and vitamin D fortified foods. The liver converts vitamin D to calcidiol which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and muscle weakness.
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three forms are precursors to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6. PLP acts as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can result in neurological, dermatological, and hematological symptoms due to its role in many biochemical pathways.
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Fat soluble vitamins ppt 3.pptx
Vitamin D is a prohormone that is derived from cholesterol and activated by enzymes in the liver and kidney. It exists in two forms: D3 which comes from animals and D2 which comes from plants. Vitamin D's main functions are to regulate blood calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines and bones. It also helps absorb phosphorus and promotes bone formation. A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while too much can cause calcium deposits in soft tissues and hypercalcemia. Good sources include fatty fish, beef, eggs and fortified foods like milk.
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PYRIDOXINE (B6)
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin that exists as three closely related compounds - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three can be converted to the active coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), which is involved in many important metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters and heme. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can cause neurological, dermatological and hematological issues due to impairment of these metabolic pathways. While essential for many functions, excess intake of vitamin B6 beyond recommended limits may cause sensory neuropathy.
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The document discusses vitamin K, including its chemistry, functions, deficiency, and treatment. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone formation. A vitamin K deficiency can cause bleeding issues. Treatment involves oral or parenteral vitamin K supplementation. High doses of vitamin K can interfere with oral anticoagulant medications.
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Vitamin d
1) Vitamin D is produced in the skin from sunlight exposure and is also obtained in small amounts from dietary sources like fatty fish.
2) In the liver and kidneys, vitamin D is activated to its biological form which acts to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body by increasing their absorption in the intestines and mobilization from bones.
3) Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones due to poor mineralization.
Water soluble vitamins
This document provides information on water soluble vitamins. It discusses the criteria of water soluble vitamins, including that they are hydrophilic and soluble in water. It then describes several B vitamins in detail, including their roles as coenzymes in important metabolic processes and the deficiency symptoms that can arise from not getting enough of each vitamin. The vitamins covered are B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and vitamin C.
Folic acid
Folic acid is a B vitamin found in green leafy vegetables and whole grains. It is required for DNA synthesis and cell division. The biologically active form is tetrahydrofolate, which carries single carbon groups and is involved in reactions like purine synthesis. Deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia during pregnancy or infancy due to impaired DNA synthesis. It is also associated with increased homocysteine levels and neural tube defects if deficiency occurs during pregnancy. While folic acid supplements can treat deficiency, they should not be given to cancer patients as it may increase abnormal cell growth and division.
Fat Soluble Vitamins ppt
Vitamins are substances that our body needs for proper grow and development.It is an essential nutrient that body cannot produce enough of and that's why it needs to get from food.
Vitamins are of 13 types and can be classified as Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K ) and Water Soluble Vitamin (Vitamin-C & B-complex).
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Vitamin k deficiency
Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and helps prevent excessive bleeding. It exists in two forms, K1 from plants and K2 created in the intestines. Vitamin K deficiency can cause hemorrhagic diseases in newborns due to poor placental transmission of vitamins, an immature liver, and low levels in breast milk. Risk groups include those on blood thinners or antibiotics and those with malabsorption conditions. Diagnosis involves tests of clotting factors and platelets.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, can be produced in the skin upon exposure to UVB light or obtained in the diet. It plays an important role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Dietary requirements are minimal as the body can produce vitamin D3 in the skin, but certain groups like the elderly are at higher risk of deficiency. Deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, weak bones and bone pain.
Aa 2
The document summarizes the metabolism of various amino acids. It notes that some amino acids are glucogenic, producing pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, while others are ketogenic, producing acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate. Key points include:
- Alanine can be readily formed from pyruvate via transamination and is important for gluconeogenesis.
- Arginine produces ornithine and urea and is the precursor for nitric oxide and creatine synthesis.
- Serine can be converted to glycine and provides one-carbon units via tetrahydrofolate. Its carbon skeleton feeds into other amino acids.
- Glutamate is central to amino acid
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Gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
Neurotransmitter synthesis
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Cell-mediated immunity, antibody production
Vitamin B6 exists as several forms called vitamers that can be interconverted. It functions as a coenzyme involved in many important metabolic reactions including amino acid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, immune function, and nervous system function. A deficiency can impact these processes and result in impaired immune function or nervous system abnormalities.
Vitamin D
The document discusses vitamin D, including its synthesis from sun exposure, its role in various bodily processes, and its potential health benefits. Key points include:
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can also be obtained through food and supplements. It plays an important role in bone and immune health.
- Vitamin D receptors are found throughout the body and vitamin D has been shown to regulate gene expression, turning genes on and off. This may explain its wide-ranging effects.
- Studies suggest vitamin D may help reduce the risk of various cancers, heart disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, and mental health conditions like depression. Optimal vitamin D levels are important
Mineral Iron Biochemistry
This document summarizes iron, including its sources, recommended daily intake, metabolism, functions, and disorders related to deficiency and excess. Iron exists in both ferric and ferrous states and is essential for oxygen transport and energy production. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported by transferrin to tissues like liver for storage or to hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Deficiency can cause anemia while excess causes hemochromatosis or haemosiderosis.
VITAMIN D MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that promotes calcium absorption in the intestines and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal mineralization of bone. It exists in two main forms, D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol), and is obtained through exposure to sunlight, dietary intake of oily fish, eggs, and vitamin D fortified foods. The liver converts vitamin D to calcidiol which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form, which regulates calcium and phosphate levels. Deficiencies can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, characterized by soft, deformed bones and muscle weakness.
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. All three forms are precursors to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6. PLP acts as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions involved in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can result in neurological, dermatological, and hematological symptoms due to its role in many biochemical pathways.
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Vitamin A has important roles in vision, cellular differentiation, and gene expression. It is found in two forms: pre-formed retinol in animal foods like liver, dairy, and fish; and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in brightly colored fruits and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, and mangoes. An adequate intake of vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial cell health, reproduction, bone remodeling, growth, and resistance to infection. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry eyes, and increased susceptibility to disease.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed by the human body in small amounts. They are not a source of energy but are essential for many functions including metabolism, vision, growth, and immune function. There are two types - water soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A that are stored. Vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, cell growth and reproduction. A deficiency can cause night blindness while too much can lead to toxicity issues like bone problems and liver damage. It is found in foods like liver, cheese, sweet potatoes and carrots.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. Vitamin A is important for vision, growth, and epithelial cell maintenance. It can be found in animal foods like liver and plant foods like carrots. Too much vitamin A can cause toxicity. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and is synthesized from cholesterol when skin is exposed to sunlight. It helps maintain adequate calcium and phosphorus levels. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell components from oxidative damage. It exists as tocopherols with alpha-tocopherol being the most active form.
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to several health issues:
1) It can cause night blindness and poor vision due to inflammation of the eye.
2) It suppresses the immune system and increases risk of infections like colds.
3) Severe deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, a dryness of the eye, and keratomalacia, a softening and ulceration of the cornea.
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Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. This document discusses several key vitamins:
- Vitamin A supports vision, cell differentiation, and reproduction. It exists in retinol form in animals and beta-carotene form in plants. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
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- Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme in blood clotting by allowing the carboxylation of clotting factors. Def
Fat soluble vitamins
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
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Vitamin d
- 2. VITAMIN A
- 45. VITAMIN D
- 69. Vitamin E
- 74. Vitamin E Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA): Males 18+ 10 mg 30 IU Females 18+ 8 mg 24 IU pregnant 12 mg lactating 11 mg 3-4 6-7 8 10 8 2 3 mg mg mg mg mg mg mg
- 78. VITAMIN K Vitamins Home Page
Editor's Notes
- First time a letter was used to designate a specific vitamin
- EXAMPLES!!