Vitamin D is a prohormone that is derived from cholesterol and activated by enzymes in the liver and kidney. It exists in two forms: D3 which comes from animals and D2 which comes from plants. Vitamin D's main functions are to regulate blood calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the intestines and bones. It also helps absorb phosphorus and promotes bone formation. A lack of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, while too much can cause calcium deposits in soft tissues and hypercalcemia. Good sources include fatty fish, beef, eggs and fortified foods like milk.
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. This document discusses several key vitamins:
- Vitamin A supports vision, cell differentiation, and reproduction. It exists in retinol form in animals and beta-carotene form in plants. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. It is produced endogenously from sunlight or obtained through diet. Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme in blood clotting by allowing the carboxylation of clotting factors. Def
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. Vitamin A is important for vision, growth, and epithelial cell maintenance. It can be found in animal foods like liver and plant foods like carrots. Too much vitamin A can cause toxicity. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and is synthesized from cholesterol when skin is exposed to sunlight. It helps maintain adequate calcium and phosphorus levels. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell components from oxidative damage. It exists as tocopherols with alpha-tocopherol being the most active form.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed by the human body in small amounts. They are not a source of energy but are essential for many functions including metabolism, vision, growth, and immune function. There are two types - water soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A that are stored. Vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, cell growth and reproduction. A deficiency can cause night blindness while too much can lead to toxicity issues like bone problems and liver damage. It is found in foods like liver, cheese, sweet potatoes and carrots.
The document discusses vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It covers key details about vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, and B2. Specifically, it describes:
- Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities. They are classified as lipid-soluble or water-soluble.
- Vitamin A is important for vision, cell differentiation, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate levels and is synthesized from sunlight exposure. It supports bone and immune health.
- Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.
This document discusses vitamins, specifically focusing on vitamin A. It begins by defining vitamins and describing their diverse biological functions. It then discusses vitamin A in more detail, covering its chemistry, sources, recommended dietary allowance, absorption and transport, key biochemical functions including in vision and cell differentiation, deficiency and toxicity manifestations. The summary highlights that vitamin A plays important roles in vision, bone growth, reproduction and as an antioxidant, and deficiencies can cause night blindness while too much can be toxic.
Vitamins are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. This document discusses several key vitamins:
- Vitamin A supports vision, cell differentiation, and reproduction. It exists in retinol form in animals and beta-carotene form in plants. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. It is produced endogenously from sunlight or obtained through diet. Deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Vitamin K acts as a coenzyme in blood clotting by allowing the carboxylation of clotting factors. Def
Vitamins are organic compounds that are required in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance and reproduction. Vitamin A is important for vision, growth, and epithelial cell maintenance. It can be found in animal foods like liver and plant foods like carrots. Too much vitamin A can cause toxicity. Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption and is synthesized from cholesterol when skin is exposed to sunlight. It helps maintain adequate calcium and phosphorus levels. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cell components from oxidative damage. It exists as tocopherols with alpha-tocopherol being the most active form.
This document discusses the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their sources, absorption, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity. The key points are:
1) Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in tissues and excess intake can be harmful unlike water-soluble vitamins.
2) Vitamin A supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Too much can cause birth defects and liver damage.
3) Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and bone formation. The body produces it from sunlight but it is also found in foods. Deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia.
4) Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects cells. Def
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed by the human body in small amounts. They are not a source of energy but are essential for many functions including metabolism, vision, growth, and immune function. There are two types - water soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A that are stored. Vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, cell growth and reproduction. A deficiency can cause night blindness while too much can lead to toxicity issues like bone problems and liver damage. It is found in foods like liver, cheese, sweet potatoes and carrots.
The document discusses vitamins, including their classification, functions, sources, and deficiencies. It covers key details about vitamins A, D, E, K, B1, and B2. Specifically, it describes:
- Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities. They are classified as lipid-soluble or water-soluble.
- Vitamin A is important for vision, cell differentiation, and immune function. Deficiency can cause night blindness and increased infection risk.
- Vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphate levels and is synthesized from sunlight exposure. It supports bone and immune health.
- Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage.
A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.
This document discusses vitamins, specifically focusing on vitamin A. It begins by defining vitamins and describing their diverse biological functions. It then discusses vitamin A in more detail, covering its chemistry, sources, recommended dietary allowance, absorption and transport, key biochemical functions including in vision and cell differentiation, deficiency and toxicity manifestations. The summary highlights that vitamin A plays important roles in vision, bone growth, reproduction and as an antioxidant, and deficiencies can cause night blindness while too much can be toxic.
Vitamin A was discovered in the early 20th century when it was found that cooked liver or butterfat could cure night blindness. It is fat soluble and plays important roles in vision, epithelial cell maintenance, bone remodeling, and reproduction. Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, an abnormal dryness of the eyes, and keratomalacia, a softening of the cornea that can lead to blindness. Recommended dietary allowances are set to prevent deficiency symptoms.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin A. It defines vitamins and explains that vitamin A has several important functions in the body related to vision, epithelial cell integrity, immune response, reproduction and growth. It describes the different forms of vitamin A found in foods and how they are absorbed and transported. Deficiency and toxicity of vitamin A are outlined as well as recommended intake amounts and treatment. The key functions and food sources of vitamin A are summarized.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
Vitamin A has important roles in vision, cellular differentiation, and gene expression. It is found in two forms: pre-formed retinol in animal foods like liver, dairy, and fish; and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in brightly colored fruits and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, and mangoes. An adequate intake of vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial cell health, reproduction, bone remodeling, growth, and resistance to infection. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry eyes, and increased susceptibility to disease.
This document provides information about vitamins A and D, including their structures, functions, dietary sources, absorption and transport in the body, and deficiency diseases. It discusses that both vitamins A and D are fat-soluble and absorbed along with dietary fat in the small intestine. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immune function and reproduction, while vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and support bone mineralization. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to conditions like night blindness, rickets, osteomalacia, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Vitamin A exists in several forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It is fat soluble and derived from carotenoids in plants like beta-carotene which the body converts. Vitamin A supports vision, cell growth, epithelial integrity, and acts as an antioxidant. It plays a key role in rhodopsin which is needed for vision in dim light. Deficiency can cause night blindness and keratinization while excess intake can be toxic, causing bone pain and liver issues.
The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
mcg – microgram (a microgram is one millionth of a gram. 1,000 micrograms is equal to one milligram)
IU – international unit (the conversion of milligrams and micrograms into IU depends on the type of vitamin or drug)
This document provides information on vitamins A and D. It begins with definitions of vitamins and classifications of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. For vitamin A, it describes the two forms it occurs in foods, its sources, digestion and absorption, functions, deficiency, and laboratory tests. For vitamin D, it discusses activation in the body through hydroxylation, absorption and transport, regulation of action to maintain calcium levels, recommended intake, deficiency diseases, and toxicity at high levels.
Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in rice bran in 1912 and coined the term "vitamin". Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients in small amounts that cannot be synthesized by the body and must come from diet. They have diverse biological functions including hormone regulation, cell growth, and acting as antioxidants or enzyme cofactors. Vitamins are classified as either lipid-soluble like A, D, E, K which are absorbed with fats, or water-soluble like the B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be consumed daily.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally occurring antioxidant. It prevents non-enzymatic oxidation of cell components by molecular oxygen and free radicals. This protects cell membrane structure and integrity. Vitamin E works with other antioxidants like vitamins A and C to delay cataract development and protect against heart disease. Deficiency can cause sterility, muscular problems, and blood cell issues while toxicity is rare.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
- Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in energy metabolism as a cofactor. Deficiency can cause beriberi disease.
- Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is another water-soluble B vitamin that is involved in energy production through its roles as the coenzymes FMN and FAD.
- The document discusses the classification, functions, deficiency and sources of several B vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their roles in biological processes and metabolism.
Shubham Sharma presented on vitamins A, C, and E. The presentation covered the chemistry, classification, physiological significance, deficiencies, and daily requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and important for vision, immune function, and growth. Vitamin C is water-soluble and essential for collagen formation and acting as an antioxidant. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and prevents lipid peroxidation.
Vitamins are the organic compounds and it is a micro nutrient which requires in small quantity for proper functioning of the organism to maintain its metabolism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of fat-soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the general characteristics, functions, classification, and individual details of each vitamin. For each vitamin, the document outlines its dietary sources, mechanisms of action in the body, functions, and deficiency diseases. The presentation aims to introduce the key properties and roles of the important fat-soluble vitamins.
This document provides information about Vitamin A, including its key features, functions, deficiency, toxicity, and sources. It discusses how Vitamin A is necessary for vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development, and other processes. Deficiency can cause night blindness and keratomalacia, while toxicity may result in headaches, vomiting, and other issues. Good sources include liver, egg yolks, dairy products, carrots, and other orange and dark green vegetables.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Micro Minerals
Minerals are essential nutrients that are found in ionic form or as covalent compounds. They make up about 4-5% of body weight and can be categorized as macrominerals or microminerals based on their daily requirements. Iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum, and cobalt are important microminerals. Minerals are involved in many critical functions like oxygen transport, energy production, bone formation, and acting as cofactors for enzymes. Factors like diet, absorption mechanisms, and physiological state can impact an individual's mineral requirements.
This document discusses various interactions between micronutrients. It describes how certain vitamins interact synergistically with carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other vitamins and minerals during metabolic processes in the body. For example, it explains how thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid help facilitate carbohydrate metabolism through their roles in energy production pathways. The document also discusses vitamin interactions with proteins, fats, and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and iron.
Vitamin A was discovered in the early 20th century when it was found that cooked liver or butterfat could cure night blindness. It is fat soluble and plays important roles in vision, epithelial cell maintenance, bone remodeling, and reproduction. Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia, an abnormal dryness of the eyes, and keratomalacia, a softening of the cornea that can lead to blindness. Recommended dietary allowances are set to prevent deficiency symptoms.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin A. It defines vitamins and explains that vitamin A has several important functions in the body related to vision, epithelial cell integrity, immune response, reproduction and growth. It describes the different forms of vitamin A found in foods and how they are absorbed and transported. Deficiency and toxicity of vitamin A are outlined as well as recommended intake amounts and treatment. The key functions and food sources of vitamin A are summarized.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
Vitamin A has important roles in vision, cellular differentiation, and gene expression. It is found in two forms: pre-formed retinol in animal foods like liver, dairy, and fish; and pro-vitamin A carotenoids in brightly colored fruits and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes, and mangoes. An adequate intake of vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial cell health, reproduction, bone remodeling, growth, and resistance to infection. Deficiency can cause night blindness, dry eyes, and increased susceptibility to disease.
This document provides information about vitamins A and D, including their structures, functions, dietary sources, absorption and transport in the body, and deficiency diseases. It discusses that both vitamins A and D are fat-soluble and absorbed along with dietary fat in the small intestine. Vitamin A supports vision, growth, immune function and reproduction, while vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood and support bone mineralization. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to conditions like night blindness, rickets, osteomalacia, and increased susceptibility to infections.
Vitamin A exists in several forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It is fat soluble and derived from carotenoids in plants like beta-carotene which the body converts. Vitamin A supports vision, cell growth, epithelial integrity, and acts as an antioxidant. It plays a key role in rhodopsin which is needed for vision in dim light. Deficiency can cause night blindness and keratinization while excess intake can be toxic, causing bone pain and liver issues.
The word "vitamin" comes from the Latin word “vita”, means "life". Vitamins are organic components in food that are required in very small amounts for growth and for maintaining good health. Vitamins are chemicals found in very small amounts in many different foods Vitamins and minerals are measured in a variety of ways. The most common are:
mg – milligram (a milligram is one thousandth of a gram)
mcg – microgram (a microgram is one millionth of a gram. 1,000 micrograms is equal to one milligram)
IU – international unit (the conversion of milligrams and micrograms into IU depends on the type of vitamin or drug)
This document provides information on vitamins A and D. It begins with definitions of vitamins and classifications of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. For vitamin A, it describes the two forms it occurs in foods, its sources, digestion and absorption, functions, deficiency, and laboratory tests. For vitamin D, it discusses activation in the body through hydroxylation, absorption and transport, regulation of action to maintain calcium levels, recommended intake, deficiency diseases, and toxicity at high levels.
Casimir Funk discovered vitamin B1 in rice bran in 1912 and coined the term "vitamin". Vitamins are organic compounds required as nutrients in small amounts that cannot be synthesized by the body and must come from diet. They have diverse biological functions including hormone regulation, cell growth, and acting as antioxidants or enzyme cofactors. Vitamins are classified as either lipid-soluble like A, D, E, K which are absorbed with fats, or water-soluble like the B vitamins and C which dissolve in water and must be consumed daily.
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally occurring antioxidant. It prevents non-enzymatic oxidation of cell components by molecular oxygen and free radicals. This protects cell membrane structure and integrity. Vitamin E works with other antioxidants like vitamins A and C to delay cataract development and protect against heart disease. Deficiency can cause sterility, muscular problems, and blood cell issues while toxicity is rare.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
- Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in energy metabolism as a cofactor. Deficiency can cause beriberi disease.
- Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is another water-soluble B vitamin that is involved in energy production through its roles as the coenzymes FMN and FAD.
- The document discusses the classification, functions, deficiency and sources of several B vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on their roles in biological processes and metabolism.
Shubham Sharma presented on vitamins A, C, and E. The presentation covered the chemistry, classification, physiological significance, deficiencies, and daily requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and important for vision, immune function, and growth. Vitamin C is water-soluble and essential for collagen formation and acting as an antioxidant. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and prevents lipid peroxidation.
Vitamins are the organic compounds and it is a micro nutrient which requires in small quantity for proper functioning of the organism to maintain its metabolism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of fat-soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the general characteristics, functions, classification, and individual details of each vitamin. For each vitamin, the document outlines its dietary sources, mechanisms of action in the body, functions, and deficiency diseases. The presentation aims to introduce the key properties and roles of the important fat-soluble vitamins.
This document provides information about Vitamin A, including its key features, functions, deficiency, toxicity, and sources. It discusses how Vitamin A is necessary for vision, gene transcription, immune function, embryonic development, and other processes. Deficiency can cause night blindness and keratomalacia, while toxicity may result in headaches, vomiting, and other issues. Good sources include liver, egg yolks, dairy products, carrots, and other orange and dark green vegetables.
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Micro Minerals
Minerals are essential nutrients that are found in ionic form or as covalent compounds. They make up about 4-5% of body weight and can be categorized as macrominerals or microminerals based on their daily requirements. Iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum, and cobalt are important microminerals. Minerals are involved in many critical functions like oxygen transport, energy production, bone formation, and acting as cofactors for enzymes. Factors like diet, absorption mechanisms, and physiological state can impact an individual's mineral requirements.
This document discusses various interactions between micronutrients. It describes how certain vitamins interact synergistically with carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and other vitamins and minerals during metabolic processes in the body. For example, it explains how thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid help facilitate carbohydrate metabolism through their roles in energy production pathways. The document also discusses vitamin interactions with proteins, fats, and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and iron.
This document provides an overview of human energy needs and metabolism. It defines key terms like metabolism, reference man and woman, and energy. It describes the metabolic pathways of catabolism and anabolism. It explains how basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, and physical activity determine total energy expenditure. Methods for measuring energy in foods and energy expenditure like direct and indirect calorimetry are summarized. The roles of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as energy sources and their physiological fuel values are also outlined.
This document discusses several clinical aspects of macronutrient metabolism. It begins by introducing inherited metabolic disorders and Garrod's hypothesis. It then covers clinical aspects of carbohydrate metabolism including lactase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, and monosaccharide malabsorption. Clinical aspects of lipid metabolism discussed include lipid storage diseases and inborn errors of lipid metabolism. The document concludes by covering aspects of protein metabolism such as aminoacidurias, phenylketonuria, homocystinuria, and purine metabolism disorders.
HOMOCYSTEINE AND RISK OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASES.pptxKAVITA KACHHAWA
Homocysteine is an amino acid that plays an important role in metabolism. Elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood have been associated with several diseases. Homocysteine levels are influenced by genetic and environmental factors like nutrition. Dietary intake of B vitamins like folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 help regulate homocysteine levels, as these vitamins are involved in metabolic pathways that process homocysteine. Maintaining adequate intake of these vitamins can help lower homocysteine levels.
This document provides information about carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as sugars or polymers of sugars that can be hydrolyzed by enzymes or acids into simple sugars. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Key monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides and polysaccharides are also discussed such as sucrose, starch, and cellulose. The document concludes by summarizing carbohydrate digestion and absorption in humans.
2. DEFINITION
The term vitamin, means a vital amine, was proposed by
Funk in 1911.
Vitamins are potent organic compounds that occur in low
concentration in foods; they perform specific & vital
functions in the cells & the tissues of the body.
They can not be synthesized by the body, so must be
supplied in the food.
Very small amounts are needed by the body (>1 gm)
3. Vitamins
Fat soluble
vitamins
Water soluble
vitamins
•Vitamin A
•Vitamin D
•Vitamin E
•Vitamin K
•Vitamin C
•B Complexes
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pentothenic acid (B6)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Folic acid
Cynocobalmin (B12)
Inositol
Biotin
5. Fat Soluble
Vitamins
•Need fat for absorption
•Absorbed into the lymph and carried in blood
with protein transporters = chylomicrons.
•Stored in the liver
6.
7. VITAMIN A
Vitamin A or Retinol was the first essential lipid
soluble substance discovered by McCollum and
Davis in 1913.
Provitamin A activity of beta carotene was
established Moore in 1930.
10. THE RETINOIDS
3 forms of vitamin A
important for health
Retinal
Retinoic acid
Retinol (key player; can
be converted to other
forms)
β-carotene (a carotenoid
or pigment) in
yellow/orange foods is a
potent provitamin A
11. CONVERSION OF CAROTENOIDS TO
RETINOIDS
Enzymatic conversion of
carotenoids occurs in liver or
intestinal cells, forming
retinal and retinoic acid
12. CONVERSION OF CAROTENOIDS TO
RETINOIDS
Enzymatic conversion of
carotenoids occurs in liver or
intestinal cells, forming retinal
and retinoic acid
Provitamin A carotenoids
Beta-carotene
Alpha carotene
Beta-cryptoxanthin
Other carotenoids
Lutein
Lycopene
Zeaxanthin
13. Retinoids
Retinyl esters broken down to free retinol in small intestine -
requires digestive enzymes (retinyl esters hydrolyses).
these retinols are emulsifies by the action of bile salts for
integration into micelles
These micells are uptaked by mucosal cells of the small intestine.
The cellualar free retinol is reesterified into lymph chylomicrons and
circulated in the blood by liver through apolipoproteins.
Carotenoids
Absorbed intact, absorption rate much lower
Intestinal cells can convert carotenoids to retinoids
Metabolism & Absorption
14. TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF
VITAMIN A
Liver stores 90% of vitamin A in the body
Reserve is adequate for several months
Transported via chylomicrons from intestinal
cells to the liver
Transported from the liver to target tissue as
retinol via retinol-binding protein, which is
bound to transthyretin
15. RETINOID BINDING PROTEINS
Target cells contain
cellular retinoid binding
proteins
Direct retinoids to
functional sites within cells
Protect retinoids from
degradation
RAR, RXR receptors on
the nucleus
Retinoid-receptor complex
binds to DNA
Directs gene expression
18. Vision
The best characterized function of vitamin A is its role in the
retina of the eye.
Retinol, supplied to the retina, which then combines with a
protein called opsin to produce a purple pigment known as
rhodopsin.
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple is located in the light
sensitive rod cells of the retina, when light strikes the retina,
the rod cells are bleached as the rhodopsin splits to form
retinal & opsin.
As this occurs, a nerve stimulus is transmitted through the
optic nerve fibers to the visual centre of the brain, where the
sensation of vision is created.
21. ROLE OF RETINOL IN THE VISUAL CYCLE.
Dark Light
Lumirhodopsin
Meta-rhodopsin
Opsin+Cis-retinene Transretinene+opsin
Retinene reductase Retinene reductase
Cis-vitamin A Trans –vitamin A
Rhodopsin
Blood vitamin A
22. GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION OF CELLS
• Retinoic acid is necessary for cellular differentiation
• Important for embryo development, gene expression
• Retinoic acid influences production, structure, and
function of epithelial cells that line the outside (skin) and
external passages (mucus forming cells) within the body
23. GROWTH
Required for bone growth
An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is loss of
appetite, followed by a cessation of growth( growth
plateau) then rapid weight loss and ultimate death.
In vitamin A deficiency bones weak, although
thicker than normal. The cavity in the skull and
spinal column do not enlarge to make room for the
growing nervous system.
25. Reproduction
In absence of vit. A (retinol), the male’s body fails to
produce sperm cells & the females body resorbs a fetus.
Immunity
Vitamin A (β carotene) is required to maintain the normal
health & function of epithelial layers, which
provide a first line of defense against invading
microorganisms.
Humoral immune response (antibodies) & cellular immune
response which involves the direct killing of infected cell
are regulated by vit.A or its metabolites.
26. ROLE OF PARATHYROID HORMONE
Region Effect
Bone
It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir
contained in the bones.[7] Bone resorption is the normal
destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly
stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts
do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to
osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding
stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL
and inhibits their expression of Osteoprotegerin (OPG). OPG
binds to RANKL and blocks it from interacting with RANK, a
receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK
(facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG) stimulates
these osteoclast precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts,
which ultimately enhances bone resorption.
27. Kidney
It enhances active reabsorption of calcium and magnesium
from distal tubules and the thick ascending limb. As bone is
degraded, both calcium and phosphate are released. It also
decreases the reabsorption of phosphate, with a net loss in
plasma phosphate concentration. When the calcium:
phosphate ratio increases, more calcium is free in the
circulation.[8]
Intestine
It enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by
increasing the production of activated vitamin D. Vitamin D
activation occurs in the kidney. PTH up-regulates 25-
hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme
responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin
D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy
vitamin D). This activated form of vitamin D increases the
absorption of calcium (as Ca2+ ions) by the intestine via
28. SOURCES
Preformed
Liver, fish oils, fortified milk,
eggs, other fortified foods
Provitamin A carotenoids
Dark leafy green, yellow-orange vegetables/fruits
29. RDA FOR VITAMIN A AND ß-CAROTENE
Retinol (ug/d) β-Carotene (ug/d)
Man 600 4800
Women 600 4800
Pregnant 800 6400
Lactating 950 7600
Infant
0-6 months
6-12 months
350
350
------
2800
Children (1-6 yrs.) 400 3200
Children (7-9 yrs.) 600 4800
Boys 600 4800
Girls 600 4800
30.
31. Signs & Symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency
Clinical signs
Night blindness
Conjuctival xerosis
Bitot’s spot
Corneal xerosis
Keratomalacia
32. NIGHT BLINDNESS
When vit. A is deficient the
formation of rhodopsin is impaired
with varying degree of thickening ,
wrinkling & pigmentation (muddy
coloring) of the conjunctiva.
The pigmentation gives the
conjunctiva a peculiar “smoky “
appearance.
33. CONJUCTIVAL XEROSIS
It manifests as dry patches of non-
wettable conjunctiva.
It may be associated with various
degree of thickening, wrinkling and
pigmentation (muddy coloring) of the
conjunctiva.
The pigmentation gives the conjunctiva
a peculiar ‘smoky’ appearance .
34. BITOT’S SPOTS
It is more an extension of the
xerotic process.
These spots are raised, muddy and
dry triangular patches.
35. CORNEAL XEROSIS
When dryness spreads to the cornea there
is a dull hazy lack luster appearance.
This is due to the keratinization which is the
result of vitamin A deficiency on all epithelial
surfaces.
The characteristic feature is a loss of
substance (erosion) of a part or the whole of
the corneal thickness.
If there is secondary infection there is
inflammation . The lesion only heals by
scarring.
If properly managed the corneal changes
usually heal leaving useful vision. Corneal
xerosis may progress suddenly and rapidly
to keratomalacia.
36. KERATOMALACIA
In this condition softening and
dissolution of the cornea occurs. if the
process is not stopped by treatment
,perforation of the cornea leads to
prolapse of the iris, extrusion of the
lens and infection of the whole eyeball
which almost invariably occurs.
Healing results in scarring of the whole
eye and frequently in total blindness.
37. EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION
In females:
Increased abortions
Neonates born dead/weak
Deformed young: no eyeballs;
hydrocephalus
In males:
Keratinization of testicular
epithelium
39. Changes in Gastrointestinal tract
Many disturbances in the GI tract, such as diarrhea
take place in the absence of vit.A.
Failure to tooth enamel
Loss of sense of both taste & smell
42. Chronic – long-term megadose; possible
permanent damage
-Bone and muscle pain
-Loss of appetite
-Skin disorders
-Headache
-Dry skin
-Hair loss
-Increased liver size
-Vomiting
43. Teratogenic (may occur with as little as 3 x RDA of
preformed vitamin A)
Tends to produce physical defect on developing fetus as a
result of excess vitamin A intake
Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
44.
45. Vitamin D is also known as “sunshine vitamin”
Vitamin D is a Prohormone
It is derived from cholesterol
Activated by enzymes in liver and kidney
Vitamin D exists in two forms
1)D3-Cholecalciferol (animal origin)
2)D2-Ergocalciferol (Plant origin)
49. Groff & Gropper, 2000
1,25-(OH)2 D binds to
vitamin D receptor
(VDR) in nucleus
Increase in calbindin
(Ca-binding protein)
Vitamin D affects absorption of
dietary Ca
50. 1,25-(OH)2 D3 increases activity of alkaline
phosphatase
Hydrolyses phosphate ester bonds
Releases phosphorus
Increase in phosphate carriers
Vitamin D affects absorption of
dietary Phosphorus
51. Vitamin D is able to influence differentiation
and function of the some cells
Linked to reduction of breast, colon, and
prostate cancer development
Vitamin D & cell differentiation
52. Vitamin D creates a supersaturated Ca + Phos solution
Causes Ca + Phos to deposit in the bones
Strengthen bones
Rickets is the result of low vitamin D
Osteomalacia (soft bone) is rickets in the adult
Role in bone formation
53. Vitamin D has other roles in the body, including
modulation of the cell growth.
Neuromuscular & immune function reduction of
inflammation.
Many genes encoding proteins that regulate cells
proliferation, differentiation & apoptosis are modulated in
part vitamin D.
55. RDA FOR VITAMIN D
It can be synthesized in the body in adequate
amounts by simple exposure to sunlight.
Under certain situations where there is minimal
exposure to sunlight, a specific recommendation of
a daily supplement of 4ooµg is made by ICMR.
56. VITAMIN D - DEFICIENCY
Young children
Rickets
Failure of bones to grow properly
Results in “bowed” legs or knock-knees,
outward bowed chest and knobs on ribs
Protruding forehead
Olders
Osteomalacia: Adult form of rickets
Softening of bones, bending of spine, and bowing of
legs
Osteoporosis (porous bones):
Vitamin D plays a major role along with calcium
Loss of vitamin D activity with advancing age
Associated with fractures very serious for geriatrics
57. VITAMIN D TOXICITY
Calcification of soft tissue
Lungs, heart, blood vessels
Hardening of arteries (calcification)
Hypercalcemia
Normal is ~ 10 mg/dl
Excess blood calcium leads to stone formation in kidneys
Lack of appetite
Mental retardation in infants
Excessive thirst and urination
58.
59. Vitamin E was first recognized in 1922 by Evans &
Bishop.
The term vitamin E refers to a family of eight
related compounds, the tocopherols and the
tocotrienols
The four major forms of vitamin E are designated
a, b, d, g, that have varying levels of biological
activity
Alpha- (or α-) tocopherol is the most active form
Termed an antioxidant
62. As an antioxidant,
(vitamin E acts as a peroxyl radical scavenger, preventing
the propagation of free radicals in tissues, by reacting
with them to form a tocopheryl radical, which will then
be reduced by a hydrogen donor (such as vitamin C)
and thus return to its reduced state).
As it is fat-soluble, it is incorporated into cell
membranes, which protects them from oxidative
damage.
Act as an antioxidant
63. As an enzymatic activity regulator, for instance,
protein kinase C (PKC), which plays a role in
smooth muscle growth, can be inhibited by α-
tocopherol. α-Tocopherol has a stimulatory effect on
the dephosphorylation enzyme, protein
phosphatase 2A, which in turn, cleaves phosphate
groups from PKC, leading to its deactivation,
bringing the smooth muscle growth to a halt.
Enzymatic activities
64. Vitamin E also has an effect on gene expression.
Macrophages rich in cholesterol are found in the
atherogenetic tissue.
Gene Expression
65. Vitamin E also plays a role in neurological
functions, and inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Vitamin E also protects lipids and prevents the
oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
66. Cotton seed oil, corn oil,
peanut oil and wheat germ
oil are good sources.
Green lettuce leaves have
high content.
Other good sources:
eggs, muscle meat,
liver and fish. Slide
Sources
67. RDA FOR VITAMIN E
The requirement of vitamin E suggested by ICMR is
0.8mg/g of essential fatty acids.
68.
69. Anemia
Anemia is a blood disorder wherein there is a low
amount of red blood cells present in the blood.
In research findings, there was a link with infants who
have pronounced low birth weight and vitamin E
deficient.
This deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia, which, in
turn, triggers the degradation of the red blood cells.
Administration of doses of vitamin E proved to be helpful
in treating these infants. They were treated with
tocopherols to help them absorb the vitamin E.
70. Poor Balance
Vitamin E works as an antioxidant, thus deficiency
in this vitamin will result to a series of great
oxidative stress by many cells or tissues. This could
lead to damage in many parts of the body.
Vitamin E deficiency affects the central nervous
system.
Thus, a person greatly lacking vitamin E will
experience nerve degeneration of the hands and
feet, poor reflexes, impaired coordination, and loss
of balance.
71. Muscle Weakness
Another symptom of vitamin E deficiency is myopathy,
wherein the muscular fibers do not function well or are
weakened.
72. Sight Problems
Vitamin E deficiency may also lead to vision problems.
One of the symptoms is retinal thinning or degeneration,
where the inner lining of the eye is damaged and begins
to become thinner.
People with an vitamin E deficiency may also experience
blurred vision and difficulty seeing at night.
73. Clinical vitamin E deficiency that is alleviated by vitamin E
administration is seen in individuals with chronic
malabsorption syndrome, premature infants and patients on
total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Conditions that interfere with normal digestion, absorption or
transport of fat have been associated with low serum levels of
vitamin E. Serum vitamin E concentrations can be less than
20% of normal in individuals with malabsorption syndromes
such as celiac disease, cystic fibrosis and biliary atresia.
Patients with abetalipoproteinemia (an inherited disorder
marked by absence of lipoproteins in the blood and low levels
of chylomicrons) frequently have very low serum vitamin E
concentrations, below measurable levels.
Malabsorption Syndrome
74. A progressive neurological syndrome can develop due
to long term, severe vitamin E deficiency
It is characterized by gait disturbances, absent or altered
reflexes, limb weakness and sensory loss in the arms
and legs.
Symptoms of neurological dysfunction develop within 18-
24 months in children with vitamin E deficiency but
symptoms in vitamin E-deficient adults usually require
10-20 years of fat and vitamin E malabsorption..
Neurological Syndrome
75. Newborn infants, especially those that are premature,
are susceptible to vitamin E deficiency due to
inadequate body stores, impaired absorption and
reduced transport capacity in the blood due to low LDL
levels at birth.
Plasma vitamin E levels are frequently low in patients on
total parenteral nutrition as the major source of vitamin
E in the parenteral solution is the fat emulsion, which
provides primarily g- and d-tocopherols that are much
less biologically active forms of tocopherol.
Thus, alpha-tocopherol supplementation is required
for patients on total parenteral nutrition.
Premature Infants
76. There is extensive evidence implicating oxidative
damage in the development of degenerative
diseases and conditions. A number of studies have
evaluated the role of vitamin E, alone or in
combination with other antioxidants, in preventing
or minimizing oxidative damage associated with
development of cancer, coronary heart disease,
cataracts and Alzheimer’s disease.
Protective role in disease prevention
77. Vitamin E - Toxicity
Diarrhea
Nausea
Skin irritation
Burning upon urination
Depletion of the mineral copper.
Development of kidney stones due to oxalate
formation or hemochromatosis or other diseases
related to excessive iron accumulation.
78. Vitamin K was first discovered in 1934 by a
Danish scientist named Dam.
79. There are 3 forms of Vitamin K
Vitamin K1= principle natural dietary source of Vitamin K
found in green leafy vegetables also called phylloquinone
Vitamin K2= sources include chicken, egg yolk, butter,
certain cheeses, and fermented soybeans also; this form
includes bacteria produced by the intestine also called
menquinone
Vitamin K3= used in animal feed and cat and dog food also
referred to as meadione
water soluble form
Forms of vitamin K
•Vitamin K was first discovered in 1934
by a Danish scientist named Dam.
80. Dietary vitamin K, mainly as phylloquinone, is absorbed
chemically unchanged from the proximal intestine after
solubilisation into mixed micelles composed of bile salts
and the products of pancreatic lipolysis (10).
Within the intestinal mucosa the vitamin is incorporated
into chylomicrons, is secreted into the lymph, and enters
the blood via the lacteals (11, 12).
Metabolism, Absorption
81.
82. Aids in blood clotting (primary function)
Assist body in the absorption of calcium
Prevents atherosclerosis-hardening of arteries which
inhibits the flow of blood around the body
Lowers risk of Alzheimer’s and kidney stones
Metabolic/Biochemical Functions
83. Primary function of Vitamin K
Initiates the healing process by slowing and
stopping the bleeding
Given to patients before surgery to prevent
excessive bleeding
Vitamin K is the coenzyme to Vitamin K-
dependent coagulation proteins in the blood
coagulation cascade known as factors II, VII, IX,
and X
Aids in blood clotting
84. Aids in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the loss of
bone density
Vitamin K activates a protein called osteo-calcin which is
responsible for building and maintaining strong bone tissue
Vitamin K’s role is enhanced when taken with Vitamin D and
magnesium which helps maintain healthy bones
Assists in absorbing of Ca
85. Atherosclerosis is the hardening of arteries which inhibits the
flow of blood around the body
Excessive calcium in the arteries contributes to a build-up of
calcium deposits on the artery walls making them thick
Vitamin K pumps calcium out of arteries and redirects it to the
bones where it mostly needed to prevent osteoporosis
Prevents Atherosclerosis
86. Excessive calcium deposits could interfere with the
workings of other parts of your body when built up in the
tissues known as calcification
Individuals with Alzheimer’s have an abnormal calcium
metabolism in their brain
Vitamin K helps regulate and restricts calcium deposits
Lowers risk of Alzheimer’s
87. Vitamin K1 produced by plants and algae
Broccoli, kale, chard; plant oils like canola and
soybean
Hydrogenated soybean oil has ineffective K
Vitamin K2 produced by bacteria in gut
Food Sources: fermented soybean (Natto); dairy
products, egg yolk
Vitamin K Sources
90. Symptoms of Vitamin K deficiency are:-
Bruising from bleeding into the skin
Nosebleeds
Bleeding gums
Bleeding in stomach
Blood in urine
Blood in stool
Tarry black stool
Extremely heavy menstrual bleeding
In infants, may result in intracranial haemorrhage
91. The symptoms include RBC hemolysis, jaundice
and brain damage.
High intake of vitamin K can reduce the
effectiveness of anti coagulant medication used to prevent
the blood from clotting.
Vitamin K - Toxicity
92. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE USE OF VITAMIN A (RETINOIDS) IN THE
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CANCER.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Marshall
University School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia
25754, USA. niles@marshall.edu
2000 Nov-Dec
Source
93. Vitamin A, its physiologic metabolites, and synthetic
derivatives (retinoids) have been shown to have protective
effects against the development of certain types of cancer.
In addition, pharmacologic amounts of retinoids have been
used with some success in the treatment of a few human
tumors.
The chemoprevention effect of retinoids is most likely
exerted at the tumor-promotion phase of carcinogenesis.
Retinoids block tumor promotion by inhibiting proliferation,
inducing apoptosis, inducing differentiation, or a
combination of these actions.
ABSTRACT
94. CONT…….
Clinically, isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) significantly
decreases the incidence of second primary tumors in
patients with head-and-neck cancer and reduces
appearance of non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with
xeroderma pigmentosum. Retinoic acid has proved to be an
effective treatment for promyelocytic leukemia.
However, retinoid resistance limits its use as a single agent.
Clinical trials are in progress to determine the efficacy of
retinoids in treating other types of cancer such as
neuroblastoma and breast carcinoma.
The development of receptor-selective retinoids and
selective inhibitors of retinoid metabolism may lead to
further use of retinoids in both chemoprevention and
treatment of cancer.
95. ADVANCES FOR BREAST CANCER PATIENTS
THE LATEST RESEARCH HELPS TURN THOUSANDS OF
BREAST CANCER PATIENTS INTO BREAST CANCER
SURVIVORS.
BY ALICE PARK WEDNESDAY, FEB. 27, 2008
A provocative study this year by Canadian researchers found
that women with breast cancer who were deficient in bone-
building vitamin D had twice the risk of having their cancer
recur or progress over 10 years compared with women who
had sufficient levels of the vitamin; the D-deficient patients
also had a 73% greater risk of dying from their disease.
Current guidelines recommend 200 IU of vitamin D each day
for women up to age 50, and progressively more for older
women.
96. (Many doctors feel that's too low, however, and say 800 IU
daily is better, while the government says taking up to 2,000
IU a day is safe).
Still, oncologists are not comfortable prescribing supplements
for breast cancer patients. It is unclear how much vitamin D
adults really need or whether supplements would have any
benefit for women already diagnosed with cancer.
Further, most supplements do not contain the vitamin's most
potent form, D-3, which is what the body naturally produces
when skin is exposed to ultraviolet sunlight. It's also worth
noting that women in the Canadian study who had the
highest levels of vitamin D also had worse survival rates,
which suggests that there may be a limit to the vitamin's
value or a dose-specific benefit.
97. Department of Pediatrics, UZ Gasthuisberg,
Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
2006 Jul;165(7):429-34. Epub 2006 Feb 21.
Recent advances in vitamin E metabolism and
deficiency.
Ephrem Eggermont
Source
98. Alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol are present in
many foods and are, in the absence of fat malabsorption,
well absorbed from the gut.
Their anti-oxidant property is well known and protects
arteries and capillaries as well as blood lipids and nervous
tissues against oxidative stress.
In contrast to beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, alpha-
tocopherol is preferentially conserved by the discriminating
action of the liver. Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein, which
also maintains plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration within
a range of 20 to 40 μm.
In the circulation, alpha-tocopherol, in association with the
transfer-protein, is assembled into the very low-density
lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles and released
for use by the peripheral tissues.
ABSTRACT
99. Recent data suggest that alpha-tocopherol is not only an
anti-oxidant but also a regulator of gene expression through
its binding to nuclear receptors.
The precise mechanism of regulating gene expression,
however, is still unknown.
The four tocopherols are ultimately degraded by omega-
oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidations followed by the
elimination of the metabolites in the bile and in the urine.
Patients with a defect of the alpha-tocopherol transfer
protein are unable to maintain their alpha-tocopherol
reserves and progressively lose tendon reflexes and have
signs and symptoms of spinocerebellar ataxia while plasma
vitamin E level drops below 2 μg/ml.
CONT…….
100. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VITAMIN K NUTRITURE AND VITAMIN
K-DEPENDENT PROTEIN FUNCTION IN ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
BERKNER KL, RUNGE KW.
Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research
Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195,
USA. berknek@ccf.org
2004 Dec;2(12):2118-32
Source
101. Recent advances in the discovery of new functions for
vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins and in defining vitamin
K nutriture have led to a substantial revision in our
understanding of vitamin K physiology.
The only unequivocal function for vitamin K is as a cofactor
for the carboxylation of VKD proteins which renders them
active.
While vitamin K was originally associated only with hepatic
VKD proteins that participate in hemostasis, VKD proteins
are now known to be present in virtually every tissue and to
be important to bone mineralization, arterial calcification,
apoptosis, phagocytosis, growth control, chemotaxis, and
signal transduction action.
Abstract
102. The advances in defining VKD protein function and
vitamin K nutriture are described, as is the potential
impact of VKD proteins on atherosclerosis.
Many of the VKD proteins contribute to atherogenesis.
Recent studies suggest involvement in arterial
calcification, which may be influenced by dietary levels of
vitamin K and by anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin
that antagonize vitamin K action.
CONT…….