Metabolic and physiological roles for only fat soluble vitamins as you know.

2. vitamins
Submitted To:
FOR MY SUPPORTERS
GROUP MEMBERS:
ALI MUSHTAQ AHMED
M.HAMZA JAMEEL
JAVAD IQBAL
ADIL NAEEM KHAN
MANAN

3. Introduction to Vitamins

4. Definition:
 Vitamins are organic compounds which are essential for
normal growth and nutrition and are required in small
quantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesize by
the body.
 Vitamins and mineral are considered essential nutrients-
because acting in concert, they perform hundred of roles in
the body.
 They help shore up bones, heal wounds, and boost your
imm-une system.
 They also convert food into energy, and repair cellular
damage.
 There are 14 vitamins that may be listed on nutrition facts
label:

5.  They help shore up bones, heal wounds, and bolster your
immune system.
 They also convert food into energy, and repair cellular
damage.
 There are 14 vitamins that may be listed on nutrition facts
label:
 Biotin, Choline, Folate, Niacin,
 Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin and vitamins A, B6,
B12, C, D, E and k.
 Biotin, Choline, Folate, Niacin,
 Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin and vitamins A,
B6, B12, C, D, E and k.

6. Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin and vitamins A, B6,
B12, C, D, E and k.
On the basis of solubility vitamins are divided in to two
classes :
Fat Soluble Vitamins:
Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and k.
Water Soluble Vitamins:
Water soluble vitamins includes vitamin B and C.

7. Note:
The difference between the two groups is very important.
It determines how each vitamin acts with in the body. The
fat soluble vitamins are soluble in lipids(fats).

8. VITAMIN A (RETINOL) :
Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic
compounds that includes retinol,retinal and several
provitamin A carotenoids most notable B-carotenes.Vitamin A
has multiple functions.
Its animal sources are liver,kidney,cream,egg
yolk,fish.Colostrum is also very rich in vitamin A.its plant
sources are carotenes. They are anti-oxidants.Thyroxine is
required for the conversion of carotenes to vitamin A.

9. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN A :
 It is needed for the maintenance of healthy epithelium
throughout the body.It has shown to be involved in the
formation of mucopolysacchrides.
 Due to this there are eye changes which occur and there
are also changes in respiratory tract.
 These cause changes in genitor urinary tract and skin
changes occur.There occurs defective formation of tooth
enamel and this may lead to abnormalities to dentine.
 It has effect on bones on in the growing animals.vit A
deficiency has been found to result in a retardation of
growth accompanied by defects in bone development.

10.  Vitamin A has role in intermediary metabolism. Vitamin
A is involved in the biosynthesis of glucocorticods.An
optimum concentration of vitamin A is required for
nornal activity of Mitochondria.
 Vitamin A has role in vision in dim light.It is essential for
rod or night vision.It forms rhodopsin present in
rods.This pigment is sensitive to light.
 Vitamin A has role in cone vision.These cones contain
pigments cyanopsin,iodopsin and porphyropsin.
 It causes hypervitaminosis A .Excessive intake of
vitamin A in man produces a number of symptoms
especially in infants and young children.it Causes
headache, nausea,vomiting and drowsiness within few
hours.

11.  Vitamin A is stored in the liver mainly as its esters.Kidney
and lung also store vitamin A but to a lesser amount.
 Vitamin A is carried in blood plasma by lipoprotien.In
protien defeciency the blood level of vitamin A may be
decreased due to the lack of the transporting protien.
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN A :
 It plays role in normal growth and health.
 It has role in vision specially night vision.Active ingredient
in the vision process is oxidized form of retinol.
 It has also role in reproduction
 It plays role in mucus secretion and maintenance of
differentiated epithelial.
 It has role in cell development,increament of immunity and
has antioxidant role.

12.  Great importance for the human body has a B-carotene
which is the most abundant carotene in nature.
 B-carotene is an unusual type of lipid antioxidant.it can
compliment anti oxidative features.
 Absorption of vitamin A is done in the intestine by bile
acids.When using a B-carotene it is partially converted into
vitamin A at the intestine membrane and in liver.
 It gives prevention from chronic diseases with the help of
B-carotenes.Lungs and skin cancers are reduced.
 For vitamin A to perform as a friend or foe is a dose
dependent issue.Thus the micronutrients should be
provided in balanced amount so that the body can deal
with it safely and properly.

13. CLINICAL ROLE OF VITAMIN A :
 Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness.its earliest sign
is that person will be un able to see in the dim light.Prolong
deficiency leads to irreversible loss of visual cells.
 Its deficiency causes pathological dryness of conjuctiva and
cornea.Untreated xeropthalmia results in corneal
ulceration.
 Keratomalacia is also a vit A deficient opthalmic
disorder.cornea become dull and sensitive.Prolonged
deficiency of vitamin A cause necrosis of cornea.
 Its deficiency leads to Genito-Urinary disorders.In this
kidney stones may be formed due to accumulation of stone
forming compounds.

14.  Its deficiency causes pulmonary disorder. Cilia of the
respiratory tract are lost resulting in higher rates of chest
infections.
 Its deficiency may also lead to dermatological
disorders.Vitamin A is required for healthy epithelium.
 Its deficiency causes dry skin,scaling of skin and forms
small pustules around hair follicles.
 Acne and pustules are effectively treated by retinoic acid
and its derivatives
 Its defeciency causes defective dentine.Formation of the
tooth enamel will be defective and this may lead to dental
caries.
 Vitamin A defeciency can result from inadequate intake,fat
malabsorption or liver disorders.Defeciency impairs
immunity and hematopoiesis and causes rashes and
occular effects.

15. Vitamin D
 Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids
Earlier vitamin D was Known as fat soluble factor D
 It is also known as calciferol as it is said to help in
deposition of calcium in bones
 Unlike other vitamins, vitamin D functions like a
hormone, and every single cell in your body has a
receptor for it.
Types of vitamin D
Several forms of vitamin D exist.
The two major forms are:
 Vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol
 Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
These are known collectively as calciferol.
Other types include D1 ,D4 ,D5

16. Function of Vitamin D
PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D
 The vitamin D hormone functions to increase serum
calcium concentrations through 3 separate activities.
 First, it is the only hormone known to induce the proteins
involved in active intestinal calcium absorption.
 Furthermore, it stimulates active intestinal absorption of
phosphate.
Recommended daily dose of
Vitamin D
Adults 400 – 800 I.U
Children 400 I.U

18. Uses of Vitamin D
 Supplementation with vitamin D is a reliable method for
preventing or treating rickets
 For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with
calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly
increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems.
 In general, vitamin D functions to activate the innate and
dampen the adaptive immune systems with antibacterial,
antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.Deficiency has been
linked to increased risk or severity of viral infections,
including HIV and COVID-19.
 Taking vitamin D by mouth prevents bone loss in people
taking drugs called corticosteroids. Also, taking vitamin D
alone or with calcium seems to improve bone density in
people with existing bone loss caused by using
corticosteroids.

19.  Applying vitamin D in the form of calcitriol, calcipotriene,
maxacalcitol, or paricalcitol can help treat plaque-type
psoriasis.
 Vitamin D3 reduces the risk of cavities by 36% to 49% in
infants, children and adolescents.
 Taking vitamin D helps prevent respiratory infections in
children and adults. A respiratory infection can be the flu,
a cold, or an asthma attack triggered by a cold or other
infection.
 Taking vitamin D in forms known as dihydrotachysterol,
calcitriol, or ergocalciferol by mouth is effective for
increasing calcium blood levels in people with low
parathyroid hormone levels.

20. Used as an adjunctive in the
treatment of:
Arteriosclerosis
Epilepsy
Breast cancer
Hypertension
Depression
IBD (inflammatory bowel
disease )
Multiple seclerosis
Osteoporosis
Periodontal disease
Pre eclampsia

21. Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency
 Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency include
 darker skin
 older age
 less milk drinking
 less sun exposure
 sunscreen use
 no vitamin D supplement use.
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
 Osteomalacia
 Hyperhidrosis
 Fatigue and Tiredness
 Bone and Back Pain
 Depression
 Impaired Wound Healing

22. Bone Loss
Hair Loss
Sources
Fish
Liver
Oils
Egg yolk
Butter
Red meat
Fortified foods
Mushrooms

23. Vitamin E or Tocopherol
 It is also called anti aging factor.
 The word tocopherol is derived from the word toco
meaning child birth and pheros meaning to bear.
 It is yellow oily liquid freely soluble in fat.
METABOLIC OR BIOCEMICAL ROLE
 Vitamin E is the most powerful natural antioxidant Free
radicals are continuously being generated in living systems.
 It reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by reducing of LDL
Vitamin E can depress leucocyte oxidative bacteriocidal
activity.
 Protects liver from bing damaged by toxic compounds
such as carbon tetrachloride.

24.  Gradual deterioration of aging process is due to the
cumulative effects of free radicals Vitamin E also boosts
immune response.
 Vitamin E protects RBC,s from hemolysis,by preventing
the peroxidation,it keeps the structural and functional
integrity of all cells.
 Vitamin E is able to quench the lipid peroxidation chain
and to protect the plasma membranes from attack of free
radicals.
 Prevents oxidation of vitamin A and carotenes
 Vitamin E may have protective effect against UV induced
skin damage.
 Vitamin E has been shown to decrease radiation induced
chromosome damage in animal models.

25. PYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF VITAMIN E
1. ADSORPTION:
 Small intestine.
 It is incorporated into lipo proteins{VLDL and LDL} and
transportated through the blood stream via the lymph.
 A recently study revealed that vitamin C,carotenoids, and
polyphenols significantly impaired the intestinal absortion
of alpha-tocopherol.
 Intestinal absorption of vitamin E involves complex
mechanisms such as intracellular trafficking proteins, the
modulation of nuclear receptors, and the activity of
adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters.
Dispersion of vitamin E in the intestinal lumen, together
with dietary lipids, can markedly influence vitamin E
digestion and absorption.

26.  These findings support the concept of varying degrees of
vitamin E bioavailability. Upon entering the cir- culation
via the thoracic lymph, chylomicron triglycerides are
hydrolyzed by endothelium-bound LPL, resulting in the
production of chylomicron remnants. Released fatty
acids and some vitamin E molecules are then transferred
to peripheral tissues, whereas chylomicron remnants,
also carrying vitamin E, are then taken up by hepatic
endocytosis through a receptor-mediated mechanism.
2.STORAGE:
 Liver and fatty tissue.
3.EXCRETION:
 The micro nutrient {ABOVE MENTIONED} may be
influenced by gene regulating intestinal
uptake,intracellular trafficking,and lipoprotein secretion
of Vitamin E.

27.  It has got protective effect on reproduction and
prevention of sterility.
 It dilates the capillaries and enables the blood to flow
freely.
 It functions as co factor in electron transport chain
 Other benefits of Vitamin E include helping to control
blood pressure and lowering blood sugar.

28. Clinical Role of Vitamin E
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) contributes to the normal
maintenance of biomembranes, the vascular and nervous
systems, and provides antioxidant protection for vitamin
A.
Deficiency of vitamin E in children leads to reversible
motor and sensory neuropathies; this problem also has
been suspected in adults
Vitamin E toxicity has not been established clearly.
Chronically excessive ingestion has been implicated as a
cause of thrombophlebitis, although this has not been
definitively verified.

29. Premature infants who require an oxygen-enriched
atmosphere are at increased risk for bronchopulmonary
dysplasia and retrolental fibroplasia; supplementation
with vitamin E has been shown to lessen the severity of,
and may even prevent, those problems.
Vitamin E is known to promote the formation of
prostacyclin in endothelial cells and to inhibit the
formation of thromboxanes in thrombocytes, thereby
minimizing the aggregation of thrombocytes at the
surface of the endothelium.
In addition, low blood levels of vitamin E may be
associated with abetalipoproteinemia, presumably as a
result of a lack of the ability to form very low-density
lipoproteins and chylomicrons in the intestinal absorptive
cells of affected persons

30. SOURCES:
 Wheat germ oil
 Sunflower and soybean
 Almonds
 Peanut butter
 Pumpkin
 Red bell pepper
 Asparagus
 Mango
 Avacado
 Octopus
 Lobster
 Cray fish
 Snails
SUNFLOWER
SEED

31. Vitamin K
 Vitamin k is the only fat soluble vitamin with a specific
coenzyme function
 It is required for the production of blood clotting factors,
essential for coagulation ( in German -Koagulation; hence
called as Vitamin K )
Chemistry:
 Vitamin K exist in different forms
 Vitamin – K1
 Vitamin – K2
 Vitamin – K3
Vitamin K1
 It is phylloquinone
 Present in plants
 Isolated from alfalfa leaves
 It has phytyl side chain

32. Vitamin K2
 It is menaquinone.
 Produced by the intestinal bacteria and also found in
animals.
 It has isoprenyl side chain.
Vitamin K3
 Also known as menadione
 It is a synthetic form of vitamin k
 It lacks side chain and it is water soluble
 All the three vitamins ( K1 , K2 ,K3 ) are naphthoquinone
derivatives
 Isoprenoid side chain is present in K1 and K2
 Three vitamins are stable to heat
 Their activity is lost by oxidizing agents, strong acid and
alkalies

33. Physiological Role of Vitamin K
 Vitamin K1 the precursor of most vitamin K in nature,is an
important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an
electron acceptor during photosynthesis.
 Vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic
tissues of plants , but it occurs in far smaller quantities in
other plant tissues (roots, fruits etc).
 The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no
resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function
in animals.
 Vitamin K is involved in the carboxylation of certain
glutamate residues in protein to form gamma-
carboxyglutamate residues
 The modified residues are often situated within specific
protein domains.

34. Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium,and are
essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins.
 17 humans proteins with Gla domains have been
discovered and they play key roles in the regulation of
physiological processes.
 Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor ll), factors Vll, IX
and X and proteins C,S and Z.
 Bone metabolism:osteocalcin, also called bone Gla
protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP), periostin and the
recently discovered Gla-rich protein (GRP).
 Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6).

35. Biological Role of Vitamin K
 Biologically, the most active is Vitamin K1. The biological
function of vitamin k is reflected in the mechanism of
blood coagulation.
 Vitamin K is essential for normal blood plasma protein
building-prothrombin, which is as inactive precursor of
thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
producing clot. In this process calcium ion is necessary.
 Vitamin K is needed to maintain normal concentration of
blood coagulation factors ll,Vll,IX and X, all of which are
synthesized in the liver in inactive form and their
conversion into active form is vitamin k dependent.
 The absorption of vitamin k in the intestines it is needed a
normal fat absorption.
 Vitamin K is produced by many microorganism, most of
the plant and was discovered in the tissue of all organism.

36.  An important role of vitamin K has in bone
mineralization.It is especially important to consume it
for better healing of injured bones and to prevent and
treat osteoporosis.
 In people with osteoporosis, calcium get out from the
bones, it is also noted that the level of vitamin K is
reduced.
 Vitamin K plays a role in bone calcification
 The experimental conditions showed that vitamin K3
can inhibit a variety of cancers ( especially
breast,overian,colon, stomach, kidney and lung cancer).
 The effect of this vitamin can be compared to some
chemotherapeutic agents.
 Vitamin K is partially accumulates in peripheral tissues,
and it is not always necessary to be in the food.

37. Clinical role of Vitamin K
 Vitamin K is one of the treatment for bleeding events
caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin . it
can be administered by mouth, intravenously or
subcutaneously.
 Vitamin K is also used in situations when a patient INR is
greater than 10 and there is no active bleeding
 Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime
for poisoning by redenticide.
 Vitamin K treatment may only be necessary in people who
deliberately have consumed large amount of rodenticide
 Patient are given oral vitamin K1 to prevent the negative
effects of rodenticide poisoning.
 Vitamin K is given as an injection to newborns to prevent
vitamin k deficiency bleeding.

38.  The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are
roughly 30%-60% that of adult values;this may be due to
reduced synthesis of precursor protein and the sterility
of their guts.
 Human milk contain 1-4ug/L of vitamin K1, while formula
derived milk contain up ti 100 ug/L in supplemented
formulas
 Vitamin K2 concentration in human milk appear to be
much lower than those of vitamin K1
 There is no good evidence that vitamin K
supplementation benefits the bone health of
postmenopausal women

39.  Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with
claims it can slow tumor growth; however,no good medical
evidence supports such claims
 Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the
inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening but there
have been few interventional studies and no good
evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit
in the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases