UV-Visible Spectroscopy involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions with matter. When molecules absorb this radiation, electrons are excited from one energy level to a higher level. This causes absorption bands to appear in the absorption spectrum. Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Chromophores are groups that absorb radiation, while auxochromes shift absorption to longer wavelengths by extending conjugation. Spectroscopy has applications in quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, detection of functional groups and impurities, and determination of properties like extent of conjugation.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY. This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
TYPES OF PEAKS IN MASS SPECTROSCOPY.pptxAnupamaCp2
Types of peaks in mass spectroscopy.
Molecular ion or parent peak.
base peak.
fragment ions.
rearrangement ion.
multiple charged ion.
negative ion.
metastable ion.
isotopes ion.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY. This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
TYPES OF PEAKS IN MASS SPECTROSCOPY.pptxAnupamaCp2
Types of peaks in mass spectroscopy.
Molecular ion or parent peak.
base peak.
fragment ions.
rearrangement ion.
multiple charged ion.
negative ion.
metastable ion.
isotopes ion.
Principle
Interferences
Instrumentation and
Applications
The principle of flame photometer
is based on the measurement of the emitted light intensity when a metal is introduced into the flame.
The wavelength of the colour gives information about the element and
the colour of the flame gives information about the amount of the element present in the sample.
Flame photometry is one of the branches of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy.
Currently, it has become a necessary tool in the field of analytical chemistry. Used to
Determine the concentration of certain metal ions like
potassium,lithium, calcium, cesium etc. In flame photometer spectra the metal ions are used in the form of atoms.
(IUPAC) Committee on Spectroscopic Nomenclature has named this technique as flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Principle of Flame photometer
The compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Group II) dissociate into atoms when introduced into the flame.
Some of these atoms further get excited to even higher levels. But these atoms are not stable at higher levels.
Hence, these atoms emit radiations when returning back to the ground state.
These radiations generally lie in the visible region of the spectrum.
Each of the alkali and alkaline earth metals has a specific wavelength. Instrumentation-Source of flame, Nebuliser, Monochromator(Prism monochromator, Grating monochromators)DETECTOR (
The radiation emitted by the elements is mostly in the visible region and measured by photo detector. Hence conventional detectors like photo voltaic cell or photo tubes or photomultiplier tube is used), READ OUT DEVICE
[The signal from the detector is shown as a response in the digital read out device. The readings are displayed in an arbitrary scale (% Flame Intensity).], working of flame photometer, Advantages and disadvantage of flame photometer, Errors /interference in Flame Photometry-Flame Temperature, chemical interference, Radiation interference
Application of flame photometry
UV spectroscopy, Electronic transitions, law of UV, Deviations of UV, chromop...Rajesh Singh
This PowerPoint Presentation includes the principle, electronic transitions, application, chromophore, Auxochrome, Deviations and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented by Rajesh Singh in GLA University Mathura.
Principle
Interferences
Instrumentation and
Applications
The principle of flame photometer
is based on the measurement of the emitted light intensity when a metal is introduced into the flame.
The wavelength of the colour gives information about the element and
the colour of the flame gives information about the amount of the element present in the sample.
Flame photometry is one of the branches of atomic absorption spectroscopy.
It is also known as flame emission spectroscopy.
Currently, it has become a necessary tool in the field of analytical chemistry. Used to
Determine the concentration of certain metal ions like
potassium,lithium, calcium, cesium etc. In flame photometer spectra the metal ions are used in the form of atoms.
(IUPAC) Committee on Spectroscopic Nomenclature has named this technique as flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Principle of Flame photometer
The compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals (Group II) dissociate into atoms when introduced into the flame.
Some of these atoms further get excited to even higher levels. But these atoms are not stable at higher levels.
Hence, these atoms emit radiations when returning back to the ground state.
These radiations generally lie in the visible region of the spectrum.
Each of the alkali and alkaline earth metals has a specific wavelength. Instrumentation-Source of flame, Nebuliser, Monochromator(Prism monochromator, Grating monochromators)DETECTOR (
The radiation emitted by the elements is mostly in the visible region and measured by photo detector. Hence conventional detectors like photo voltaic cell or photo tubes or photomultiplier tube is used), READ OUT DEVICE
[The signal from the detector is shown as a response in the digital read out device. The readings are displayed in an arbitrary scale (% Flame Intensity).], working of flame photometer, Advantages and disadvantage of flame photometer, Errors /interference in Flame Photometry-Flame Temperature, chemical interference, Radiation interference
Application of flame photometry
UV spectroscopy, Electronic transitions, law of UV, Deviations of UV, chromop...Rajesh Singh
This PowerPoint Presentation includes the principle, electronic transitions, application, chromophore, Auxochrome, Deviations and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented by Rajesh Singh in GLA University Mathura.
Uv visible spectroscopy with InstrumentationSHIVANEE VYAS
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the interaction of matter with light.
OR
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Electromagnetic radiation is energy that is propagated through free space or through a material medium in the form of electromagnetic waves, such as radio waves, visible light, and gamma rays, etc. Electromagnetic waves consist of discrete packages of energy which are called as photons.
uv-visible spectroscopy also available video lecture on youtube channel name ...Pharma Rising, Bhopal
This slide contain introduction, electromagnetic radiation, lamberts beers law, principal, instrumentation, application of uv visible spectroscopy
also contain data interpretation and difference and factor which affect absorption
absorption shift and effects
Uv visible spectroscopy absorption methods.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY.
This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE
● What is Spectroscopy?
● Principles of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
● Features of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
● Absorption Laws
● Instrumentation
● Electronic Transitions
● Absorption and Intensity Shifts
● Auxochrome and Chromophore concepts
● Woodward-fieser Rules
● Applications
4. Spectroscopy
● It is the branch of science that
deals with the study of interaction
of electromagnetic radiation with
matter.
● Electromagnetic radiation consist
of discrete packages of energy
which are called the photons.
● A photon consists of an oscillating
electric field and oscillating
magnetic field which are
perpendicular to each other.
Source: https://www.turito.com/blog/physics/electromagnetic-waves
5. Spectroscopy
● Spectrum is a graph of intensity of
absorbed or emitted radiation by
sample versus frequency (ν) or
wavelength (λ)
● A spectrometer is an instrument
used to measure the spectrum of
a compound.
Source: https://qr.ae/prR8qw
7. Principle
● It is the branch of science that
deals with the study of interaction
of electromagnetic radiation (in
the UV-Visible spectra region) with
matter.
● A record of the amount of light
absorbed by the sample as a
function of the wavelength of light
in mμ or nm units is called
absorption spectrum which
generally consists of absorption
bands.
Source: Elementary Organic Spectroscopy by Y R Sharma
9. Features
● The absorption spectrum of UV has
higher sensitivity and lower detection
limit. So it is commonly used in
quantitative analysis.
● Since ultraviolet region has shorter
electromagnetic radiation
wavelength, and energy is larger, it
can reflect the situation of the
transition of the mid valence
electron.
● The far ultraviolet region (below 200
nm) is not much studied due to
absorption by oxygen and nitrogen.
Must be carried out under vacuum.
Source: Elementary Organic Spectroscopy by Y R Sharma
11. Beer’s law
Beer’s law: When a beam of monochromatic radiation is passed through a solution of an
absorbing substance, the rate of decrease of intensity of radiation with thickness of the
absorbing solution is proportional to the intensity of incident radiation as well as the
concentration of the solution.
Mathematically, this law is stated as
-(dI/dx)= k’ Ic
Where -(dl/dx) = rate of decrease of intensity of radiation with thickness of the absorbing
medium,
dI = infinitesimally small decrease in the intensity of radiation on passing through infinitesimally
small thickness, dx of the medium,
c = concentration of the solution in moles litre,
k’= molar absorption coefficient and its value depends upon the nature of the absorbing
substance.
12. Lambert’s law
Lambert’s law: When a beam of monochromatic radiation passes through a homogeneous
absorbing medium, the rate of decrease of intensity of radiation with thickness of absorbing
medium is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
Mathematically, the law is expressed as:
-(dI/dx) = kI
-(dl/dx) = rate of decrease of intensity of radiation with thickness of the absorbing medium,
dI = infinitesimally small decrease in the intensity of radiation on passing through infinitesimally
small thickness, dx of the medium,
I=intensity of radiation after passing through a thickness x, of the medium,
k=proportionality constant or absorption coefficient. It’s value depends upon the nature of the
absorbing medium.
13. Beer-Lambert’s law
● Beer-Lambert’s law: On combining the two laws, the Beer-Lambert Law can be
formulated as below :
log(I0/I)=𝛜.c.l = A
Where I0= Intensity of incident light.
I = Intensity of transmitted light.
c = Concentration of solution in moles litre–1
l = Path length of the sample (usually 1 cm).
𝛜 = Molar extinction coefficient (or molar absorptivity).
A = Absorbance.
● Limitation of Beer-Lambert’s law: This law is not obeyed:
a) When different forms of the absorbing molecules are in equilibrium as in keto-enol
tautomers.
b) When fluorescent compounds are present.
c) When solute and solvent form complexes through some sort of association.
17. Electronic Transitions
● Electronic transitions take place
when electrons in a molecule are
excited from one energy level to a
higher energy level, when they absorb
ultraviolet or visible light.
● According to the molecular orbital
theory, when a molecule is excited by
the absorption of energy (UV or
visible light), its electrons are
promoted from a bonding to an
antibonding orbital.
● Antibonding orbitals are the high
energy molecular orbitals. Source: Elementary Organic Spectroscopy by Y R Sharma
18. Electronic Transitions
1. 𝝈→𝝈* transitions: It is a high energy process since 𝝈
bonds are, in general, very strong. The organic
compounds in which all the valence shell electrons
are involved in the formation of sigma bonds do not
show absorption in the normal ultra-violet region. Eg;
methane, propane.etc
2. n→𝝈* transition: This type of transition takes place in
saturated compounds containing one hetero atom
with unshared pair of electrons (n electrons). Eg;
halides, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones etc.
3. 𝝅→𝝅* transitions: This type of transition occurs in the
unsaturated centres of the molecule i.e., in
compounds containing double or triple bonds and also
in aromatics. Eg; alkenes, alkynes, carbonyl
compounds. etc
Source: Elementary Organic Spectroscopy by Y R Sharma
19. Electronic Transitions
1. n→𝝅* transition; In this type of transition, an electron of unshared electron pair on hetero
atom gets excited to 𝝅* antibonding orbital. This type of transition requires least amount of
energy out of all the transitions and hence occurs at longer wavelengths. Eg; Saturated
aldehydes. Etc
Depending upon the symmetry and value of εmax, the transitions can be classed as :
(a) Allowed Transitions (b) Forbidden Transitions
● The transitions with values of εmax, more than 104 are usually called allowed transitions. They
generally arise due to 𝝅→𝝅* transitions.
● The forbidden transition is a result of the excitation of one electron from the lone pair
present on the heteroatom to an antibonding 𝝅* orbital. n→𝝅* transition near 300 mμ in
case of carbonyl compounds with εmax value between 10–100, is the result of forbidden
transition. The values of εmax for forbidden transition are generally below 104.
● The transition (allowed or forbidden) is related with the geometries of the lower and the
higher energy molecular orbitals and also on the symmetry of the molecule as a whole.
23. Chromophore
● It is defined as any isolated covalently bonded group that shows a characteristic
absorption in the ultraviolet or the visible region.
● Some of the important chromophores are ethylenic, acetylenic, carbonyls, acids, esters,
nitrile group etc.
● There are two types of chromophores-
1. Chromophores in which the group contains electrons and they undergo n⇀π*
transitions. Such chromophores are ethylenes, acetylenes etc
2. Chromophores which contain both π electrons and n (non-bonding) electrons. Such
chromophores undergo two types of transitions i.e., π⇀π* and n⇀π*. Examples of
this type are carbonyls, nitriles, azo compounds, nitro compounds etc
24. Chromophore
● Non-conjugated alkenes show an intense absorption below 200 nm & are therefore
inaccessible to UV spectrophotometer.
● Non-conjugated carbonyl group compound give a weak absorption band in the 200-300
nm region.
● Conjugation of C=C and carbonyl group shifts the λmax of both groups to longer
wavelength.
1,5 hexadiene
λmax = 178 nm
2,4 hexadiene
λmax = 227 nm
25. Auxochrome
● An auxochrome can be defined as any group-which does not itself act as a chromophore
but whose presence brings about a shift of the absorption band towards the red end of
the spectrum (longer wavelength).
● Some common auxochromic groups are —OH, —OR, —NH2, —NHR, —NR2, —SH etc.
● The effect of the auxochrome is due to its ability to extend the conjugation of a
chromophore by the sharing of non-bonding electrons. Thus, a new chromophore results
which has a different value of the absorption maximum as well as the extinction
coefficient.
30. Applications
● Quantitative Analysis
○ Molar concentration of the solute can be determined.
● Qualitative Analysis
○ Characterization of Aromatic compounds and Olefins.
● Detection of functional groups
○ Applied to detect the presence or absence of the chromophore.
○ If the spectrum is transparent above 200 mμ, it shows the absence of (i)
conjugation (ii) a carbonyl group (aldehydes and ketones) (iii) benzene or aromatic
compounds and also (iv) bromo or iodo atoms.
● Detection of impurities
● Determination of molecular weight using Beer’s law
31. Applications
● Determination of extent of conjugation
● Determination of preference over two Tautomeric forms
● Detection of Geometrical isomers