Introduction, Coupling vibration, Requirements for effective coupling, References.
coupling occurs in IR by stretching and bending vibration, symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching vibration.
This document discusses overtones and Fermi resonance in infrared spectroscopy. It defines overtones as absorptions that occur at integral multiples of the fundamental frequency, such as a band at 1000 cm-1 accompanying a fundamental at 500 cm-1. Fermi resonance occurs when a fundamental and overtone band have similar energies, causing them to interact and shift in intensity and frequency. This can result in a "Fermi doublet" with one band increasing while the other decreases in energy. The document provides examples of overtones and Fermi resonance in infrared spectra.
This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
This document contains the slides from a seminar presentation on interpreting infrared spectroscopy. It begins with an overview of the principle and components of IR spectroscopy. It then discusses the different modes of molecular vibrations that can be observed in IR spectra, including stretching and bending vibrations. The document proceeds to explain the features of typical IR spectra and how they can be used. It concludes by interpreting various functional groups that can be identified in IR spectra, including O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, C=C and others, based on their characteristic absorption regions.
1313
C NMR spectroscopy provides information about the number and types of nonequivalent carbon atoms in a molecule. It detects the number of protons bonded to each carbon and the electronic environment of the carbons. The chemical shift range for 1313
C NMR is much wider than for 1H NMR, from 0 to 220 ppm versus 0 to 12 ppm, making individual carbon signals easier to distinguish. Signal averaging and Fourier transform techniques improve the sensitivity of the 1313
C NMR spectrum. Decoupling and DEPT experiments can also provide information about the types of carbon atoms present.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
This document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) focusing on Carbon-13 (13C) NMR. It defines NMR and explains the principles of how atomic nuclei absorb energy from radiofrequency fields in a magnetic field. The summary discusses key aspects of 13C NMR including that 13C is difficult to detect due to its low natural abundance, advantages over 1H NMR, factors affecting chemical shifts, techniques to simplify spectra like decoupling, and applications like DEPT NMR to determine functional groups.
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
The document discusses infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. It begins by defining IR spectroscopy and explaining that it deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then discusses the different IR regions and how IR radiation causes molecular vibrations when it hits a molecule. The document goes on to describe different types of molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, scissoring, and twisting vibrations. It also discusses factors that affect vibrational frequencies such as atomic mass and bond strength. Finally, it briefly discusses instrumentation used in IR spectroscopy such as sources, sample cells, detectors, and the applications of IR spectroscopy.
This document discusses overtones and Fermi resonance in infrared spectroscopy. It defines overtones as absorptions that occur at integral multiples of the fundamental frequency, such as a band at 1000 cm-1 accompanying a fundamental at 500 cm-1. Fermi resonance occurs when a fundamental and overtone band have similar energies, causing them to interact and shift in intensity and frequency. This can result in a "Fermi doublet" with one band increasing while the other decreases in energy. The document provides examples of overtones and Fermi resonance in infrared spectra.
This document discusses various 2D NMR techniques used in pharmaceutical analysis including COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC, and INADEQUATE. It explains the principles and applications of each technique. COSY identifies protons that are coupled through bonds, while NOESY identifies protons that are spatially close. HSQC and HMBC correlate 1H and 13C signals to determine connectivity. INADEQUATE directly shows 13C-13C connectivity but has low sensitivity. Together, these 2D NMR methods provide detailed structural information about pharmaceutical compounds.
This document contains the slides from a seminar presentation on interpreting infrared spectroscopy. It begins with an overview of the principle and components of IR spectroscopy. It then discusses the different modes of molecular vibrations that can be observed in IR spectra, including stretching and bending vibrations. The document proceeds to explain the features of typical IR spectra and how they can be used. It concludes by interpreting various functional groups that can be identified in IR spectra, including O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, C=C and others, based on their characteristic absorption regions.
1313
C NMR spectroscopy provides information about the number and types of nonequivalent carbon atoms in a molecule. It detects the number of protons bonded to each carbon and the electronic environment of the carbons. The chemical shift range for 1313
C NMR is much wider than for 1H NMR, from 0 to 220 ppm versus 0 to 12 ppm, making individual carbon signals easier to distinguish. Signal averaging and Fourier transform techniques improve the sensitivity of the 1313
C NMR spectrum. Decoupling and DEPT experiments can also provide information about the types of carbon atoms present.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
This document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) focusing on Carbon-13 (13C) NMR. It defines NMR and explains the principles of how atomic nuclei absorb energy from radiofrequency fields in a magnetic field. The summary discusses key aspects of 13C NMR including that 13C is difficult to detect due to its low natural abundance, advantages over 1H NMR, factors affecting chemical shifts, techniques to simplify spectra like decoupling, and applications like DEPT NMR to determine functional groups.
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
The document discusses infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. It begins by defining IR spectroscopy and explaining that it deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then discusses the different IR regions and how IR radiation causes molecular vibrations when it hits a molecule. The document goes on to describe different types of molecular vibrations including stretching, bending, scissoring, and twisting vibrations. It also discusses factors that affect vibrational frequencies such as atomic mass and bond strength. Finally, it briefly discusses instrumentation used in IR spectroscopy such as sources, sample cells, detectors, and the applications of IR spectroscopy.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PNMR) is described. PNMR involves absorbing radiofrequency radiation by proton nuclei in a strong magnetic field. It is used to determine the type and number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. The chemical shift range is 0-14 ppm and splitting is seen between non-equivalent protons. PNMR provides information on molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Applications include structure elucidation of organic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules. Differences between PNMR and carbon-13 NMR are also outlined.
Vibrational frequencies can shift from normal values due to several factors:
1) Coupled vibrations occur when bond vibrations interact, causing asymmetric and symmetric stretches at different frequencies than isolated bonds.
2) Fermi resonance involves coupling between fundamental and overtone vibrations, splitting peaks between the two modes.
3) Hydrogen bonding lowers frequencies as it strengthens interactions between donor and acceptor groups. Stronger bonding yields greater shifts to lower frequencies.
4) Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and field effects influence frequencies by strengthening or weakening bonds.
The document discusses the Van Deemter equation, which relates the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) in gas chromatography to experimental parameters like particle diameter, diffusion coefficients, and flow rate. It explains that HETP is affected by eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion, and mass transfer between phases. The Van Deemter equation can be used to optimize chromatographic performance by identifying conditions that minimize band broadening like adjusting flow rates and using smaller stationary phase particles.
Lanthanide shift reagents are used in NMR spectroscopy to induce shifts in proton resonances. Europium complexes are commonly used shift reagents that cause downfield shifts, while cerium complexes cause upfield shifts. The amount of shift depends on the distance between the metal ion and protons, and the concentration of the shift reagent. Shift reagents simplify NMR spectra by resolving overlapping peaks and providing more detailed information about molecular structures. They are especially useful for distinguishing geometric isomers.
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
The document discusses spin-spin splitting in NMR spectroscopy. It explains that the n+1 rule states that a proton near n equivalent protons will split into n+1 peaks. It provides examples of how this rule predicts doublets, triplets and other multiplets. Specific examples discussed include ethanol, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and the spectra of ethyl iodide and 2-nitropropane. The origins of spin-spin coupling and common splitting patterns are also covered.
2D NMR provides more information than 1D NMR by plotting data in a space defined by two frequency axes. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments including COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR. COSY identifies spin-coupled protons by showing cross peaks between protons that are directly bonded. NOESY correlates protons that are near each other in space but not necessarily directly bonded. HETCOR plots 1H and 13C spectra on separate axes and connects carbon signals to bonded proton signals. 2D NMR techniques provide additional structural information about molecules compared to traditional 1D NMR.
Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds consisting of a ring containing several ether groups. Common crown ethers include tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer of ethylene oxide. The term "crown" refers to their resemblance to a crown sitting on a person's head when bound to a cation. Crown ethers have applications in synthesis such as esterification and aromatic substitution reactions. They also have analytical applications such as determination of metals in geological samples and use as phase transfer catalysts.
This document discusses proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy), specifically focusing on spin-spin coupling, coupling constants, and the different types of coupling that can occur including geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling. It explains that the coupling constant value increases with increasing bond angle and electronegativity. It also discusses first order spectra and provides examples of geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling, as well as factors that affect coupling constant values.
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
Factors affecting IR absorption frequency Vrushali Tambe
1. Many factors affect the absorption frequency in IR spectroscopy, including reduced mass, bond strength, hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and molecular structure.
2. Coupling between vibrations and Fermi resonance can cause frequency shifts and intensity changes. Hydrogen bonding causes broad bands while strong bonds absorb at higher frequencies.
3. Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and conjugation influence frequency by altering bond strength. Ring size, hybridization, and physical state also impact the absorption frequency.
This document discusses chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy. It begins by defining chemical shift as the shift in the NMR signal resulting from shielding and deshielding by electrons. Protons near electronegative atoms experience deshielding and absorb at lower fields, while protons near electropositive atoms experience shielding and absorb at higher fields. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) is commonly used as an internal reference standard due to its non-reactivity and single peak. Factors that influence chemical shift include electronegativity, anisotropy, hydrogen bonding, and molecular structure. Common isotopes used in NMR include 1H, 13C, 19F, and 31P. Reference standards are necessary for quantitative NMR and include T
The document discusses NMR spectroscopy of various nuclei and their applications to inorganic molecules. It provides details on the natural abundance, spin, magnetic moment, and magnetogyric ratio of common NMR-active nuclei such as 1H, 2H, 11B, 13C, 17O, 19F, 29Si, and 31P. It then discusses the applications of 19F, 29Si, and 31P NMR spectroscopy for structure elucidation of inorganic molecules. Examples are provided to illustrate how NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants can provide information about functional groups, molecular structures, and stereochemistry.
A. 13C NMR spectroscopy provides information about carbon structures in organic compounds. It measures the small differences in magnetic field strength needed for carbon nuclei to resonate. These differences are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as a standard. Factors like electronegativity, hybridization, and hydrogen bonding affect the chemical shift values. 13C NMR has applications in metabolic studies and industrial analyses of solids.
This document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of organic compounds based on their molecular structure. It introduces the basic terminology and presents the parent values and incremental contributions for calculating λmax for different functional groups in conjugated dienes, aromatics, α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, and compounds with more than four conjugated double bonds. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the rules for each class of compounds. The document is intended as an introduction to the Woodward-Fieser rules and their use in predicting UV-vis absorption spectra based on molecular structure.
This document provides an overview of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It discusses how IR spectroscopy works by absorbing IR radiation that causes bonds to stretch and bend. It describes the different IR regions and the types of molecular vibrations that occur in each region. Factors that influence vibrational frequencies like hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and coupling are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing considerations for sampling solids, liquids, and gases for IR spectroscopy analysis.
Various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR spectroscopy.vishvajitsinh Bhati
various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR,
• Coupled vibrations
• Fermi resonance
• Electronic effects
• Hydrogen bonding
and their examples
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PNMR) is described. PNMR involves absorbing radiofrequency radiation by proton nuclei in a strong magnetic field. It is used to determine the type and number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. The chemical shift range is 0-14 ppm and splitting is seen between non-equivalent protons. PNMR provides information on molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Applications include structure elucidation of organic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules. Differences between PNMR and carbon-13 NMR are also outlined.
Vibrational frequencies can shift from normal values due to several factors:
1) Coupled vibrations occur when bond vibrations interact, causing asymmetric and symmetric stretches at different frequencies than isolated bonds.
2) Fermi resonance involves coupling between fundamental and overtone vibrations, splitting peaks between the two modes.
3) Hydrogen bonding lowers frequencies as it strengthens interactions between donor and acceptor groups. Stronger bonding yields greater shifts to lower frequencies.
4) Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and field effects influence frequencies by strengthening or weakening bonds.
The document discusses the Van Deemter equation, which relates the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) in gas chromatography to experimental parameters like particle diameter, diffusion coefficients, and flow rate. It explains that HETP is affected by eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion, and mass transfer between phases. The Van Deemter equation can be used to optimize chromatographic performance by identifying conditions that minimize band broadening like adjusting flow rates and using smaller stationary phase particles.
Lanthanide shift reagents are used in NMR spectroscopy to induce shifts in proton resonances. Europium complexes are commonly used shift reagents that cause downfield shifts, while cerium complexes cause upfield shifts. The amount of shift depends on the distance between the metal ion and protons, and the concentration of the shift reagent. Shift reagents simplify NMR spectra by resolving overlapping peaks and providing more detailed information about molecular structures. They are especially useful for distinguishing geometric isomers.
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
The document discusses spin-spin splitting in NMR spectroscopy. It explains that the n+1 rule states that a proton near n equivalent protons will split into n+1 peaks. It provides examples of how this rule predicts doublets, triplets and other multiplets. Specific examples discussed include ethanol, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and the spectra of ethyl iodide and 2-nitropropane. The origins of spin-spin coupling and common splitting patterns are also covered.
2D NMR provides more information than 1D NMR by plotting data in a space defined by two frequency axes. There are several types of 2D NMR experiments including COSY, NOESY, and HETCOR. COSY identifies spin-coupled protons by showing cross peaks between protons that are directly bonded. NOESY correlates protons that are near each other in space but not necessarily directly bonded. HETCOR plots 1H and 13C spectra on separate axes and connects carbon signals to bonded proton signals. 2D NMR techniques provide additional structural information about molecules compared to traditional 1D NMR.
Crown ethers are cyclic chemical compounds consisting of a ring containing several ether groups. Common crown ethers include tetramer, pentamer, and hexamer of ethylene oxide. The term "crown" refers to their resemblance to a crown sitting on a person's head when bound to a cation. Crown ethers have applications in synthesis such as esterification and aromatic substitution reactions. They also have analytical applications such as determination of metals in geological samples and use as phase transfer catalysts.
This document discusses proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR spectroscopy), specifically focusing on spin-spin coupling, coupling constants, and the different types of coupling that can occur including geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling. It explains that the coupling constant value increases with increasing bond angle and electronegativity. It also discusses first order spectra and provides examples of geminal, vicinal, and long range coupling, as well as factors that affect coupling constant values.
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
Factors affecting IR absorption frequency Vrushali Tambe
1. Many factors affect the absorption frequency in IR spectroscopy, including reduced mass, bond strength, hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and molecular structure.
2. Coupling between vibrations and Fermi resonance can cause frequency shifts and intensity changes. Hydrogen bonding causes broad bands while strong bonds absorb at higher frequencies.
3. Electronic effects like induction, mesomerism, and conjugation influence frequency by altering bond strength. Ring size, hybridization, and physical state also impact the absorption frequency.
This document discusses chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy. It begins by defining chemical shift as the shift in the NMR signal resulting from shielding and deshielding by electrons. Protons near electronegative atoms experience deshielding and absorb at lower fields, while protons near electropositive atoms experience shielding and absorb at higher fields. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) is commonly used as an internal reference standard due to its non-reactivity and single peak. Factors that influence chemical shift include electronegativity, anisotropy, hydrogen bonding, and molecular structure. Common isotopes used in NMR include 1H, 13C, 19F, and 31P. Reference standards are necessary for quantitative NMR and include T
The document discusses NMR spectroscopy of various nuclei and their applications to inorganic molecules. It provides details on the natural abundance, spin, magnetic moment, and magnetogyric ratio of common NMR-active nuclei such as 1H, 2H, 11B, 13C, 17O, 19F, 29Si, and 31P. It then discusses the applications of 19F, 29Si, and 31P NMR spectroscopy for structure elucidation of inorganic molecules. Examples are provided to illustrate how NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants can provide information about functional groups, molecular structures, and stereochemistry.
A. 13C NMR spectroscopy provides information about carbon structures in organic compounds. It measures the small differences in magnetic field strength needed for carbon nuclei to resonate. These differences are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as a standard. Factors like electronegativity, hybridization, and hydrogen bonding affect the chemical shift values. 13C NMR has applications in metabolic studies and industrial analyses of solids.
This document discusses the Woodward-Fieser rules for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of organic compounds based on their molecular structure. It introduces the basic terminology and presents the parent values and incremental contributions for calculating λmax for different functional groups in conjugated dienes, aromatics, α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, and compounds with more than four conjugated double bonds. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the rules for each class of compounds. The document is intended as an introduction to the Woodward-Fieser rules and their use in predicting UV-vis absorption spectra based on molecular structure.
This document provides an overview of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It discusses how IR spectroscopy works by absorbing IR radiation that causes bonds to stretch and bend. It describes the different IR regions and the types of molecular vibrations that occur in each region. Factors that influence vibrational frequencies like hydrogen bonding, electronic effects, and coupling are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing considerations for sampling solids, liquids, and gases for IR spectroscopy analysis.
Various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR spectroscopy.vishvajitsinh Bhati
various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR,
• Coupled vibrations
• Fermi resonance
• Electronic effects
• Hydrogen bonding
and their examples
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy, including:
- The wavelength ranges of near, mid, and far infrared radiation.
- Infrared spectroscopy is used to identify functional groups and determine which bonds are present in a molecule.
- Absorption occurs when the frequency of infrared radiation matches the frequency of vibrational and rotational transitions in a molecule.
- Molecular vibrations include stretching and bending modes.
- Factors that influence vibrational frequencies include hydrogen bonding, conjugation, and substituent effects.
- Instrumentation for infrared spectroscopy includes a source, monochromator, sample compartment, detector, and recorder. Common sources are Nernst glower sources that are heated electrically.
infrared spectroscopy and factors effecting the IRBakhtawarRasheed
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to study molecular vibrations. It can be used to identify chemical bonds and functional groups in molecules. The document discusses the principles of IR spectroscopy including Hooke's law, factors that affect vibrational frequencies, and applications such as identification of functional groups, detection of impurities, and quality control. Common types of molecular vibrations like stretching and bending vibrations are described along with how they relate to peaks in IR spectra.
Ir principle and factors affecting-lakshmi priyasuhasini
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy, including:
- The three regions of the infrared spectrum based on wavelength and wavenumber.
- How infrared spectroscopy detects the natural vibrational frequencies of bonds in molecules when radiation is absorbed.
- The two main types of molecular vibrations observed (stretching and bending).
- Factors that influence vibrational frequencies such as hydrogen bonding, bond angles, and electronic effects.
- The typical frequency ranges and intensities associated with common functional groups.
Basics of Infrared Spectroscopy : Theory, principles and applicationsHemant Khandoliya
1. Spectroscopy involves using electromagnetic radiation to obtain information about atoms and molecules. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy specifically analyzes molecular vibrations that occur when IR radiation is absorbed.
2. IR spectroscopy is useful for structure elucidation and identification of organic compounds by determining their functional groups based on characteristic absorption bands. It can also be used to study reaction progress and detect impurities.
3. Factors like hydrogen bonding, coupling effects, and electronic effects can influence vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectra. Advanced applications include quantitative analysis, studying isomerism, and determining unknown contaminants.
Infrared spectroscopy involves using infrared radiation to study molecular vibrations. When the frequency of infrared radiation matches the natural vibrational frequency of a molecule, absorption occurs, exciting the molecule to a higher vibrational state. Each bond in a molecule has characteristic vibrational frequencies that depend on the masses of the atoms and strength of the bonds. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify organic compounds based on their unique absorption frequencies, determine functional groups present, and study reactions and phenomena like hydrogen bonding and keto-enol tautomerism.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most important analytical technique used for determining the functional group present in both inorganic & organic compounds.
IR spectroscopy is a technique based on the vibrations of the atom of a molecule.
IR spectroscopy measures the vibrations of atoms, through which it is possible to determine the functional groups.
Steroids have four rings arranged in a specific configuration and are classified into three types of hormones. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy analyzes electronic transitions that occur when organic compounds absorb UV radiation. Chromophores and auxochromes determine a molecule's ability to absorb light at specific wavelengths. Interpretation of cholesterol's UV spectrum showed absorption peaks corresponding to carbon-carbon double bonds. Infrared spectroscopy identified functional groups in cholesterol through peaks attributed to O-H, C=H, C-H, and C=O bonds. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry further analyzed cholesterol's molecular structure.
IR introduction Introduction, Principle & Theorynivedithag131
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum to study vibrational transitions in molecules. When IR radiation is passed through a sample, some wavelengths are absorbed by the bonds and functional groups in the molecules, which causes the bonds to vibrate. The vibrational frequencies are characteristic of certain bonds and functional groups, allowing the presence of those structures to be determined. The positions and intensities of the absorption bands provide information about the molecular structure of the sample being analyzed.
IR Spectroscopy with detailed introductionnivedithag131
This document provides a seminar on infrared spectroscopy, covering the introduction, principle, and theory of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the different types of vibrations molecules can undergo and how this relates to their infrared absorption. Factors that influence vibrational frequencies like coupled vibrations, hydrogen bonding, and electronic effects are explained. The relationship between wavelength and wave number is defined. The document also covers the degrees of freedom in molecules and how this relates to the number of fundamental absorption bands.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and the theory behind infrared absorption. It can be summarized as:
1. Infrared radiation interacts with molecules, exciting vibrational and rotational transitions when the radiation frequency matches the natural frequency of the vibration or rotation.
2. For a molecule to absorb infrared radiation, it must undergo a net change in dipole moment during vibration or rotation.
3. Molecular vibrations are categorized as stretches, which change bond lengths, or bends, which change bond angles. The infrared spectrum reveals information about a molecule's vibrational modes.
The document discusses the use of infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups in organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption frequencies. It explains the factors that determine absorption frequencies such as bond strength, atom mass, and changes in dipole moment during vibrational motions. Examples are provided to illustrate how infrared spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between different functional groups and elucidate molecular structures.
FACTORS AFFECTING IR VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES.pdfSudha durairaj
This presentation discuss about he factors affecting IR vibrational frequencies. It discuss about various factors such as Bond Order, Fermi resonance, Inductive effect etc..
Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the vibrational and rotational absorption bands of molecules within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Different functional groups absorb infrared radiation at characteristic wavelengths that can be used for compound identification. Molecular vibrations occur when bonds stretch, bend, scissor, rock, wag, or twist, causing a change in dipole moment that allows absorption of infrared radiation.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and how it can be used to identify different functional groups in organic molecules based on their characteristic absorption peaks. It provides details on the infrared absorption regions and peaks associated with common functional groups like alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and others. The document emphasizes that infrared spectroscopy allows detection of functional groups based on their unique bond vibrations.
Similar to Coupling vibration in IR(Infra Red) spectroscopy and their significance. (20)
The document provides 6 multiple choice questions about the nervous system: 1) The structure and functions of neurons, 2) The various lobes of the brain and their functions, 3) What the meninges are, 4) A note on the ventricles, 5) What CSF is and its functions, 6) What reflex action is and the parts of the reflex arc. Students are instructed to attempt any 5 questions worth 5 marks each.
Human life is based upon the principle of work.
▪ One has to work to earn his livelihood.
▪ Pharmacy is one of the professions.
▪ The pharmacy council of India has introduced a new subject
named “Drug store and business management”.
▪ Syllabus is divided into two parts – part I commerce and part
II Accountancy.
▪ The purpose of this subject is to familiarise the students with
the basic concept of business, its proper management, sources
of finances in order to run it successfully and the last, the way
and means to note down various transactions in books of
account with a view to having a permanent record of the same.
The document provides information about an individual, D. R. Chandravanshi, who is an Assistant Professor (Ad hoc) in the Department of Pharmacy at Guru GhasidasVishwavidyalaya university located in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Distribution is significant rated as a significant function of marketing. After
production a product moves to the market and finally to the consumer.
▪ This journey of the product from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer is
made possible through certain defined paths, termed as, “Channels of
Distribution”
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that have a high degree of specificity (mono-specificity) for an antigen or epitope. Monoclonal antibodies are typically derived from a clonal expansion of antibody producing malignant human plasma cells. The initial monoclonal antibodies were created by fusing spleen cells from an immunized mouse with human or mouse myeloma cells (malignant self-perpetuating antibody producing cells), and selecting out and cloning the hybrid cells (hybridomas) that produced the desired antibody reactivity. These initial monoclonal products were mouse antibodies and were very valuable in laboratory and animal research and diagnostic assays, but were problematic as therapeutic agents because of immune reactions to the foreign mouse protein. Subsequently, production of chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibodies and means of further “humanizing” them and producing fully human recombinant monoclonal antibodies were developed.
Chapter-1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and PhysiologyD.R. Chandravanshi
Anatomy (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine.
Program among these measures are the NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS, which have been launched by the central government of control/ eradication of communicable diseases, improvement of environmental sanitation, raising the standard of nutrition, control of population and improving rural health. Introduction
The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is unique in bringing together the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of drug registration. Since its inception in 1990, ICH has gradually evolved, to respond to the increasingly global face of drug development. ICH’s mission is to achieve greater harmonisation worldwide to ensure that safe, effective, and high quality medicines are developed and registered in the most resource-efficient manner. On 23 October 2015, ICH announced organisational changes as it marks 25 years of successful harmonisation.
Forms of business organization, DSBM D.Pharma 2nd yearD.R. Chandravanshi
The legal entity can be in any form of a business organization. The various forms of organization are as follows: 1) Sole proprietorship 2) Partnership 3) Co-operative Society 4) Joint stock company (Private and Public) These are explained in brief as follows:-3.1 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you will be able to know z Various forms of organization z Its formation & features z Merits & Demerits
Psoriasis is an autoimmune condition that affects skin. It is characterized by changes in the skin that include hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and akantosis.
They are attributed to an increased mitosis rate in the basal region of the epidermis, as well as disorders of maturing and differentiating keratinocytes.
These changes in the dermis and epidermis cause the typical desquamation of the stratum corneum observed in psoriasis. The psoriatic lesions indicate an inflammatory reaction caused by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils.
These cytokines may stimulate the inflammatory response via the lipoxygenase and the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways.
The red, scaling psoriatic plaques often itch and burn. People with psoriasis may suffer discomfort, including pain and itching and emotional distress Psoriasis affects 1% to 2% of the population.
Omega−3 fatty acids, also called Omega-3
oils, ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids,
are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
characterized by the presence of a double
bond three atoms away from the terminal
methyl group in their chemical structure.
They are widely distributed in nature, being
important constituents of animal lipid
metabolism, and they play an important
role in the human diet and in human
physiology.
https://www.slideshare.net/DauRamChandravanshi1
Pilot Plant:-
“Defined as a part of pharmaceutical industry where a lab scale formula is transformed into viable product by the development of liable practical procedure for manufacture”.
Scale-up:-
“The art of designing of prototype using the data obtained from the pilot plant model”
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC) is a pumped flow chromatography techniques that combine the user – friendly interface of HPLC with the capacity of flash chromatography and multidimensionally of TLC .
Optimum performance laminar chromatography (OPLC ) , in a contrast , is a pumped flow chromatography system that uses a planar 2D column format .
The multidimensionally capacity of OPLC is not limited to the separation technique alone , but also to the multitude of sample application and detection methods that are available .
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
This document discusses synthetic peptide vaccines and recombinant antigen vaccines. It begins with definitions of vaccines and how they work to induce an immune response. It then describes two types of modern vaccines: synthetic peptide vaccines and recombinant antigen vaccines. Synthetic peptide vaccines use short fragments of viral or bacterial proteins that contain epitopes to induce an immune response, while recombinant antigen vaccines produce antigens through DNA technology by inserting viral or bacterial DNA into cells that then express the antigen protein. Both types of modern vaccines offer advantages over traditional vaccines like easier production and stability without refrigeration.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Immunity
It can be defined as the resistance to disease, specifically to infectious disease or pathogens. The term “immune” is derived from the Latin word “immunis” that is exempt from charges. In medical term, it refers to the being protected from infectious pathogens.
Immune system
It is adaptive defense system which is able to generate a variety of cell and molecules capable of specifically recognizing and eliminating a variety of limitless foreign invaders into the system.
In 1975 Georges Kohler and Milstein succeeded in making fusions of myeloma cell lines with B cells to create hybridomas that could produce antibodies.
antibody
Also known as immunoglobulin is a large, Y shaped glycoprotein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens.
monoclonal antibodies
Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell.
polyclonal antibodies
A polyclonal antibodies represents a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes on the same antigen.
A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition.
SEMs can magnify an object from about 10 times up to 300,000 times. A scale bar is often provided on an SEM image. From this the actual size of structures in the image can be calculated.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the synergistic combination of two analytical method to separate and identify different substances within a test sample.
Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture in time.
Mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
Parenterals are the sterile preparation that is directly administered into the circulatory system avoiding the enteral route. And these preparation provide rapid onset of action that is why the administered preparation must be safe.
Stability problem arise from microbial contamination of these products so sterility and stability must be ensured for these preparations.
To ensure their sterility and stability, regulations regarding to quality control through pharmacopeial specifications has great importance.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Coupling vibration in IR(Infra Red) spectroscopy and their significance.
1. Coupling Vibration in IR and its Significance
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya,
Sagar M.P.
Presented by -
DauRam Chandravanshi
M. Pharm I sem.
3. Introduction
• Strong coupling of stretching vibrations occurs when there is a common atom
between the two vibrating bonds. Coupling of bending vibrations occurs when there
is a common bond between vibrating groups.
• When two bond oscillators share a common atom, they rarely behave as individual
oscillators unless the individuals oscillation frequencies are widely different. This is
because mechanical coupling interaction between the oscillators. For example of CO2
4. Coupling vibrations
• An isolated C-H bond has only one stretching vibrational frequency where as
methylene group shows two stretching vibrations, symmetrical and
asymmetrical.
• Asymmetric vibrations always occur at higher frequencies or wavenumbers
than symmetric stretching vibrations. These are known as coupled vibrations.
5. • Since these vibrations occur at different frequencies than that required
for an isolated C-H stretching similarly, coupled vibrations of –CH3
group occur at different frequencies compared to -CH2 group.
6. • Sometimes it happens that two different vibrations levels have almost the
same energy. If such vibrations belongs to the same species (i.e. –CH2 or
–CH3 group), then a mutual perturbation of energy may occur, resulting
in the shift of one towards lower frequency while the other towards
higher frequency. It is also accompanied by a substantial increase in the
intensity of the respective bands.
7. The Requirements for effective coupling
interaction
1. The vibrations must be of the same symmetry species if interaction is to
occur.
OO C
• If no coupling occurs the absorption should be at = 1725 - 1705 cm-1
• The high absorption of C=O in CO2 comparing with C=O in carbonyl
compounds (C=O stretching vibrations in aliphatic ketone: 1725 - 1705 cm-1)
because of coupling between the two C=O bonds
' = 2330 cm-1
8. 2. Coupling between bending and stretching vibrations can occur the
stretching band forms one side of the changing angle that varies in the
bending vibrations.
bond
c
a bbond
• Coupling may occurs between c, a and b bending and c-a or b-a
stretching vibrations.
9. 3. Interaction is maximum when the coupled group absorb near the same
frequency.
4. Strong coupling between stretching vibration requires a common atom
between the groups.
5. A common bond necessary for coupling of bending vibrations.
bondbond
common bond
10. 5. If the groups are separated by the two or more bonds, little or no
interaction occur.
a
b
c
d
e
f
• No coupling between a-b and e-f. Coupling requires that the vibrations
be of the same symmetry species
11. Identification of compounds due to effect of coupling:
• The position of an absorption peak corresponding to a given organic
functional group varies due to coupling.
• These variations result from a coupling of the CO stretching with
adjacent CC stretching or C-H vibrations.
H
H
H
O H H
H
H
H
H
O H H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
H
H
HC C C C C C C
1034 cm-1 1053 cm-1 1105 cm-1
12. References
• Silverstein R. M., Webster F. X., Kiemle D. J. and Bryce D. L.
Spectrometric identification of organic compounds 8th edition 2016,
published by Willey India Pvt. Ltd. 74-75.
• Kaur H. Spectroscopy, publisher Pragati Prakashan 14th edition 2018,
139-140.
• Pavia Donald L. Lampman Gary M., Kriz George S. and Vyvyan James
R. Cengage Learning 5th edition 2015,
Editor's Notes
1.Because of mechanical coupling or interaction between C-H stretching vibrations in the CH2 group.