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Urinary system
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle with glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, where blood is filtered, and a renal tubule with various segments that modify the filtrate and produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, when urine exits the body through the urethra. The urinary system removes wastes and regulates fluid and electrolyte balance.
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Urinary system
- 1. The Urinary System Departmentof histology, cytology and embryology Kharkiv National Medical University Ukraine 2012 Lecture for medical students
- 2. System Integration food, waterintake oxygen intake elimination of carbon dioxide Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Urinary System elimination of excess water salts, wastes rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of food residues nutrients, water, salts carbon dioxide water solutes oxygen
- 3. The Urinary System •Paired kidneys • A ureter for each kidney • Urinary bladder • Urethra
- 4. • ureters –muscular tubes connecting renal pelvis to urinary bladder • urinary bladder – distensible reservoir; receives bilateral ureters and empties via midline urethra smooth muscle forms detrussor muscle; specialized distally as internal urethral sphincter
- 5. RENAL PARENCHYMA • RENALPYRAMIDS –EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX (RENAL COLUMNS) DIVIDE MEDULLA INTO 6 – 10 RENAL PYRAMIDS –PYRAMID + OVERLYING CORTEX = LOBE –POINT OF PYRAMID = PAPILLA –PAPILLA NESTED IN CUP (MINOR CALYX) –2 – 3 MINOR CALICES MAJOR CALYX –2 – 3 MAJOR CALICES RENAL PELVIS –RENAL PELVIS URETER
- 6. KIDNEY FUNCTIONS • FILTERBLOOD PLASMA, ELIMINATE WASTES • REGULATE BLOOD VOLUME, PRESSURE • REGULATE FLUID OSMOLARITY • SECRETE RENIN • SECRETE ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) • REGULATE PCO2, ACID-BASE BALANCE • SYNTHESIZE CALCITROL (VITAMIN D) • DETOXIFY FREE RADICALS, DRUGS • GLUCONEOGENESIS
- 7. Kidney Functions • Regulationof blood ionic composition • Regulation of blood pH • Regulation of blood volume • Regulation of blood pressure • Maintenance of blood osmolarity • Production of hormones • Regulation of blood glucose levels • Excretion of waste and foreign substances
- 8. Urinary System Function •Removal of toxic waste products • Regulation of blood volume • Regulation of electrolyte balance • Regulation of acid-base balance • Regulation of fluids/electrolytes in tissue fluid • Production of erythropoietin*
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- 11. NEPHRONS • FUNCTIONAL UNITSOF KIDNEY • ~1.2 MILLION PER KIDNEY • THREE MAIN PARTS –BLOOD VESSELS –RENAL CORPUSCLE –RENAL TUBULE
- 12. Nephron – functionalunit of kidney
- 13. RENAL CORPUSCLE • GLOMERULUSPLUS CAPSULE • GLOMERULUS ENCLOSED IN TWO- LAYERED GLOMERULAR CAPSULE –“BOWMAN’S CAPSULE” • FLUID FILTERS FROM GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES –“GLOMERULAR FILTRATE” • FLUID COLLECTS IN CAPSULAR SPACE • FLUID FLOWS INTO RENAL TUBULE
- 14. RENAL TUBULE • LEADSFROM GLOMERULAR CAPSULE • ENDS AT TIP OF MEDULLARY PYRAMID • ~3 CM LONG • FOUR MAJOR REGIONS –PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE –NEPHRON LOOP –DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE –COLLECTING DUCT
- 15. URINE FORMATION OVERVIEW • BLOODPLASMA URINE • FOUR STEPS –GLOMERULAR FILTRATION –TUBULAR REABSORPTION –TUBULAR SECRETION –WATER CONSERVATION
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- 19. histology of urinarysystem 19 RENAL CORPUSCLE
- 20. III. Renal Corpuscle Secondaryprocesses interdigitate around glomerular capillaries. The narrow space between processes is the filtration slit.
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- 22. Structure • consists of(1) glomerulus and (2) Bowman’s capsule – glomerulus – tufts of capillaries; fed by afferent arteriole and drains to efferent arteriole – Bowman’s capsule – double-walled (visceral and parietal) epithelial capsule – ~ 200 micrometers diameter – urinary pole – leads to proximal convoluted tubule; route of filtrate – vascular pole – site of afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) arterioles supplying glomerulus Renal Corpuscle – site of filtration
- 24. EM structure ofGlomerular Filtration Barrier
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- 26. Structure tubules formed bysimple cuboidal epithelia apical surface covered with microvilli creating LM brush border - increase surface area for ion absorption cells tightly bound to one another to seal off intercellular space from lumen - tight junctions and zonula adherens apically; interdigitating plicae (folds) laterally interdigitating basal processes contain numerous mitochondria; creates LM basal striations; associated with ion transport Proximal convoluted tubule
- 28. • located withincortex • approximately 1/3 as long as proximal • contacts renal corpuscle at macula densa to form juxtaglomerular apparatus (below) • morphology similar to straight portion • function: ion exchange Distal convoluted tubule
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- 32. The thin limbof the loop of Henle
- 33. Histologically the ascendingthick limb & the distal convoluted tubules are the same
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- 36. Thin limbs ofthe loop of Henle
- 37. Cortical and JuxtamedullaryNephrons
- 38. 38histology of urinarysystem Nephrons
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- 44. Comparison of thetubule
- 45. • Start incortex and descend through medulla • as ducts coalesce and increase in size, cells of tubes change from somewhat squamous to cuboidal to columnar • terminate at tip of renal pyramid where urine enters into minor calyx • distinguishable cell margins • central nuclei with poorly staining cytoplasm • At EM level many possess single cilium and sparse microvilli Collecting tubules / ducts
- 46. Histological structure ofcalyces, renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder broadly similar mucosa – lined by transitional epithelium over connect tissue lamina propria transitional epithelium – impermeable to water and salts; distendable lamina propria- dense irregular collagen fibers muscularis – smooth muscle layer bi-laminar: inner longitudinal and outer circular; produce peristalsis adventitia / serosa – connective tissue coat with or without mesothelial covering Ureter / Bladder
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- 50. Transitional epithelia changesdepending on how full the urinary bladder is
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- 52. • fibromuscular tubeconnecting bladder to external urethral orifice • sexually dimorphic males – terminal duct for both urinary and genital systems females – urinary system only • lining – in both sexes grades from transitional epithelium adjacent to bladder to stratified squamous at orifice males have stratified columnar or pseudostratified columnar in middle portion Urethra
Editor's Notes
- #3 Main Idea of This Slide – Significance of Urinary system