The kidney functions to regulate osmolarity, remove metabolic waste, and produce hormones. It contains nephrons which filter blood to form urine. Each nephron includes a renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule is made of several segments that modify the filtrate through reabsorption, secretion, and other processes. Urine exits the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder and urethra to be excreted from the body.

2. Kidney
Produce Ultrafiltate
•Called Urine
Urine Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

4. Function
•Osmoreguration
•Remove metabolic waste

5. Endocrine function
Erythropoietin - regurate erythropoietic
in bone marrow
Rennin - Control blood preesure
Vitamin D – regurate balance calcium

6. General structure of kidney

7. Interior anatomy of kidney
- Cortex
1. Convoluted par convoluta
- Proximal and distal
- Renal corpuscle
- Interlobular a. v.
- Afferent and efferent arteriole

8. 2. Straight par radiata
- ascending and descending limbs of loob of henle straight
tubule
- Collecting duct
Straight medullary rays

9. Medulla pyramid
2. Straight tube
-Loop of henle
-Vasa recta
-Collecting duct

11. Devide 2 zone
1. Outer Zone
- Mainly loop of henle Thick and Thin
2. Inner Zone renal pappila
- loop of henle only thin
- Cappillaries
- vessel

13. vascurature

14. Nephron
Type of nephron
1. Cortical
2. Juxtamedulla
- Short-looped nephron
- long thick segments , short thin segments
- Long-looped nephron
- short thick segments , long thin segments

15. Nephron

16. Nephron
Consists of
1. Renal corpuscle
2. Renal tubule
- filtration
- resorption
- secretion

17. Renal Corpuscle
Consists of
1.Glomerulus
2.Bowman’s capsule
- fenestrated capillary
- fed by afferent arteriole and drains to
efferent arteriole
- double-walled epithelium capsule

18. Renal Corpuscle

19. Renal Tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Proximal straight tubule (thick descending limb)
Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb
Distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
Collecting duct

20. Filtering apparatus
1. Endothelium of glomerular capillaries
2. Glomerular basement membrane
3. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
4. The slit membrane

22. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
found between the vascular pole of the renal
corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of
the same nephron.
1. Juxtaglomerular cell
- secrete Renin (part of Renin Angiotensis system)
2. Mesangial cells
- Chemoreceptors cell : ion concentration in blood
3. Macula Densa
- senses any increase in the sodium chloride
concentration in the distal tubule of the kidney

23. Cortical Nephron
- 85% of Nephorn

24. Juxtamedullary Nephron
- Henle loop longer than Cortical
nephron
- Renal corpuscle closer to medulla
- Enabling excretion of dilute or
concentrate urine
- Vasa recta

28. Proximal Convoluted Tubule

29. Proximal straight tubule
Descending Thin Tubule
Ascending thin tubule
Distal straight Tubule

30. Loop of Henle
Location
• In medulla
Content
• Descending tubule
• Ascending tubule
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ph3-09-solute-and-
water-movement/deck/1101248

31. Loop of Henle

32. Descending tubule
http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Loop+Of+Henle&lang=1
Function
• Reabsorption water
Segment of tubule
• Long thin tubule
– Simple squamous epithelium
• Short thick tubule
– Simple low cuboidal epithelium

33. Ascending tubule
http://www.lookfordiagnosis.com/mesh_info.php?term=Loop+Of+Henle&lang=1
Function
• Reabsorption sodium
Segment of tubule
• Short thin tubule
– Simple squamous epithelium
• Long thick tubule
– Simple low cuboidal epithelium

34. Thick & Thin segment

35. Thick & Thin segment

36. Distal convoluted tubule
http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lec
ture%20outlines/urinary_system.htm
Location
• In cortex
Length
• 1/3 as long as proximal
tubule
Epithelium
• Simple cuboidal epithelium
Function
• Ion exchange

37. Distal convoluted tubule

38. Distal convoluted tubule
http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/RN008b.htm

39. Medullary ray
• “many tubules of
straight tubule”

40. Medullary ray

41. Juxtaglomerular apparatus

42. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
•
–Juxtaglomerular cells
–Macula densa
–Extraglomerular mesangial cells

43. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Juxtaglomerular cells
• Smooth muscle
• afferent arteriole
• renin

44. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Macula densa
• distal tubule
• renin paracrine activity
salt concentration fluid volume
distal tubule

45. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Extraglomerular mesangial cells
- Chemoreceptor cells
- Secret erythropoietin

46. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• Mechanism
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- NaCl
distal
convolutated
tubule
- blood pressure

47. Collecting tubule/duct
• Cortex
medulla
• Cell
• Central nucleus
• Simple cuboidal
epithelium
• minor calyx
•
ADH

48. Collecting tubule/duct

49. Collecting tubule/duct

50. Papilla

51. Nerve supply
sympathetic
• vasoconstriction of afferent
• vasoconstriction of efferent

52. Ureter/Bladder
• Mucosa : transitional epithelium
• Lamina propria- dense irregular collagen fibers
• Muscularis – smooth muscle layer
Ureters : renal pelvis

53. Ureter

54. Urinary bladder

55. Urethra
• Male : terminal duct
urinary genital systems
• Female : urinary system

56. 3
1. Prostatic urethra : transitional epithelium
2. Membranous urethra : stratified/pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
3. Penile urethra : pseudostratified columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
•
• Epithelium : transitional pseudostratified
columnar stratified squamous

57. urethra