The urinary system consists of paired kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and excess water, which are collected in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, the functional units that filter the blood, reabsorb necessary molecules, and secrete wastes into the urine. The collected urine is concentrated in the kidneys before exiting through the ureters into the bladder for storage and eventual expulsion.
12.08.08: Histology of the Urinary Tract Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Renal
12.08.08: Histology of the Urinary Tract Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Renal sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Renal
Urinary system
a) Anatomy and physiology of urinary system
b) Formation of urine
c) Renin Angiotensin system – Juxtaglomerular apparatus - acid base Balance
d) Clearance tests and micturition
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra.The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.
The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Kidney and urinary system parts and their functions
Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:
Remove waste products and drugs from the body
Balance the body's fluids
Release hormones to regulate blood pressure
Control production of red blood cells
The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron consists of a ball formed of small blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small tube called a renal tubule. Urea, together with water and other waste substances, forms the urine as it passes through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney.
Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop. About every 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters.
Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours.
Upon examination, specific "landmarks" are used to describe the location of any irregularities in the bladder. These are:
Trigone: a triangle-shaped region near the junction of the urethra and the bladder
Right and left lateral walls: walls on either side of the trigone
Posterior wall: back wall
Dome: roof of the bladder
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. 2
The Urinary System
Paired kidneys
A ureter for each kidney
Urinary bladder
Urethra
3. 3
Main Functions of Urinary System
Kidneys filter blood to keep it pure
Toxins
Metabolic wastes
Excess water
Excess ions
Dispose of nitrogenous wastes from blood
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Regulate the balance of water and electrolytes,
acids and bases
4. 4
Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs (see next slide)
Superior lumbar region of posterior abdominal wall
Lateral surface is convex
Medial surface is concave
Hilus* is cleft: vessels, ureters and nerves enter and leave
Adrenal glands* lie superior to each kidney
(the yellow blob in pic)
*
*
9. 9
Kidney has two regions
Cortex: outer
Columns of cortex divide medulla into “pyramids”
Medulla: inner
Darker, cone-shaped medullary or renal pyramids
Parallel bundles of urine-collecting tubules
10. 10
The human kidney has lobes
Pyramid and cortical tissue surrounding it
5-11 per kidney
Renal pelvis (=basin)
Expanded, funnel shaped, superior part of ureter
Branches to form two or three major calices (seen best on right pic below)
Each of these divides again, minor calices: collect urine from papillae of
pyramids
11. 11
The Arteries
Aorta gives off right and left renal arteries
Renal arteries divides into 5 segmental arteries as enters hilus
of kidney
Segmentals branch into
lobar arteries
Lobars divide into
interlobars
Interlobars into arcuate in
junction of medulla and
cortex
Arcuates send interlobular
arteries into cortex
Cortical radiate arteries
give rise to glomerular
arterioles
12. 12
Vasculature of the kidney
The glomerular capillary bed is unusual in
having arterioles going both to it and away from
it (afferent and efferent), instead of a vein going
away as most
It is also unusual in having two capillary beds in
series (one following the other)
13. 13
Uriniferous tubule is the main structural and
functional unit
To left is a single, generalized
uriniferous tubule
More than a million of these
tubules act together to form the
urine
Three main mechanisms
a. Glomerular filtration
b. Tubular reabsorption
c. Tubular secretion
Two major parts
1. A urine-forming nephron
2. A collecting duct which
concentrates urine by removing
water from it
14. 14
Outline
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for
forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
– Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
– Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Tubular section
– Proximal convoluted tubule
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
15. 15
Outline
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for
forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
– Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
– Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Tubular section
– Proximal convoluted tubule
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
16. 16
Understand at least this much:
Filtration
a. Fluid is squeezed out of
the glomerular capillary
bed
Resorption
b. Most nutrients, water ad
essential ions are
returned to the blood of
the peritubular
capillaries
Secretion
c. Moves additional
undesirable molecules
into tubule from blood of
peritubular capillaries
17. 17
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Tubular section
Renal corpuscle: only in
cortex
Tuft of capillaries called
glomerulus
Surrounded by cup-shaped,
hollow glomerular
(Bowman’s) capsule
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of
capillaries)
Glomerular (Bowman’s)
capsule
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
18. 18
(refer to this(refer to this
pic as we go)pic as we go)
Visceral layer of
capsule has
podocytes
Unusual branching
epithelial cells
Foot processes with
slit processes
between them
-------------------
19. 19
Scanning EM of podocytes clinging to
capillaries (left) and filtration membrane
diagram (right) The capillary pores (fenestrations)
restrict the passage of the largest
elements such as blood cells
The basement membrane and slit
diaphragm hold back all but the smallest
proteins while letting through small
molecules such as water, ions, glucose,
amino acids, and urea
20. 20
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Tubular section
(processes the filtrate)
Proximal convoluted
tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted
tubule
(ends by joining
collecting duct)
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
21. 21
Proximal convoluted
tubule
Confined to renal
cortex
Cuboidal
epithelial cells
with long
microvilli (fuzzy
appearance in
pics)
Resorption of
water, ions and
solutes
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsu
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
*
22. 22
Loop of Henle
Descending limb
Thin segment
Thick ascending
limb
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
23. 23
Distal convoluted tubule
Confined to the
renal cortex
Simple cuboidal
epithelium
Selective
secretion and
resorption of ions
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries
Glomerular (Bowman’s) caps
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
24. 24
Classes of
nephrons
Cortical nephrons
85% of all
nephrons
Almost entirely
within cortex
Juxtamedullary
nephrons
Renal corpuscles
near cortex-
medulla junction
25. 25
Collecting Ducts
Each receives
urine from
several
nephrons
Run straight
through cortex
into the deep
medulla
Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming urine)
Nephron
Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Tubular section
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Collecting Duct
26. 26
Collecting Ducts
At papilla of
pyramid* ducts
join to form larger
papillary ducts
Empty into minor
calices
Role: conserve
body fluids
Uriniferous tubules
1. Nephron
2. Collecting ducts
*
27. 27
The collecting ducts
The most important role is to conserve body
fluids
When the body must conserve water, the
posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting
tubules and distal tubules to water so more is
reabsorbed
This decreases the total volume of urine
Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH, so less
water is reabsorbed producing copious amounts
of dilute urine (can cause dehydration)
28. 28
Vessels
Afferent and efferent arterioles associated with glomerular capillaries
Allows high pressure for forcing filtrate out of blood
About 20% of renal plasma flow is filtered each minute (125 ml/min): this is the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR), an important clinical measure of renal function
This is about one liter every 8 minutes (only 1% ends up as urine)
Peritubular capillaries arise from efferent arterioles
Absorb solutes and water from tubule cells
29. 29
The Vasa recta is a
portion of the
peritubular capillary
system which enters the
medulla where the
solute concentration in
the interstitium is high.
It acts with the loop of
Henle to concentrate
the urine by a complex
mechanism of counter
current exchange using
urea. If the vasa recta
did not exist, the high
concentration of solutes
in the medullary
interstitium would be
washed out.
____vasa recta
(vessels, continued)
The Vasa recta
34. 34
For studying
Parts of the kidney:
1. Renal pyramid
2. Efferent vessel
3. Renal artery
4. Renal vein
5. Renal hilum
6. Renal pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Minor calyx
9. Renal capsule
10. Inferior renal capsule
11. Superior renal capsule
12. Afferent vessel
13. Nephron
14. Minor calyx
15. Major calyx
16. Renal papilla
17. Renal column
35. 35
The Ureters
Slender tubes about
25 cm (10 “) long
leaving each renal
pelvis
One for each kidney
carrying urine to the
bladder
Descend
retroperitonealy and
cross pelvic brim
Enter posterolateral
corners of bladder
Run medially within
posterior bladder wall
before opening into
interior
This oblique entry
helps prevent backflow
of urine
36. 36
Ureters play an active
role in transporting urine
(it’s not just by gravity)
Three basic layers
Transitional epithelium
of mucosa stretches
when ureters fill
Muscularis
Inner longitudinal, outer
circular layers
Inferior 3rd
with extra
longitudinal layer)
Stimulated to contract
when urine in ureter:
peristaltic waves to
propel urine to bladder
Adventitia (external)
37. 37
Urinary Bladder Collapsible
muscular sac
Stores and expels
urine
Lies on pelvic floor
posterior to pubic
symphysis
Males: anterior to
rectum
Females: just
anterior to the
vagina and uterus
See also brief atlas
41. 41
If full: bladder is spherical and extends into
abdominal cavity (holds about 500 ml or 1 pt)
If empty: bladder lies entirely within pelvis with
shape like upside-down pyramid
Urine exits via the urethra
Trigone is inside area between ureters and
urethra: prone to infection (see slide 38)
42. 42
Bladder wall has three layers (same as ureters)
Mucosa with distensible transitional epithelium and
lamnia propria (can stretch)
Thick muscularis called the detrusor muscle
3 layers of highly intermingled smooth muscle
Squeezes urine out
Fibrous adventitia
43. 43
The Urethra
Smooth muscle with inner mucosa
Changes from transitional through stages to stratified squamous near end
Drains urine out of the bladder and body
Male: about 20 cm (8”) long
Female: 3-4 cm (1.5”) long
Short length is why females have more urinary tract infections than males -
ascending bacteria from stool contamination
Urethra____
urethra
44. 44
Urethral sphincters
Internal: involuntary sphincter of smooth muscle
External: skeletal muscle inhibits urination voluntarily
until proper time (levator anni muscle also helps
voluntary constriction)
Males: urethra has
three regions (see
right)
1. Prostatic urethra__________
2. Membranous urethra____
3. Spongy or penile urethra_____
_________trigone
female
46. 46
Micturition
AKA:
Voiding
Urinating
Emptying the bladder
(See book for diagram
explanation p 701)
KNOW:
Micturition center of brain:
pons
(but heavily influenced by
higher centers)
Parasympathetic: to void
Sympathetic: inhibits
micturition