This document discusses various dental products used to treat common dental problems. It begins by defining dental caries, plaque, calculus and gingivitis. It then describes different categories of dental products - anticaries agents like fluorides and sodium fluoride, dentifrices/cleaning agents like calcium carbonate, desensitizing agents like zinc chloride, and cements and fillers. Specific dental products are then discussed in more detail, including their composition, properties, uses, and mechanisms of action. The role of fluoride and phosphate in preventing dental caries is also explained. In summary, the document provides an overview of common dental issues and the products used to treat or prevent them.
This document provides information about oral hygiene, dental health, dental caries, and various dental products. It discusses the three layers that make up teeth, how dental caries form due to plaque bacteria producing acid, and the role of fluoride in preventing dental caries. It also describes common dental products like sodium fluoride, which is used to prevent tooth decay, calcium carbonate and zinc chloride, which are used as abrasives and desensitizers in dentifrices. Zinc eugenol cement, composed of zinc oxide, eugenol and other ingredients, is discussed as a temporary dental filling material.
The document discusses various dental products including anticaries agents, cleaning agents, and desensitizing agents. It describes the roles of calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride, and stannous fluoride as anticaries agents. It explains the mechanisms of dental caries/plaque formation and how fluoride prevents caries by forming fluorapatite. It also discusses the administration and potential side effects of fluoride overdose. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are provided as examples of desensitizing agents.
Dental hygiene and products that promote it are important for oral and overall health. There are many dental products on the market, including anticaries agents to prevent tooth decay like fluoride and ammoniated toothpastes, dentifrices for cleaning teeth, desensitizing agents for tooth sensitivity, mouthwashes with antiseptic and other properties, and temporary or permanent fillings and cements. Proper dental hygiene can be maintained through the regular use of evidence-based dental products.
This document discusses dental anatomy and common dental conditions and treatments. It describes the main parts of the tooth including enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. It then discusses dental caries, plaque, calculus, gingivitis, lesions, and dental adherents. For each condition it provides details on causes, over-the-counter treatments available, and notes that any serious or worsening conditions require seeing a dentist. The role of the pharmacist is to refer patients to a dentist as needed, educate them on proper use of OTC products, and advise disconnecting use if no improvement or worsening occurs.
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc chloride, and strontium chloride. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride help prevent dental caries by depositing on tooth surfaces and inhibiting acid production. Dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and sodium metaphosphate act as cleaning and polishing agents in toothpastes. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are used as desensitizing agents to reduce tooth sensitivity. All products should be stored in airtight containers.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
This document discusses various dental products including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cleansing agents, polishing agents, and desensitizing agents. It provides details on the composition, mechanisms of action, and uses of common agents like sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, dicalcium phosphate, strontium chloride, and zinc chloride. India has a high incidence of oral cancers due to poor dental health and habits like chewing tobacco. Maintaining proper dental hygiene through regular brushing with dentifrices containing these agents can help prevent tooth decay and promote oral health.
This document provides information about oral hygiene, dental health, dental caries, and various dental products. It discusses the three layers that make up teeth, how dental caries form due to plaque bacteria producing acid, and the role of fluoride in preventing dental caries. It also describes common dental products like sodium fluoride, which is used to prevent tooth decay, calcium carbonate and zinc chloride, which are used as abrasives and desensitizers in dentifrices. Zinc eugenol cement, composed of zinc oxide, eugenol and other ingredients, is discussed as a temporary dental filling material.
The document discusses various dental products including anticaries agents, cleaning agents, and desensitizing agents. It describes the roles of calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride, and stannous fluoride as anticaries agents. It explains the mechanisms of dental caries/plaque formation and how fluoride prevents caries by forming fluorapatite. It also discusses the administration and potential side effects of fluoride overdose. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are provided as examples of desensitizing agents.
Dental hygiene and products that promote it are important for oral and overall health. There are many dental products on the market, including anticaries agents to prevent tooth decay like fluoride and ammoniated toothpastes, dentifrices for cleaning teeth, desensitizing agents for tooth sensitivity, mouthwashes with antiseptic and other properties, and temporary or permanent fillings and cements. Proper dental hygiene can be maintained through the regular use of evidence-based dental products.
This document discusses dental anatomy and common dental conditions and treatments. It describes the main parts of the tooth including enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. It then discusses dental caries, plaque, calculus, gingivitis, lesions, and dental adherents. For each condition it provides details on causes, over-the-counter treatments available, and notes that any serious or worsening conditions require seeing a dentist. The role of the pharmacist is to refer patients to a dentist as needed, educate them on proper use of OTC products, and advise disconnecting use if no improvement or worsening occurs.
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc chloride, and strontium chloride. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride help prevent dental caries by depositing on tooth surfaces and inhibiting acid production. Dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and sodium metaphosphate act as cleaning and polishing agents in toothpastes. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are used as desensitizing agents to reduce tooth sensitivity. All products should be stored in airtight containers.
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
This document discusses various dental products including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cleansing agents, polishing agents, and desensitizing agents. It provides details on the composition, mechanisms of action, and uses of common agents like sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, dicalcium phosphate, strontium chloride, and zinc chloride. India has a high incidence of oral cancers due to poor dental health and habits like chewing tobacco. Maintaining proper dental hygiene through regular brushing with dentifrices containing these agents can help prevent tooth decay and promote oral health.
This document discusses dental products that act as anticaries agents. It outlines three types of anticaries agents - topical, immunological, and systemic - and lists their key constituents like fluoride, toothbrushes, antimicrobials, and cellulose. The document also notes that anticaries agents target the host, diet, and plaque and outlines ideal properties and the role of fluorides as an anticaries agent, specifically mentioning dibasic calcium phosphate.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Official compound of iodine and iodine contain preparation. Iodine uses, preparation, assay, storage, their physical, chemical properties and deficiency .
This document discusses various dental products used in dentistry. It begins by describing the anatomy of a tooth and common dental problems. It then classifies dental products into three main categories: anti-caries agents, desensitizing agents, and dentifrices. Specific anti-caries agents discussed include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate. Calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate are provided as examples of abrasive agents used in dentifrices. Finally, zinc oxide and zinc chloride are mentioned as common desensitizing agents used to reduce tooth sensitivity.
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
1. The document discusses dental products used for tooth decay including anticaries agents like fluorides, cleaning agents, polishing agents, and desensitizing agents.
2. Fluorides are the most common anticaries agents that help prevent tooth decay by decreasing enamel solubility and inhibiting bacterial growth. They can cause dental fluorosis if consumed in large quantities.
3. Common cleaning agents used are dicalcium phosphate and polishing agents include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate found in dentifrices.
4. Desensitizing agents like zinc chloride and strontium chloride are incorporated in dental products to reduce tooth sensitivity to heat and cold.
Dental products are substances used to maintain oral and dental health. The document discusses various dental products including dentifrices, anticaries agents, desensitizing agents, cements and fillers. It describes how dental caries develops due to the action of acids produced by bacteria on teeth. Prevention of dental caries involves maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing and flossing as well as the use of fluorides, which help remineralize tooth enamel. Common anticaries agents mentioned are sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate.
The limit test for iron involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample containing iron with thioglycollic acid in an alkaline solution to the color produced by a standard iron solution. Citric acid is added to the sample and standard, followed by thioglycollic acid and ammonia. A purple color will develop if iron is present. The intensity of the color in the sample is compared to the standard, and if the sample's color is less than or equal to the standard, it passes the limit test for iron.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
Tragacanth is a gum that is extracted from various species of Astragalus plants found in Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, and parts of India. It is composed of two fractions - tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. Chemically, tragacanth gum is made up mainly of sugars, uronic acid units, and contains constituents like tragacanthic acid. It has various uses as a thickening, suspending, emulsifying, and adhesive agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Lower grades of tragacanth gum and citral gum are sometimes used as adulterants, while
Protectives and adsorbents are drugs that adsorb intestinal toxins, bacteria, and form a protective coating on the inflamed gastrointestinal tract. They are chemically inert substances such as bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, and activated charcoal that are used to treat diarrhea and dysentery by adsorbing gases, toxins, and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document describes a test to detect the presence of arsenic in medicinal substances. The test works by reducing any arsenic in the sample to arsine gas using zinc, acid, and other reducing agents. The arsine gas is carried through a glass tube to mercuric chloride paper, where it will produce a yellow stain if arsenic is present. The intensity of the stain is compared to standard stains produced using known quantities of arsenic to determine if the level of arsenic passes the limit test. The test is run for 40 minutes and any yellow stain less intense than the standard passes, indicating the level of arsenic is below the limit.
This document discusses dental products used to promote oral health, including dentifrices, anti-caries agents, and desensitizing agents. It describes dental plaque as a sticky biofilm that forms on teeth and contributes to dental caries. Fluoride is discussed as an effective anti-caries agent when applied topically or through public water supplies in low concentrations. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride are mentioned as common topical fluoride agents. Side effects from fluoride overdosing like dental fluorosis are also summarized.
Fluoride is effective at preventing dental caries through several mechanisms: it reduces demineralization by lowering bacterial acid production and enamel solubility; increases remineralization of incipient lesions; and interferes with plaque microorganisms. Topical fluoride treatments delivered professionally as gels, foams, varnishes or professionally-applied solutions provide a localized source of fluoride to tooth surfaces, while systemic fluoride from water or supplements provides lower levels of fluoride incorporated into developing teeth and bone.
This document discusses dental products that act as anticaries agents. It outlines three types of anticaries agents - topical, immunological, and systemic - and lists their key constituents like fluoride, toothbrushes, antimicrobials, and cellulose. The document also notes that anticaries agents target the host, diet, and plaque and outlines ideal properties and the role of fluorides as an anticaries agent, specifically mentioning dibasic calcium phosphate.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
Official compound of iodine and iodine contain preparation. Iodine uses, preparation, assay, storage, their physical, chemical properties and deficiency .
This document discusses various dental products used in dentistry. It begins by describing the anatomy of a tooth and common dental problems. It then classifies dental products into three main categories: anti-caries agents, desensitizing agents, and dentifrices. Specific anti-caries agents discussed include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and sodium monofluorophosphate. Calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate are provided as examples of abrasive agents used in dentifrices. Finally, zinc oxide and zinc chloride are mentioned as common desensitizing agents used to reduce tooth sensitivity.
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
1. The document discusses dental products used for tooth decay including anticaries agents like fluorides, cleaning agents, polishing agents, and desensitizing agents.
2. Fluorides are the most common anticaries agents that help prevent tooth decay by decreasing enamel solubility and inhibiting bacterial growth. They can cause dental fluorosis if consumed in large quantities.
3. Common cleaning agents used are dicalcium phosphate and polishing agents include calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate found in dentifrices.
4. Desensitizing agents like zinc chloride and strontium chloride are incorporated in dental products to reduce tooth sensitivity to heat and cold.
Dental products are substances used to maintain oral and dental health. The document discusses various dental products including dentifrices, anticaries agents, desensitizing agents, cements and fillers. It describes how dental caries develops due to the action of acids produced by bacteria on teeth. Prevention of dental caries involves maintaining oral hygiene through regular brushing and flossing as well as the use of fluorides, which help remineralize tooth enamel. Common anticaries agents mentioned are sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate.
The limit test for iron involves comparing the color produced by reacting a sample containing iron with thioglycollic acid in an alkaline solution to the color produced by a standard iron solution. Citric acid is added to the sample and standard, followed by thioglycollic acid and ammonia. A purple color will develop if iron is present. The intensity of the color in the sample is compared to the standard, and if the sample's color is less than or equal to the standard, it passes the limit test for iron.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
Tragacanth is a gum that is extracted from various species of Astragalus plants found in Turkey, Syria, Iran, Iraq, and parts of India. It is composed of two fractions - tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. Chemically, tragacanth gum is made up mainly of sugars, uronic acid units, and contains constituents like tragacanthic acid. It has various uses as a thickening, suspending, emulsifying, and adhesive agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Lower grades of tragacanth gum and citral gum are sometimes used as adulterants, while
Protectives and adsorbents are drugs that adsorb intestinal toxins, bacteria, and form a protective coating on the inflamed gastrointestinal tract. They are chemically inert substances such as bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, and activated charcoal that are used to treat diarrhea and dysentery by adsorbing gases, toxins, and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound that occurs as a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and solutions are mildly acidic. Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride gas or hydrochloric acid. It has several applications, including use as an expectorant in cough medicines due to its irritating effect on the bronchial mucosa. Ammonium chloride is also used to acidify the urine and as a systemic acidifying agent to treat metabolic alkalosis. It is available in formulations like cough syrups and injections.
The document provides information on the preparation, properties, assays, and uses of several inorganic compounds including sodium chloride, calcium gluconate, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorinated lime, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, and sodium thiosulphate. For each compound, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, assay methods (often titration based), and common uses are described. The compounds discussed are commonly used in pharmaceutical, medical, industrial, and laboratory applications.
This document discusses dental products and their uses. It begins by introducing different types of dental products, including dentifrices, anticaries agents, cements and fillers, desensitizing agents, and mouthwashes. It then describes various dental problems like tooth decay, gum disease, and stained teeth. Next, it explains the causes and prevention of tooth decay. Key points covered include the role of bacteria, fluoride, and phosphate in preventing tooth decay. Specific products discussed in detail include sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, calcium carbonate, zinc eugenol cement, and their applications.
This document describes a test to detect the presence of arsenic in medicinal substances. The test works by reducing any arsenic in the sample to arsine gas using zinc, acid, and other reducing agents. The arsine gas is carried through a glass tube to mercuric chloride paper, where it will produce a yellow stain if arsenic is present. The intensity of the stain is compared to standard stains produced using known quantities of arsenic to determine if the level of arsenic passes the limit test. The test is run for 40 minutes and any yellow stain less intense than the standard passes, indicating the level of arsenic is below the limit.
This document discusses dental products used to promote oral health, including dentifrices, anti-caries agents, and desensitizing agents. It describes dental plaque as a sticky biofilm that forms on teeth and contributes to dental caries. Fluoride is discussed as an effective anti-caries agent when applied topically or through public water supplies in low concentrations. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride are mentioned as common topical fluoride agents. Side effects from fluoride overdosing like dental fluorosis are also summarized.
Fluoride is effective at preventing dental caries through several mechanisms: it reduces demineralization by lowering bacterial acid production and enamel solubility; increases remineralization of incipient lesions; and interferes with plaque microorganisms. Topical fluoride treatments delivered professionally as gels, foams, varnishes or professionally-applied solutions provide a localized source of fluoride to tooth surfaces, while systemic fluoride from water or supplements provides lower levels of fluoride incorporated into developing teeth and bone.
This document discusses fluoride and its role in preventing dental caries. Fluoride occurs naturally and is also added to products like toothpaste, water supplies, and topical treatments. It helps strengthen enamel, increases remineralization, and decreases demineralization. Too much fluoride can cause fluorosis, but using fluoride appropriately from sources like toothpaste can reduce tooth decay by 20-35%. Professional treatments include varnishes and gels that are more effective but used less frequently.
Fluorides are minerals that help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities. Fluoride works by changing the crystalline structure of enamel to make it less soluble and by inhibiting cariogenic bacteria. It is incorporated into tooth mineral during development and remineralization to make the enamel less soluble. Sources of fluoride include drinking water, dental products like toothpaste and mouthwashes, and dietary supplements. Excessive fluoride intake can lead to dental or skeletal fluorosis. Maintaining proper nutrition supports oral health by promoting integrity of oral tissues, maintaining calcified tissues, and supporting the immune response.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevents tooth decay. There are two main methods of fluoride delivery: topical and systemic. Topical fluoride is applied directly to the teeth and includes toothpaste, mouthwashes, and professionally-applied gels or varnishes. Systemic fluoride is ingested and provides fluoride through drinking water, supplements, or foods to teeth during development. The benefits of fluoride for dental health are well established, but overexposure can cause dental fluorosis, which results in white spots or pits on teeth. Treatment options for fluorosis depend on its severity and may include bleaching, composite restorations, veneers, or crowns.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that helps strengthen tooth enamel and prevents tooth decay. It can be delivered topically through products like toothpaste and mouthwash, or systemically through drinking water, salt, and supplements. Topical forms are self-applied and have lower fluoride concentrations, while systemic forms provide longer-term, low levels of fluoride. Fluoride reduces cavities by 50-70% and helps build stronger teeth, but overexposure can cause dental fluorosis with white spots or pitting on teeth. Treatment depends on the severity of fluorosis and may include bleaching, composite restorations, veneers or crowns.
Fluoride is a mineral found in nature that strengthens teeth and bones. It occurs naturally in some foods, drinking water, and is added to water supplies, salt, milk and toothpaste. Fluoride reduces cavities by stopping the tooth decay process and helping to build stronger tooth enamel. It can be delivered topically through products like toothpaste, or systemically through drinking water. The benefits of fluoride include significant reductions in cavities, but too much fluoride during tooth development can cause dental fluorosis, appearing as white spots or pits in the enamel. Treatment depends on the severity, and may involve bleaching, fillings, veneers or crowns.
Topical fluoride is applied directly to the teeth to help prevent cavities. There are many forms of topical fluoride including solutions like sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride, gels, varnishes, and toothpastes. They work by being incorporated into tooth enamel to form calcium fluoride or fluorapatite, making the enamel more resistant to demineralization. The appropriate method depends on factors like a patient's risk of cavities and age. When used as recommended, topical fluorides are very effective at caries prevention.
Toothpaste is a substance used to clean teeth that typically contains abrasives, binders, humectants, sweeteners, flavors, surfactants, and fluoride. It comes in various types for different purposes such as cavity protection, plaque prevention, whitening, sensitivity relief, and fresh breath. Fluoride is a key ingredient that strengthens enamel and makes it more resistant to acids from plaque that cause decay. It works by being incorporated into the enamel's crystal structure during remineralization or by forming a fluoride reservoir in plaque that releases fluoride and calcium when the pH drops. Mouthwashes are solutions used for deodorizing, refreshing, and antiseptic effects that can be cosmetic,
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
This document discusses fluorides and their role in preventing dental caries. It begins with a brief history of fluoride research from the early 20th century and describes how fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and inhibits the cariogenic bacteria. It then discusses various methods of fluoride administration including water fluoridation, salt fluoridation, milk fluoridation and topical fluoride applications. Water fluoridation at 0.7-1.2 ppm is described as the most effective method for community-wide caries prevention, while topical fluorides provide localized protection when applied directly to the teeth. The document outlines the metabolism, mechanisms of action, and non-dental benefits of systemic fluoride intake.
Fluoride is a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities. It occurs naturally in water and soil in some areas. Topical fluoride from toothpaste, mouthrinses and dental treatments helps remineralize enamel, while fluoride in drinking water helps develop strong enamel from an early age. Excessive fluoride intake can cause dental fluorosis, which results in tooth discoloration, but water fluoridation at recommended levels is safe and effective for preventing cavities in both children and adults.
Fluoride plays an important role in dental health by strengthening tooth enamel and preventing cavities. It is found naturally in water, soil, and plants. Adding fluoride to water reduces tooth decay risk. Fluoride is also available in toothpaste, mouthwash, supplements, and professionally applied gels and varnishes. The document discusses the mechanisms by which fluoride prevents cavities, including affecting bacteria, increasing enamel resistance, and enhancing remineralization. It provides recommendations for fluoride intake from various sources based on age, including using only a smear of toothpaste under age 3 and a pea-sized amount for older children.
The document discusses various dental products used for dental hygiene and treatment. It begins by defining dental products as substances used to produce effects on teeth and in dental cavities. It then lists and describes common dental products including dentifrices for cleaning teeth, fluoride as an anticaries agent, desensitizing agents for tooth sensitivity, calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride, and zinc eugenol cement. The document provides information on the roles and uses of these various dental products.
This document provides information on dental products and their uses. It begins with an introduction to dental anatomy and the role of teeth in digestion. It then describes various dental products including anticaries agents like fluoride salts that strengthen enamel; dentifrices or cleaning agents like toothpastes and powders; polishing agents like mouthwashes; and desensitizing agents like toothache drops. Details are provided on common anticaries agents like sodium fluoride and their mechanisms of preventing tooth decay. The document also discusses ingredients in dental cements and fillers like zinc-eugenol cement used for temporary restorations. In summary, it outlines the major classes of dental products and their functions in oral hygiene and tooth treatment.
A seminar on –Oral Hygiene in ToothpaseKULDIP DEKA
This document provides information on oral hygiene, dentifrices, and their components. It discusses how oral hygiene can be maintained through proper brushing, flossing, limiting soda/coffee/alcohol, calcium intake, and dental visits. It defines dentifrices as substances used with toothbrushes for cleaning teeth, which are available as pastes, powders, gels, or liquids. The document outlines the main components of dentifrices including abrasives, humectants, solvents, foaming agents, flavorings, detergents, sweeteners, coloring agents, preservatives, and therapeutic agents. It also discusses different types of dentifrices and potential side effects of some chemicals
Systemic fluoride was used as early as 1874 to prevent dental caries. Fluoride ions are absorbed in the gut and nearly all retained fluoride is incorporated into developing bones and teeth, making enamel crystals larger and more stable. This affects crown morphology by making pits and fissures shallower, less likely to cause decay. Systemic fluoride intake can cause dental fluorosis if intake is too high during tooth development between ages 1-4. Topical fluoride is now recognized as more important for caries prevention than systemic fluoride.
This document provides an overview of non-narcotic analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. It begins by classifying analgesics as either opioid or non-opioid. It then discusses the mechanisms of action of various opioid analgesics like morphine, codeine, and meperidine. It provides details on their uses, pharmacology, and mechanisms of binding to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. The document also covers opioid antagonists like nalorphine and levallorphane that are used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
Practical MCQ Bank for experiments: Medicinal chemistry ISONALI PAWAR
The document provides a practical question bank for medicinal chemistry 1 with multiple choice questions related to the synthesis and characterization of various compounds. It includes 63 questions across 5 experiments: 1) Synthesis of benzimidazole from o-phenylene diamine, 2) Synthesis and characterization of benztriazole, 3) Synthesis and characterization of ethyl p-amino benzoate (benzocaine), 4) Synthesis and characterization of benzyl from benzoin, and 5) Synthesis and characterization of phenytoin. The questions assess understanding of reaction principles, chemical requirements, analytical techniques for characterization, and biological activities of the synthesized compounds.
Practical Experiment 8: To synthesize and characterized barbaturic acid SONALI PAWAR
The document describes an experiment to prepare barbituric acid from urea and diethyl malonate. Sodium metal is reacted with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide, which promotes a condensation reaction between diethyl malonate and urea. This results in the cyclization and formation of barbituric acid. The theoretical yield is calculated to be 64g based on the reactants used. The actual yield obtained is 61g, giving a percentage yield of 95.3%.
Practical Experiment 6: To synthesize and characterized 2,3 diphenyl quninox...SONALI PAWAR
This document describes the synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline from o-phenylenediamine. It involves reacting o-phenylenediamine with benzil in a pinacol rearrangement reaction. The procedure involves warming a solution of benzil in rectified spirit, adding o-phenylenediamine, and continuing to warm the mixture. The product is isolated by adding water, cooling, filtering, and recrystallizing from aqueous ethanol. The synthesized compound has a melting point of 125-126°C and a 98.95% yield. 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline has potential medical applications.
Phenytoin is synthesized from benzil in a multi-step reaction involving a pinacol rearrangement. Benzil and urea are condensed in the presence of base to form an intermediate 1,2-diol, which is then protonated to form an oxonium ion. Dehydration leads to a carbonium ion that undergoes a 1,2 shift of the phenyl ring to form a phenonium ion. Rearrangement of this ion generates the final product, phenytoin, which is isolated by acidification and recrystallization with a 91.4% yield.
Practical Experiment 4: Benzyl from benzoinSONALI PAWAR
The document summarizes an experiment to synthesize benzyl from benzoin. Benzoin is reacted with concentrated nitric acid, which oxidizes the alcohol group to a ketone, forming benzil. This is done by heating a mixture of benzoin and nitric acid on a water bath for 1.5 hours. The benzil product is purified by crystallization and has a melting point of 94-96°C. The percentage yield of benzil obtained is calculated to be 92% based on the theoretical and practical yields.
This document describes the synthesis of benzocaine from p-aminobenzoic acid. P-aminobenzoic acid is reacted with ethanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid via an esterification reaction to form ethyl p-aminobenzoate (benzocaine). The percentage yield of benzocaine obtained was 93.3%, close to the theoretical yield, and it has a melting point of 91°C. Benzocaine is used as a local anesthetic to relieve minor mouth pain.
Practical Experiment 1: Benzimidazole from orthophenylene diamine SONALI PAWAR
The document describes the synthesis of benzimidazole from orthophenylene diamine (OPD). Orthophenylene diamine and formic acid are heated together in a condensation reaction to form benzimidazole. The theoretical yield of benzimidazole is calculated and the practical yield is measured to be 98.64% with a melting point of 170-175°C. Benzimidazole is then characterized.
Partition coefficient: To determine partition coefficient of benzoic acid bet...SONALI PAWAR
This document describes an experiment to determine the partition coefficient of benzoic acid between benzene and distilled water. The experiment involves preparing mixtures of benzoic acid saturated benzene solution and water in separating funnels, allowing the benzoic acid to distribute between the solvents, then measuring the concentrations in each solvent layer by titration. The partition coefficient is the ratio of concentrations of solute in the two solvents at equilibrium and this experiment aims to calculate it for benzoic acid between benzene and water.
Part II: UNIT cholinergic neurotransmitter - Antagonist DrugsSONALI PAWAR
This document discusses cholinergic neurotransmitters and cholinergic blocking agents. It begins by describing various cholinergic blocking agents including solanaceous alkaloids like atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine as well as synthetic agents like tropicamide, cyclopentolate, dicyclomine, glycopyrrolate, and propantheline. It then discusses the mechanisms of action and medical uses of these drugs, which work by antagonizing acetylcholine at nicotinic or muscarinic receptors. The document also covers structural activity relationships of parasympatholytic agents and their use in treating conditions like smooth muscle spasms, ulcers, overactive bladder, and Parkinson
UNIT III_cholinergic neurotransmitter agonistSONALI PAWAR
The document discusses cholinergic neurotransmitters and parasympathomimetic agents. It begins by providing an overview of acetylcholine as the principal neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It then discusses the classification of parasympathomimetic agents into direct-acting agents like acetylcholine and indirect-acting agents like cholinesterase inhibitors. The document also covers the structure and mechanisms of several parasympathomimetic drugs including carbachol, bethanechol, methacholine, pilocarpine, physostigmine, and neostigmine. It concludes by describing the cholinergic receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic, and their distributions in the body.
Adrenergic antagonists are drugs that inhibit the function of adrenergic receptors. There are two main groups - alpha adrenergic blockers and beta adrenergic blockers. Alpha blockers relax smooth muscles in blood vessels and the prostate gland, and are used to treat high blood pressure, BPH, and other conditions. Beta blockers are used to treat high blood pressure, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, and migraine by blocking the effects of epinephrine and slowing the heart rate. Common alpha blockers discussed are prazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin, while common beta blockers include propranolol, metoprolol, and aten
1 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY SONALI PAWAR
Medicinal chemistry is a multidisciplinary field that combines organic chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology and other sciences to study the design, synthesis and actions of pharmaceutical drugs. The document provides a brief history of medicinal chemistry, noting early examples of medicinal substances used in ancient civilizations. It then discusses several important physicochemical properties that influence a drug's biological effects, including solubility, partition coefficient, hydrogen bonding, ionization and others. The relationships between these properties and drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are also summarized.
UNIT I: DRUG METABOLISM: S.Y. B. PHARMACY IV SEMESTERSONALI PAWAR
This document provides an overview of drug metabolism. It discusses the phases of metabolism including phase I reactions like oxidation mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes and phase II conjugation reactions. It describes the key cytochrome P450 enzyme families and their role in drug metabolism. First pass metabolism and factors that influence it are also summarized.
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This document discusses effective written communication. It notes that writing is a formal method of communication that provides a permanent record. The document outlines the stages of the writing process, including prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and presenting. It discusses the sub-skills involved in writing, such as mechanics, word selection, organization, and syntax. The document provides tips for written communication, noting when it is most effective depends on the complexity, amount of discussion or explanation required, and level of formality. It emphasizes the importance of clear subject lines, knowing your audience, and properly organizing the message.
The document discusses listening skills and their importance in language learning. It defines listening as a receptive skill that allows one to understand spoken English. Several sub-skills of listening are identified, including perception of sounds, stress, and pitch. The purposes of listening include listening for appreciation, information, and understanding general ideas or specific details. Various techniques for developing listening skills are outlined, such as dictation, recordings, comprehension exercises, and responding physically or verbally to instructions. Active listening is distinguished from passive hearing and involves focusing fully on the speaker without distractions.
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This document outlines the contents of a lecture on research methodology and biostatistics delivered by Prof. Sonali R. Pawar. It covers various topics in medical ethics including: the history of medical ethics traced back to guidelines like the Hippocratic Oath; core values like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence; concepts like informed consent and confidentiality; criticisms of orthodox medical ethics; the importance of communication and guidelines/ethics committees; cultural concerns and conflicts of interest. It also discusses principles like double effect and end of life issues like futility.
The document provides guidance on group discussions and presentations. It discusses types of group discussions, selecting discussion topics, dos and don'ts of participating. Some key points include:
- There are different types of group discussions including normal, case study, and role play formats. When selecting a topic, it should be general enough for all to speak on, relevant to current situations, and allow for at least two perspectives.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Caries
Dental
Products Introduction:
Common Dental Problems:
• Dental Caries: formed by growth and implantation of cariogenic microorganisms.
• Causes:
• Bacteria–produce acids (lactic acid ) that demineralize enamel & Food with high
concentration of sugar. Treatment: Products with fluorides(NaF) & to alleviate the pain – Oral
analgesics e.g., Acetaminophen
• Plaque and Calculus:
-Plaque: sticky substance formed by the attachment of bacteria to the pellicle which is this,
cellular glycoprotein.
-Calculus: Calcium salts ppt from saliva & it formes when plaque is not treated within 24 hr.
Treatment:
• Soft, rounded, nylon bristles toothbrushes.
• Dentifrices: Toothpastes (Na bicarbonate, Ca carbonate, Dicalcium phosphate & Fluoride)
• Desensitizing agents: with 5% potassium nitrate compounds used to reduce the
sensitivity of teeth to hot/heat & cold
4. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Caries
Dental
Product
Gingivitis: Inflammation microoganisims. of gingiva caused by
Treatment: eugenol or benzocaine (anesthetics),Mouthwahes, Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Lesions: Occur on nonkeratinized mucosal mouth surface
Treatment: 7 – 14 days – heal, Protectants, local anesthetics, wound-cleansing agents.
DENTAL PRODUCTS
• Maintain the Dental hygiene and to prevent the decay of tooth.
• Products used to treat/prevent various common dental problems.
• Classification:
1. Anticaries Agents: Fluorides, Sodium Flouride (NaF), Phosphate
2. Dentifrices/ cleaning and polishing agents: Fluorides, Calcium carbonate
3. Desensitizing agents: Stronium chloride, zinc oxide, eugenol
4. Cement and filters
5. Content
Introduction
Definition
ANTICARIES AGENT
• Agent used to prevent the tooth decay (caries) – it get deposited on teeth.
• It is toxic in 5 – 10mg/kg. Acute toxicity causes nausea, vomiting
and diarrhea. (Max. Conc. in toothpaste is 250mg/container.)
Administration: Oral (Fluoridation of public water (0.5 to 1 ppm)) & Topical. E.g., Sodium Fluoride (NaF)
Fluorides
Dental caries/tooth decay is caused by acid produced by the action of microorganism or carbohydrate
It involves decalcification of the tooth accomplished by foul odour.
It prevented by maintaining the oral an dental hygiene with the help of dentifrices.
6. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Role of fluoride and phosphate
Fluoride is the ionic form of the element fluorine.
Fluoride is a mineral found throughout the earth's crust and widely distributed in nature.
Found in soils rich in fluorspar, cryolite, and other minerals.
Small amounts: fruits, vegetables, cereals.
Rich amounts: Sea foods and tea leaves.
Teeth and skeleton have the highest concentrations of fluoride. –
Due to the affinity of fluoride to calcium.
Fluoride content of teeth increases rapidly during early mineralization periods and continues
to increase with age, but at as lower rate.
Use: Fluoride helps to prevent cavities
Cavities are holes (or structural damage) in the teeth
Cause: Commonly Tooth decay
Prevention of cavities by Fluoride:
Two different ways:
Fluoride concentrates in the growing bones and developing teeth of children, helping to
harden the enamel on baby and adult teeth before they emerge.
Fluoride helps to harden the enamel on adult teeth that have already emerged.
7. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Application Types of Fluorides:
Topically (On the surface).
Systematically (Throughout the body).
Toothpaste.
Mouth rinses.
Professionally applied gels, foams, rinses.
Our own saliva.
Toothpaste :- Brushing.
Mouth Rinses :- Gargling.
Foams :- Professionally used & are put into a mouth guard.
Gels :- Can be painted on or applied via a mouth guard.
8. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel caused by
excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development.
Due to Inappropriate use of fluoride containing dental product
Fluoride prevents demineralization.
Fluoride enhances remineralization.
Fluoride alters the action of plaque bacteria.
Fluoride aids in posteruptive maturation of enamel.
Fluoride reduces enamel solubility.
Fluoride alters the action of plaque bacteria: At low pH, fluoride combines
with hydrogen ions and diffuses into oral bacteria as hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Inside the cell HF dissociates, acidifying the cell and releasing fluoride ions
Fluoride ions inhibit glycolysis
As fluoride is trapped inside the cell this becomes a cumulative process
9. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
2.Role of Phosphate:
Inorganic phosphate salts have been found to be useful in reducing dental caries
phosphate ions are required for stronger bone as well as for healthy teeth the
phosphate is normally given in deficiencies phosphate salts both in soluble and
insoluble forms are obtained from normal diets role of phosphate as cleaning
agent is also important.
11. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
SODIUM FLUORIDE (B.P..U.S.P)
Chemical formula: NaF
Molecular Weight: 41.99 g/mole
Category: Anticaries agent
It contains not less than 98.5 per cent and not more than 100.5 per cent of NaF Calculated with
reference to the dried substance.
Preparation:
I it can be prepared by reacting hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate. Sodium fluoride
Being not very soluble precipitates out.
2HF + Na2co3 2NaF + H2o + co2
The precipitate is contaminated with fluorosilicate and the acid salt it is made alkaline to
Phenolphthalein with sodium carbonate and then heated to neutralize the acid salt and
Decompose the fluorosilicate.
Na2SiF6 + 2H2O 2NaF + 4HF + SiO2
It is prepared by double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium carbonates where in
Insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
CaF2 + Na2CO3 2NaF + CaCO3
12. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Properties:
1.It occur as colourless, odourless ,crystals or as white powder.
2. it is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. On acidification of salt, hydrofluoric acid is
produced this is weak acid and poisonous.
Identification tests:
Sodium fluoride is an ionic salt and gives reactions for fluoride ion and sodium ion.
Test for purity:
It has to be tested for acidity or alkalinity clarity and colour of solution chloride sulphate and
loss on drying .
Storage: it is stored in tightly closed container.
USES:
1: It is for topical use only
2: It is used for preventing dental caries.
Usual dose .2.2mg (equivalent to 1 mg of fluoride ) once a day.
Caution .
When sodium fluoride is consumed in larger dose it results in mottling of teeth. gastric
disturbances etc. . Still larger doses of NaF may lead to systemic toxicities effecting central
nervous system cardiovascular and respiratory system
14. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
STANNOUS FLUORIDE
Chemical formula: SnF2
Molecular weight: 156.7 g/mole
Category: Anticaries agent .
It contains not less than 71.2 per cent of stannous (Sn2+) ions and not less than 22.3
per cant and not more than 22.5 par cent of fluoride , calculated with reference to the
dried substance
Prepration: Stannous fluoride is prepared by heating stannous oxide with gaseous
hydrofluoric acid in the absence of oxygen
SnO + 2HF SnF2 + H2O
Properties:
1. it is a white crystalline powder and has unpleasant astringent salty taste.
2. it is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol and organic solvent.
3. the stannous fluoride solution should be freshly prepared because the aqueous
solution of stannous fluoride deteriorates rapidly on standing due to oxidation of
stannous cation to stannic to form causing turbidity.
15. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Identification Tests: It gives reactions for fluoride and stannous.
Test for purity: it has to be tested for pH, loss on drying and water insoluble
substances.
pH: a freshly prepared 0.4% solution has pH between 2.8 and 3.5
Loss on drying: when it is dried at 1050c for 4 hours , the loss should not be
more than 0.5% of its weight.
Storage: It stored in tightly closed container.
Uses: It is used to prevent dental caries similar to sodium fluoride. A freshly
prepared 8%solution is used at 6 to 12 month intervals. It has an unpleasant taste
and may cause discolouration of teeth on over usage
16. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Cleaning Agents or Dentifrices:
Dentifrices or cleaning agents are the inorganic substance which is used for
cleaning of teeth and adjacent gums .
It can apply with finger or preferably with tooth brush.
These agents are abrasive in nature.
The cleaning action depends on abrasive property and rubbing force used.
Dentifrices are applied as powder or pastes.
These agents are responsible for physically removing plaque and debris.
Dentifrices contain agents for cleaning tooth surface and providing polishing
effect on the cleaned tooth.
Examples for dentifrices include calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate,
sodium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, calcium mate manohydrogen
phosphate.
Pumice is too abrasive for daily use in dentifrice .
17. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
CALCIUM CARBONATE (I.P. B.P, U.S.P.)
Chemical formula: CaCO3
Molecular weight: 100.1 gm/mole
Category: Dentifrices or cleaning agent/ Antacid
Synonym: precipitated chalk.
It is having not less than 98.0% and not more than 100.5% of CaCO3, Which is calculated
with reference to the sample dried at 105 c .
Occurrence: it is available in different forms in nature such as limestone, calcite,
Dolomite, and in shell of sea animals.
Preparation:
1. it can be prepared by reacting a solution of sodium of sodium carbonate and calcium
chloride in presence of high temperature i.e. double decomposition reaction. The precipitate
obtained is filtered.
Na2Ca3 + CaCI2 caCO3 +NaCI
2. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water (aqueous calcium hydroxide),milky
white precipitate of calcium carbonate is obtained.
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
18. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Properties:
1.It occurs as fine ,white microcrystalline powder.
2.It is odourless and tasteless.
3.It is soluble almost in water and alcohol. The water solubility can be increased in the
presence of carbon dioxide and ammonium salts.
Identification: It gives the reaction of calcium and carbonate.
Tests for purity: It has to be tested for AI, Fe , phosphate , heavy metal chloride, sulphate
, barium soluble alkali, and loss on drying and insoluble matter in HCI.
Assay: It can be assayed by the complexometric titration method.
Accurately weighed (1.0 g) sample is moisten with sufficient quantity of water and
sufficient. HCI is added to get a solution. The volume is made up to 250 ml with water . To
50 ml of this solution, add 100 ml of water and 15 ml of 1 N NaOH solution .After addition
of 40 mg murexide indicator and 3.0 ml of naphthol green, titrate with 0.05 M disodium
EDTA until deep blue colour appears.
Factor: Each ml 0.05 M disodium EDTA is equivalent to 0.005005 g of CaCO3
20. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Storage: It is stored in tightly closed container.
Uses: 1. It is internally used as an antacid and it finds use externally as a dentifrice
because it is having mild abrasive quality.
Desensitizing Agents
• Usually teeth are somewhat sensitive to heat and cold.
• Especially during teeth During teeth decay or toothache .
• The perception of heat and cold has been felt strongly.
• Desensitizing agents are used in dental preparation so as to reduce sensitivity of
teeth to heat and cold .
• The exact mechanism is not known.
• They act probably like local anesthetic.
• Examples: Zinc chloride , strontium chloride.
21. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
ZINC CHLORIDE (U.S.P.)
Chemical Formula: ZnCI2
Molecular Weight: 136.29 gm/mole
Category: Desensitizing agent
It contains not less than 95 per cent and not more than 100.5 per cent of ZnCl2
Preparation:
1. It prepared by heating metallic of granulated zinc with hydrochloric acid. When
Evolution of hydrogen ceases, the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
Zn + 2HCI ZnCI2 + H2
2.It can also be prepared by treating zinc carbonate or zinc oxide with appropriate
Amount of hydrochloric acid.
ZnCO3 + HCI ZnCI2 + H2O +CO2
Properties:
1. It occurs as white crystalline granules or powder.
2. It is odourless and deliquescent.
3. It is soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and glycerine.
22. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Identification Tests:
It gives reactions for zinc and chloride.
Tests for properties:
It has to be tested for ammonium salt, alkalis and alkaline earth, oxychloride, sulphate,
and heavy metals.
Storage: As is deliquescent and absence carbon dioxide . It should be stored in tightly
closed container.
Uses: It is used as desensitizer in dental preparation. Act as powerful astringent mild
antiseptic.
23. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
Cements and Fillers
Cements:
Dental cements are used to temporarily cover or protect the area that has
undergone operation as in dental surgery.
The cementing material is applied as a paste, which gets hardened in a short
while, forming a protective layer.
After healing of operated tissue the hardened cement can be removed by the
dentist.
The temporary cement is also medicated usually with eugenol which is
antiseptic and local anesthetic.
Fillers:
The consistency of the cement can be controlled by additives.
A cement of suitable consistency finds use as temporary filers for cavities
Most often noble metal and their alloys are used as permanent filling materials.
24. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
Material prepared by combination of zinc oxide and eugenol containing in oil of clove.
Used as filling or cement material in dentistry when decay is very deep and closed to
the nerve or pulp chamber.
Sever chronic tooth sensitivity or actual toothache and can only be treated with the
removal of the nerve called root canal therapy.
The placement of zinc eugenol cement temporary for a few to several days prior to
the placement of the final filling usually prevent the sensitivity or toothache.
It is used I the management of dental caries as temporary filling.
it is also used as an antimicrobial agent.
Chemical composition of zinc eugenol cement:
ZnO-69.0%
White rosine-29.3%
Zinc acetate-1%
Zinc Stearate- 0.7%
Liquide eugenol-85%
25. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
70-85% of eugenol is used because it produced less burning sensation for patients when
it comes in contact with soft tissues.
Rosin is added to the paste because it facilitates the speed of reaction and yield smooth
and more homogeneous product.
Classification of Zinc Eugenol Cement (ZOE).:
1. Type I ZOE : For temporary cementation
2. Type II ZOE : For permeant cementation
3. Type III ZOE : Temporary filling and thermal base
4. Type IV ZOE : cavity liners
ZOE cement available as powder and liquid or paste
USES of ZOE:
Used for temporary and permanent cementation
It is used for temporary filling
Used as pulp capping agent and cavity liners
Used for root canal restorations.
26. Content
Introduction
Definition
Fluoride
Dental
Product
• ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT (Zinc eugenolate/ ZOE)
• Introduced in 1858, is used as a Protective,
sedative lining in deep carious cavities for
• Temporary Filling
• Temporary Cementing
• Pulp capping
• Root canal filling
• Surgical packing
• Available in powder & liquid form