Unit 8 Reformation, Humanism, Renaissance Art
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This document provides an overview of humanism, the Protestant Reformation, the Counter-Reformation, and Renaissance art. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther who initiated the Protestant Reformation by rejecting the Pope's authority. It also describes the Counter-Reformation led by the Catholic Church in response to Protestantism through the Council of Trent. Additionally, it characterizes humanism as an intellectual movement that placed human beings at the center. Finally, it outlines the characteristics and major artists of the Renaissance in Italy, including figures like Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
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Humanism promoted using reason to understand reality and emphasized humans as the center of the universe. The Renaissance began in 15th century Italy and saw a revival of classical Greek and Roman art and culture. The Protestant Reformation began as a reaction against corruption in the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Key figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin established new Christian denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism. The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's internal reform movement and establishment of doctrines in response to the Protestant Reformation.
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An overview of geography
Geography is the oldest of the sciences, studying the Earth and its features, as well as human cultures and settlements. The word geography comes from the Greek words "geo," meaning Earth, and "graphy," meaning writing. Today geography is commonly divided into physical geography, which examines the natural world, and cultural geography, also called human geography, which studies human cultures and activities. Geographers study topics like languages, religions, populations, politics, agriculture, and urban areas to understand their impact on the planet. They provide important analysis for governments and other organizations on issues relating to the environment, development, and more.
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The palace of El Escorial
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Primary sector
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Spain landscape and territorial organisation.
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Geographic features of the earth!
This document discusses various types of geographic features on Earth. It describes continental relief forms like plains, plateaus, mountains and depressions. It also explains coastal relief features such as capes, gulfs, peninsulas, estuaries, fjords and deltas. Additionally, it outlines submarine relief including mid-ocean ridges, abyssal plains, and marine trenches located on the ocean floor.
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The document discusses different types of maps. It defines maps as pictures of Earth's surface that can be general reference maps showing landmarks and boundaries or thematic maps focusing on specific topics. Thematic maps grew in importance with GIS. The document describes political maps as showing only state and national boundaries and city locations, and physical maps as depicting landscape features like mountains, rivers, and elevation changes using colors. Thematic maps focus on a particular theme rather than just showing natural features, and were not widely used until the 17th century when base maps became accurate enough.
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Renaissance and reformation
The Italian Renaissance began in the late Middle Ages as increased trade with Asia exposed Italian cities to new ideas. Wealthy merchant families in cities like Florence supported education and the arts. Florence became the center of Renaissance culture under the patronage of the Medici family. Key features of the Renaissance included a love of art and education, an interest in classical Greek and Roman cultures, and an emphasis on individuals. Humanism stressed the importance of human abilities over religion. Notable Renaissance artists included Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, who created realistic human art and influenced many fields. The printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas, leading to reforms in the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation.
Renaissance and reformation quick review
1) The Renaissance began in Italy in the 15th century and saw a rebirth of classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome in areas like art, politics, science, and education.
2) Two of the most famous Italian Renaissance artists were Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, inventor, and scientist, and Michelangelo, known for realistic sculptures and paintings including the Sistine Chapel.
3) The Protestant Reformation began as a protest against corruption in the Catholic Church and led to new Christian denominations like Lutheranism and Anglicanism. Martin Luther and Henry VIII helped establish these new branches of Christianity.
Courtney taylor finised powerpoint pres.
The document provides an overview of art during the Renaissance and Reformation periods. During the Renaissance, artwork was grand in scale and funded by the Catholic Church. It featured religious scenes and figures. In contrast, Reformation art was simpler and featured moral messages or everyday peasant scenes in response to iconoclasm against Catholic art. The periods influenced each other as new attitudes towards religion changed art patronage and subject matter during a time of political and religious upheaval in Europe.
Renaissance & Reformation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe between 1450-1600 CE. It summarizes:
1) The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and ideas of humanism and secularism. Writers and artists sought to recover ancient knowledge.
2) The growth of powerful city-states in Italy, dominated by merchants, with Florence and Venice becoming centers of banking, trade and art.
3) Key figures that shaped the period including Machiavelli who analyzed power politics in The Prince and Erasmus who used satire to critique the Catholic Church and push for education reform.
4) The Protestant Reformation began as Martin Luther publicly
Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Tenth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one mainly covers the Reformation and Counter-Reformation of the 16th and early 17th Century. It also covers aesthetic responses to the Reformation, especially Caravaggio and Bernini.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN WORLD.pptx
This document summarizes the major developments in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, including the rise of humanism, the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It discusses how humanist ideals promoted education and scientific inquiry. It also explains how Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation by questioning the Catholic Church and establishing beliefs like salvation through faith alone. Finally, it outlines how the Catholic Church responded through the Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation, re-establishing Catholic doctrines and establishing new religious orders like the Jesuits.
Ap euro review semester i
This document provides an overview of key topics from the AP Euro semester 1 review, including the Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque periods. It discusses important city-states, families, individuals, and ideas of the Renaissance like humanism. The document also summarizes the Protestant Reformation including figures like Luther, Calvin and religious ideas. Additional topics covered include the English Reformation, Catholic Reformation, religious wars, and the Thirty Years' War.
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century established divergent Christian beliefs that led to the emergence of Protestantism. Dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church's control over religious interpretations and practices grew across Europe. Figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized the Church and proposed alternative interpretations that broke away from Catholicism. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had widespread political, economic, and social impacts, including increasing literacy and challenging social class structures. It established religious freedom and separation of church and state.
第四課 - 宗教改革：對社會與文明的廣泛影響 (Lesson 4 - Reformation & Effects)
This document provides background information on the Protestant Reformation and its impacts. It discusses figures prior to Luther who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church, including John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, and Girolamo Savonarola. It then covers Luther's religious struggles that led him to question Catholic doctrine on salvation. It also mentions growing German nationalism that contributed to the success of the Reformation. Finally, it discusses the selling of indulgences by the Catholic Church, which was one of the events that prompted Luther to publish his 95 Theses criticizing the practice.
Reformation and science rev
- Martin Luther was a monk who began questioning the Catholic Church's doctrine of salvation through faith alone and its selling of indulgences, which claimed to forgive sins. He nailed his 95 Theses criticizing these practices to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
- Luther's views spread rapidly through the new printing press. At the Diet of Worms in 1521 he refused to recant his writings, was excommunicated, and declared a heretic. However, he was protected and continued his translation of the Bible into German.
- The Scientific Revolution began in the 15th-16th centuries as scientists like Copernicus, Galileo and Bacon began using experimentation and observation rather
THE RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance period saw a revival of classical Greco-Roman ideas in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. This cultural and intellectual movement was spurred by increased trade and wealth in Italian city-states, which exposed people to new ideas. Major developments included the printing press spreading knowledge, Copernicus and Galileo challenging the Church's geocentric view of the universe, and the Protestant Reformation questioning Church authority. The subsequent Enlightenment applied reason to philosophy, government, and society, promoting ideas of individual rights and challenging absolute monarchies. Thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau influenced revolutions in America and France seeking more democratic forms of government.
The Reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when German monk Martin Luther publicly challenged Catholic Church practices such as selling indulgences and corruption within the Church hierarchy. He posted his 95 Theses criticizing these practices, which were then widely printed and circulated. This sparked the growing Protestant movement that sought to reform the Church and its teachings. The Reformation resulted in a split between Catholics and Protestants and growing conflict between them. It also weakened the power of the Pope and Catholic Church, while increasing the power of European monarchs.
Renaissance and reformation
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It summarizes that the Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as a period of cultural, intellectual and artistic revival influenced by classical Greek and Roman culture. It then spread to Northern Europe. The Reformation began as a religious challenge to the Catholic Church led by Martin Luther in Germany in the 1510s and 1520s and his 95 Theses criticized Church practices. This led to the establishment of Protestantism and divisions in Christianity across Europe in the following centuries.
Protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther issued his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church abuses such as the selling of indulgences. Luther's movement sparked a religious revolution in Germany and other states. By 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced the Holy Roman Empire to allow German states to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism. Other reform movements like Calvinism and the Church of England also emerged during this period of religious upheaval in Western Europe.
04 09 project
This document provides a brief summary and history of four major European cities: Florence, Italy; Lisbon, Portugal; Wittenberg, Germany; and Rome, Italy. It discusses how Florence was a center of banking, trade, and the arts during the Renaissance, supported by the wealthy and influential Medici family. It describes how Lisbon was the starting point for many Portuguese explorations during the Age of Discovery. Wittenberg is presented as the home of Martin Luther and the location where he posted his 95 Theses, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Finally, it outlines how Rome and the Catholic Church responded to the Reformation through organizations like the Council of Trent and the Index of Forbidden Books.
AP WORLD HISTORY: Chapter 15 cultural transformations: Religion and Science 1...
AP World History - Book: Ways of the World by Robert Strayer . Chapter 15: Cultural transformations: Religion and Science. Summary
Renaissance
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. It discusses key aspects like the rise of humanism in Italy, the influential Medici family in Florence, famous Renaissance geniuses like da Vinci and Michelangelo, advances in art, architecture and science, the age of exploration, the Protestant Reformation's impact on religion, and the various factors that led to the end of the Renaissance era. The Renaissance marked a period of cultural, intellectual and scientific rebirth from the Middle Ages that transformed Western civilization.
The Reformation
The Reformation began as a theological movement within the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticized corrupt practices in the Catholic Church and advocated salvation by faith alone. John Calvin also broke from the Catholic Church and established a theocratic republic in Geneva based on predestination and the authority of scripture over the Church. In response, the Catholic Church convened the Council of Trent to reaffirm Catholic doctrine and enact reforms via the Counter-Reformation. The Reformation transformed Europe intellectually, socially, and politically by challenging the authority of the Pope and encouraging national identities.
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did .docx
Describe Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. What did he mean by justification by faith alone? What was he protesting? What did he do? What were his philosophies? How did the Catholic Church react to this? What are some of the key differences between Protestants and Catholics?
Protestant Reformation
Many changes took place during the next few hundred years. Several historical events influenced the rise of the Protestant Reformation, including the Black Plague (which killed 1/3 of Europe), numerous wars of the 14th century, and the Renaissance or Rebirth during the 15th and 16th centuries which not only changed art and architecture through greats like Da Vinci and Michelangelo, but an entire worldview.
During the black plague, many lost faith in the Catholic church when priests abandoned the sick to flee for their own safety. During the Renaissance, new artists and thinkers questioned medieval church values and gave a fresh new (and radical) worldview.
Also during this time, an invention called the Printing Press allowed for mass circulation of literature. How could this be a threat to the Catholic Church? Within the church, which has grown very wealthy and powerful, there were numerous examples of corruption, abuse, and scandals. Combine that with political and religious divisions and dissent and you've got yourself a stage for destruction. Above all, the printing press allowed for individual interpretation and perception of the scriptures, which was a direct threat to the authority of the Catholic Church.
All of these historical events bring us to this central issue you've seen building in your previous lessons --authority. The long standing authority of the church was being questioned. During this time, the selling ofindulgences also becomes popular. The church was rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica and it was believed that whoever donated money to this project would be able to buy their loved ones' souls out of purgatory.
Martin Luther of Saxony (1483-1546)
Martin Luther was a German Catholic Monk (from the Augustinian branch) who was unhappy with all this corruption, abuse and especially, the selling of indulgences. He decided to reform the church and proclaimed our Justification through Faith.
He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittgenstein in 1517. This theses outlined all of the things he felt were wrong with the Catholic Church. There were many things he had issues with.
First, he defied Pope Authority, saying that there is a Universal Priesthood where we all can be preachers and should marry and have children. (This is something Luther did himself right away after years of being a celibate monk, taking a fellow nun as his wife and having multitudes of children. Just call them the "Jon and Kate Plus 8" of the 16th century.)
He rejected most of the 7 sacraments, including confession, anointing, and ordination. He rejected many of long held Catholic doctrine/rituals such as the veneration of Mary, the saints,.
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Art and Culture - Module 10 - Reformation and Counter-Reformation
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AP WORLD HISTORY: Chapter 15 cultural transformations: Religion and Science 1...
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 1. UNIT 8. HUMANISM, REFORMATION AND RENAISSANCE ART 2nd graders Social Studies Year 2015-2016
- 2. 1. REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION 1.1. PROTESTANT REFORMATION La reforma protestante It was initiated by the German monk Martin Luther. He rejected the pope’s authority and criticised corruption whiting the Church. Luther argued that to gain salvation it was enough to have faith in Christ and that any person could interpret the Bible freely; therefore priests were not necessary. He also proclaimed that there were only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist. Luther presents the 95 thesis on Wittenberg church gates, Germany, 1517. http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lutero.htm
- 3. 1.2. OTHER PROTESTANT MOVEMENTS There were other protestant movements as well as Lutheranism. • CALVINISM-CALVINISMO Created by John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination, that is to say each person is destined by God to eternal condemnation or salvation. • ANGLICANISM- ANGLICANISMO Anglicanism started when king Henry VIII of England rejected the pope’s authority- the pope didnt allow the monarch to divorce Catherine of Aragon (Catholic Monarchs daughter)- and proclaimed himself head of the Anglican Church. John Calvin by Holbein Henry VIII by Joos van Cleve
- 4. 1.3. THE COUNTER REFORMATION- La Contrarreforma To combat Protestantism, the Catholic Church underwent a process of reform. The Council of Trent (El Concilio de Trento), a series of 25 meetings of the principal members of the Church, between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, northern Italy, consisting of determining the measures to be taken in order to stop Protestantism. The resolutions were: • It confirmed the authority of the Pope and the Church. • It reaffirmed that good works were necessary to achieve eternal salvation. • Only Church authorities had the right to interpret the Bible. • There were seven sacraments. • It determined the steps to be taken to improve the training of priests and to make sure they carried out their duties. • They Society of Jesus (La Compañía de Jesús), a religious order founded by Ignacio de Loyola, spread the ideas of the Counter-Reformation.
- 5. The Council of Trent, 1545-1563
- 6. 2. HUMANISM- HUMANISMO Humanism was an intellectual movement, characterised by its admiration for the Classical Art. Humanists considered that human beings were the centre of the universe and explained reality in a rational way. They rejected medieval theocentrism. The main humanists were Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More. Homework: Who was Erasmus of Rotterdam? (10-15 lines) Homework: Who was Thomas More? (10-15 lines)
- 7. 3. ITALY THE CRADLE OF THE RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RENAISSANCE Inspiration: Greece and Rome • Idealised beauty • Classical architectural elements: columns, semicircular arches, proportion, simplicity and simetry Emphasis on human figure. Realism Pursuit of Perspective. Light
- 8. ARQUITECTURE • Features inspired by the Ancient World. • Latin cross plans and circular plans; semicircular arches, barrel vaults, doric, ionic and corinthian columns. SCULPTURE • Depicted both religious and mythological themes • Characterised by the beauty and idealisation of the figures. PAINTING • Fresco on the walls, tempera on wood panels and oil painting on canvas. • Wide variety of themes (religious and mythological scenes, portraits, landscapes) • Scenes appear to have depth (perspective)
- 9. RENAISSANCE ART IN ITALY AND ITS CHRONOLOGY • CHRONOLOGY: 15 th century (1400 onwards) • ARTISTIC CENTRE: Florence • SPONSORS: Medici family MAIN ARTISTS ARCHITECTURE: Brunelleschi (The Dome of Florence Cathedral) Alberti (St. María Novella) SCULPTURE: Ghiberti (Gates of Paradise in Florence) PAINTING: Fra Angelico (Annunciation) Botticelli (The birth of Venus, Allegory of Spring)
- 10. RENAISSANCE ART IN ITALY AND ITS CHRONOLOGY • CHRONOLOGY: 16 th century (1500 onwards) • ARTISTIC CENTRE: Rome • SPONSORS: The Church (Pope Julio II) MAIN ARTISTS ARCHITECTURE: Bramante (Tempietto at St. Pietro in Montorio) Michelangelo (Dome of New St Peter’s basilica , Vatican City) SCULPTURE: Michelangelo (Pieta, David, Moses) PAINTING: Michelangelo(Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City) Rafael(The Athens School) Leonardo da Vinci (The Virgin and the Child, The last supper)