Here are the Spanish translations for the vocabulary words from Queen Elizabeth's speech: To take heed: tener cuidado For fear of treachery: por miedo a la traición To distrust: desconfiar To command: mandar In the midstand heat of the battle: en medio y calor de la batalla To be rewarded: ser recompensado

1. LESSON PLAN
The Spanish Armada
Social Studies Y2 ESO
What are we going to study?
 Foreign policy during the reign of Felipe II.
 The expansion of the Protestantism, started by Martin Luther,
through the northern Europe.
 The conflict originated between Protestants and Catholics.
 The relationship between the Netherlands and Spain and its
religious conflict.
 The confrontation between the two main European powers: England
and Spain.
 The strong personality of Queen Elizabeth of England and her
period of splendor.
 Felipe II misfortune expedition.
 The consequences after the defeat of the Spanish Armada and its
cost.
 The Spanish Armada Heritage. Some jewels have been found inside
the Spanish ships, which nowadays are kept in the Ulster Museum
in Northern Ireland.
SOURCES
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada
 www.historybuff.com/library/refarmada2.html
 www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/defeat_of_thr_armad
a.html
 UlsterMuseum: http://www.nmni.com/um
 Film: Elizabeth: The Golden Age

2. The Spanish Armada
Introduction
In the latter part of the 16th century, Spain was the major international power and either ruled, colonized, or
exercised influence over much of the known world. English 'sea-dogs' had been causing a great deal of damage to
Spain'strade in silver.Mensuchas SirFrancis Drake attackedSpanishshippingoff of the WestIndiesandSpainlosta
vast sum of money when the ships carrying silver sunk or had their cargo captured by Drake. To the English, Drake
was a herobut to the Spanishhe wasnothingmore than a pirate who, in their view, was allowed to do what he did
with the full knowledge of Queen Elizabeth. This the Spanish could not accept.
Spain controlled what was called the Spanish Netherlands. This consisted of modern day Holland and Be lgium. In
particular,Hollandwanteditsindependence. They did not like being made to be Catholic; in fact, Protestant ideas
had taken root in Holland and many of those in Holland were secret Protestants. If they had publicly stated their
Protestantbeliefs,theirliveswouldhave beenindanger.Spainusedareligioussecretpolice calledthe Inquisition to
hunt out Protestants. However, during Elizabeth's reign, the English had been helping the Dutch Protestants in
Holland.ThisgreatlyangeredKingFelipeIIof Spain.WithEnglandunderhiscontrol,Felipe could control the English
Channel andhisshipscouldhave an easypassage from Spain to the Spanish Netherlands. Spanish troops stationed
there could be easily supplied.
Catholic Felipe believed that it was his duty to lead Protestant England back to the Catholic faith - by force of
necessary. In 1587, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, was executed in England on the orders of Elizabeth. Mary Stuart,
was a Catholic and Felipe II believed that he had a duty to ensure no more Catholics were arrested in England and
that no more should be executed. Mary, Queen of Scots, had also made it clear that if she became Queen of
England,Felipe shouldinheritthe throne after her death. He managed to get papal approval for his invasion, and a
promise of money to be delivered after the Spanish had landed in England.
He alsogot papal permissiontoname the nextrulerof England(bysurreptitiouslyslippingaclause tothat effectinto
the middle of the documentof agreementwiththe Pope).Felipe plannedtoname his daughter Isabel Clara Eugenia
as Queen of England, under his control.
Felipe began preparing his invasion force as early as 1584. His first choice as commander was the Marquis of Santa
Cruz, but when Santa Cruz died Felipe ordered the Duke of Medina Sidonia to take command of the fleet. Medina
Sidoniawasan experiencedwarrioronland,buthe had no naval background,andno interestinleadingthe Armada,
as the invasion fleet came to be called. He begged to be dismissed, but Felipe ignored the request.

3. Planned invasion of England
On 28 May 1588 the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for
the English Channel. The fleet was composed of 151 ships, 8,000
sailors and 18,000 soldiers, and bore 1,500 brass guns and 1,000
iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port. It
included twenty eight purpose-built warships of which twenty
were galleons, four galleys and four (Neapolitan) galleasses.
In the Spanish Netherlands 30,000 soldiers awaited the arrival of
the Armada, the plan being to use the cover of the warships to
convey the army on barges to a place near London. All told,
55,000 men were to have been mustered a huge army for that
time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in
the Netherlands, Valentine Dale, met Parma's representatives in
peace negotiations. The English made a vain effort to intercept
the Armada in the Bay of Biscay.
On 16 July negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet
stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of
Spanish movements. The English fleet outnumbered the Spanish,
with 200 ships to 130 while the Spanish fleet outgunned the
English.
On 8 August Queen Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her
forces, and the next day gave to them what is probably her most
famous speech:
"My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that we are
careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to
armed multitudes for fearof treachery; but,I do assure you, I do
not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people.
Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself, that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in
the loyal heartsand goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I amcome amongst you as you see at this time, not for my
recreation and disport, but being resolved,in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all - to lay down
for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust.
I know I have the body of a weak, feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a King - and of a King of
England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe,should dare to invade the borders of
my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms - I myself will be your
general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field.
I know already, foryour forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns,and, we do assure you,on the word of
a prince, they shall be duly paid you.For the meantime, my Lieutenant-General Leicester shall be in my stead, than
whomnever prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my General,
by your concord in the camp, and yourvalour in the field,we shall shortly have a famous victory over these enemies
of my God, of my kingdom and of my people."

4. Return to Spain and consequences
In September 1588 the Armada sailed around Scotland
and Ireland into the North Atlantic. The ships were
beginning to show wear from the long voyage, and some
were kept together by having their hulls bundled up with
cables. Supplies of food and water ran short, and the
cavalry horses were cast overboard into the sea. The
intention would have been to keep well to the west of the
coast of Scotland and Ireland, in the relative safety of the
open sea. However, there being at that time no way of
accurately measuring longitude, the Spanish were not
aware that the Gulf Stream was carrying them north and
east as they tried to move west, and they eventually turned south much further to the east than planned, a devastating
navigational error. Off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds, which
drove many of the damaged ships further towards the lee shore. Because so many anchors had been abandoned
during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as they
reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks. The late 16th century, and especially 1588, was marked
by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast
of Greenland.
In the end, 67 ships and fewer than 10,000 men survived. Many of the men were near death from disease, as the
conditions were very cramped and most of the ships ran out of food and water. Many more died in Spain, or on
hospital ships in Spanish harbours, from diseases contracted during the voyage. It was reported that, when Philip II
learned of the result of the expedition, he declared, I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves.
Jewels
Gold and Ruby Salamander Pendant
This little salamander, or ‘winged lizard’, of gold inset with rubies is only
one piece from the sumptuous collection of 1500's jewellery recovered
from the Spanish Armada galleas, Girona.
.
This beautiful salamander pendant, of gold set with rubies, reflects the
grandeur of the Spanish empire. Gold and silver from the Spanish
conquests in the Americas were a primary source of income for the
empire (click image to enlarge).
While large numbers of splendid native gold ornaments were melted
down for bullion, the ideas of South American craftsmen were often
retained. This may explain the fondness for jewels in the form of animals,
which appeared during the 16th century. Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of
the Aztec Empire of Mexico, recorded in 1526 that among the gold
ornaments sent to Spain was a "winged lizard" or salamander. In legend, the salamander was believed to
have the magical properties of being able to extinguish and to survive fire - this made it a potent good luck
charm on board a wooden fighting ship, where fire was one of the greatest hazards.
The pendant is part of the sumptuous collection of Renaissance gold jewellery recovered from the galleass
Girona, which sank of the north Antrim in the storms of 1588, following the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

5. Questions
The Spanish Armada
1. Where and whendidthe Armadaset itssail from?Where didtheyheadfor?
2. What was the final aimof the SpanishArmada?
3. Who was waitingforjoiningthe SpanishArmada?Whatwastheirpurpose?
4. What were the differencesbetweenthe Englishand the Spaniardsintermsof shipsandweapons?
Queen Elizabeth’s famous speech vocabulary:
Underline the wordsgiveninthe text andlook forthe translationintoSpanish:
To take heed:
For fear of treachery:
To distrust:
To command:
In the midstand heat of the battle:
To be rewarded:
Jewels
1.
2.