The document provides an overview of the Renaissance and Reformation periods in Europe. It describes how the Renaissance originated in Italy in the 14th century as trade increased, allowing certain city-states like Florence to become wealthy centers of art, literature, and culture. Important figures that helped spread Renaissance ideas included Petrarch, Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The document also summarizes how Martin Luther and other reformers criticized the Catholic Church's corruption and indulgences, leading to the Protestant Reformation and a split in Christianity.

1. The
Renaissance
and
Reformation

2. The Italian Renaissance
► Renaissance  rebirth
► Italian Renaissance  rebirth of ancient
Greek & Roman worlds
► Characteristics
 Secular Urban society (City-states)
 Age of Recovery
 New view of human ability & worth

3. Origins of the Renaissance
► European trade with Asia increased during
the 1300s.
► 2. Italian merchants organized much of this
trade.
► 3. Trade cities in Italy grew wealthy.
► 4. They competed to create works that
would increase the prestige of their cities.
Genoa
Milan
Venice

4. Origins of the Renaissance (cont)
► 5. Florence became a center for banking,
art, culture, and literature.
► 6. Cosimo de’ Medici wanted to make
Florence the most beautiful city.
► 7. The Renaissance began in Italy and
spread throughout Europe.

5. Important City-States of the
Renaissance
Palazzo
► Florence Contarini
del Bovolo,
► Rome Venice
► Venice
► Genoa
Genoa Towers,
► Milan
Façade and
bell tower, Comune
Santa Maria gi Milano,
del Fiore, Milan
Florence

6. City State Populations

7. Italian City States – Not yet the nation of ITALY
Each Italian
city-state had
its own wealthy
ruler.
Italian Trade Routes – Notice the impact on Italy

8. Florence
► Center of art, literature,
and culture.
► Florence became
wealthy from the
manufacturing of wool.
► Later Florence became
the banking center of
Italy.
► The Medici family were
the greatest bankers in
Florence.

9. Florence
► The Renaissance
started in Florence
and spread
throughout Europe.
► Competition between
the Italian city-states
led to advances in
literature,
architecture, art,
music, science, and
education.

10. Medici Family
► Ruled Florence, 13th  17th Centuries
► Aimed to make Florence the most beautiful
city in the world – Became Patrons of the
Arts. Commissioned artist (incl. da Vinci,
Raphael & Michelangelo)
► Lorenzo (The Magnificent) –
created peace among Italian
states, ended w/his death,
2 years later FR invades

11. Rome
► Home of the Catholic
Church
► Popes commissioned
famous artists and
architects to beautify
Rome. Michelangelo,
Raphael, and Botticelli
all produced major
works in Rome.

12. ► The popes employed the best artists Rome
and architects of the Renaissance to build and
decorate the most opulent churches in in the world.
► Michelangelo designed the finest example of
Renaissance architecture in Rome, the Piazza del
Campidoglio (bottom left). He also designed the
dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (bottom right).

13. Venice
► Venice was the wealthiest city-
state of the Renaissance.
► It was a port city on the
Mediterranean.
► Venice maintained hundreds of
merchant ships and warships,
and thousands of sailors.

14. Genoa
► Genoa is located on the
Mediterranean.
► Genoa was one of two
main port cities in Italy
during the Renaissance.
► Genoa was one of the
wealthiest city-states of
the Renaissance.
► Dominated trade in the
Mediterranean
Genoa
Harbor

15. ► Milan dominated the inland
trade routes because it was the Milan
gateway to Italy from the north.
► Milan is the site of Santa Maria
delle Grazie, the cathedral where
Leonardo da Vinci painted The
Last Supper in the dining hall.

16. Niccolo Machiavelli
► IT philosopher, diplomat, poet,
musician, playwright..
► Best known for The Prince – realist politics
 Rulers should behave like a lion (aggressive and
powerful) and at other times like a fox (cunning
and practical)
 “The Ends Justify the Means”
 “It was better to be feared than to be loved”
 All this done to keep peace and stabilize power
► 1st to publicly suggest immoral behavior for govt
stability

17. Renaissance Society
► Strict Class society
 Nobility – most powerful, but smallest group
►Strict
rules and expectations
►Born not made or earned
 Townspeople
►Wide range of wealth, from rich to poor
►Provide goods & services
 Peasants – weakest, but largest group
►More freedoms as serfdom decreased
►Mainly lived in rural areas, so were least impacted by
Renaissance

18. The Intellectual and Artistic
Renaissance

19. Italian Renaissance Humanism
► Stressed that man was the center of the universe
and had dignity and value
► Humanism – intellectual movement based on the
classics
 Study – grammar, rhetoric (debate), poetry,
philosophy & history (the Humanities)
► Ren Educations – based on humanism
 Goal – create complete citizens
► Vernacular Literature – written in common lang
 Dante, Chaucer, Pizan

20. Petrarch: “Father of Humanism”
► Petrarch was a scholar and
poet who was responsible for
the recovery of manuscripts
and works of Greek and
Roman writers.
► He traveled throughout Europe
recovering manuscripts of
Cicero and other Roman
authors that had been lost in
monastery libraries.
► Petrarch, like other writers of Francesco
the time, wrote in Latin. Petrarch

21. Dante Alighieri
► “Fatherof the Italian
Language”
► Wrote The Divine Comedy.
► The Divine Comedy is
considered one of the greatest
works of Italian and world
literature.
► Dante was first to write in the
vernacular, the language used
in everyday life. Until his time,
all European literature was Dante
written in Latin. Alighieri

22. Insert scanned table

23. The Artistic Renaissance in
Italy
► Rome became the center of Renaissance art in the
1500s.
 Pope Alexander VI: most notorious of the
Renaissances popes; spent huge sums on art
patronage.
► 3 Masters of the High Renaissance
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Raphael
► Sculpture & Architecture are include in Renaissance
Art, both drew from Greek & Roman influenences

24. New Artistic Techniques
► Fresco –
watercolor on
fresh plaster
► Law of
Perspective
► Study of human
anatomy
► GOAL – imitate
nature
From Michelangelo’s Sketch Book

25. Leonardo da Vinci
► Master of realism &
perspective
► Studied human
anatomy (cadavers)
to be as accurate as
possible
► Sculptor, painter,
astronomer,
inventor – a true
“Renaissance Man”

26. Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper
A page from one of da Vinci’s
notebooks, he “coded” his work
by writing backwards. He could
read it, but most other people
would need a mirror to read it.

27. Raphael Santi
►1 of the top Renaissance painters
► Especially known for his “Madonna's” –
paintings of Mary the mother of Jesus
► A major artist in the Vatican
Madonna
of the
Meadows
Madonna del
Granduca

28. Raphael Santi
School of
Athens -
fresco in
the
Apostolic
Palace in
the Vatican.
Thought to
be
Raphael’s
masterpiece
.

29. Raphael Santi
The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought
to have drawn his likenesses. 6: Pythagoras? 7: Alexander the Great? 12: Socrates?
13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (Leonardo da Vinci)
15: Aristotle holding the Ethics? 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: 18: Euclid or Archimedes
with students 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael)

30. Michelangelo Buonarroti
► Painter,sculptor and architect
► Most famous for work in Vatican City
Vatican City
St. Peter’s Bascillica
(large domed building) –
designed by Michelangelo
(St. Peter’s Square –
designed by Bernini)

31. Michelangelo
Well known for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
The ceiling illustrates the stories of the Book of
Genesis
The Creation of Adam
The Last Judgement
On the Alter Wall of the
Sistine Chapel.

32. Michelangelo, the sculptor
The Pieta –
marble statue
of a crucified
Jesus being
held by his
mother Mary.
In St. Peter’s
Basilica.

33. Michelangelo, the sculptor
David – carved from
one piece of marble
from 1501 to 1504.
Said to be
proportionally perfect,
though David is 17
feet tall

34. Northern Italian Renaissance
► Centered in Low Countries – Belg, Lux, Neth
► Due to weather- few frescoes
 Stained glass, wooden panels, canvas
► Janvan Eyck – Flemish, perfected use of oil
paints
 Oils allow greater variety of color
& detail
Portrait of a Man in a
Turban , probably a
self-portrait, painted
1433

35. Albrecht Durer
► German
►1 of greatest Northern
Renaissance artists
► Revolutionized woodcuts
► Studied in Italy on
several different
occasions

37. Architecture
► Architectural design returns
to the classical styles of
Rome and Greece.
► Public buildings, homes and
villas are designed using
Greek and Roman
architectural styles.
► Renaissance buildings
feature columns, domes, and
vaulted ceilings.
► Brunelleschi designs the first
domed building.
► Perspective becomes
important in architecture.

38. Brunelleschi
The Basilica di
Santa Maria
del Fiore,
Florence, also
called the
Duomo.

39. Donato Bramante
St. Peter’s Basilica
in Vatican City.
Started in 1506;
Completed in 1626.

40. The Printing Press
► Johannes Gutenberg was a
German goldsmith and printer.
► Gutenberg was the first to
develop movable type. This
allowed for mass production of
books.
► Gutenberg’s invention
revolutionized book-making in
Europe.
► Gutenberg was the key figure
in spreading the Renaissance.
► His invention of movable type
is still considered the most
important invention in history.

41. IMPACT
► Much easier to
publish books
► Increased literacy
► 1450-1500, 20 million
books printed
covering 35,000
topics
► Vernacular Literature
– written in common
language
 Dante, Chaucer,
Shakespeare

42. Writers of the Renaissance
► With the printing press. books become more
affordable and more people (mostly wealthy)
learn to read
► Dante, Petrarch and Machiavelli were all
important writers of the time
► But there were more…

43. Miguel de Cervantes
► Cervantes was a Spanish novelist,
poet, painter, and playwright.
He was born in La Mancha, Spain.
► Cervantes wrote the novel Don Quixote, the most
influential work of literature to come out of the
Spanish Golden Age.
► Cervantes was a man of adventure. It was said
that he left Castile because of a duel.
► Cervantes got the idea for Don Quixote while
serving one of two prison terms for irregularities in
his bookkeeping as a tax collector and purchasing
agent.

44. New Words Abound…
Alligator Laughingstock Worthless
Critical Lonely Zany
Equivocal Luggage
Eyeball Manager
Eyesore Puke
Gloomy Torture
But where did they come from?

45. William Shakespeare
► Shakespeare is considered the
greatest writer and dramatist of
all time.
► Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Julius
Caesar, A Midsummer’s Night
Dream, Henry IV, Henry V, Much
Ado About Nothing, Twelfth
“All the world’s a stage, Night, Hamlet and more.
and all the men and
women merely players ► Shakespeare wrote 38 plays, 154
there, they have their exits
and their entrances, and sonnets, two narrative poems,
one man in his time plays
many parts….”
and other poems.
William Shakespeare

46. Shakespeare
► William Shakespeare (1564-1616)– Elizabethan era
 Greatest of English Renaissance authors
 His work reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical
Greek and Roman culture, individualism and
humanism
 Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
 Known for the “timelessness” of his work
 Close to 300 movies and TV adaptations have been
made of Shakespeare’s work (e.g. Ten Things I
Hate About You, a rendition of The Taming of the
Shrew)

47. Contributions of the Renaissance
► Invention of the Gutenberg Press
► The banking industry
► Exploration, colonization of world
► Expansion of trade
► Humanism, individual is the center of the universe
► Reintroduction of Greek and Roman knowledge
and philosophy
► Gateway to modern art forms
► Expansion of Greek and Roman architecture and
sculpture
► Increased scientific knowledge, and desire to know
more

48. The Italian Wars (1494-1559)
► Powerful IT monarchs & foreign countries (SP, FR,
HRE, Ott Emp…) vied for control
► Charles I (SP) allowed sack of Rome (May 5, 1527)
 Pope Clement forced to flee
 Aftermath:
►End of Roman Renaissance
►Damaged Papal prestige
►SP dominant power in IT
►Charles V given freedom to act
on Reformation in Germany
FYI – In commemoration, all new Swiss Guard
members are sworn in on May 6 of each year.

49. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
► Religious reforms dividing western Christianity
► Roman Catholic Church criticized for abuse of
power and corruption
► Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Church
 Believed through reason, and studying the
classics one could become more pious(Christ-like)
 Desiderius Erasmus–father of Christian Humanism
►Suggested reforming from within the Church

50. Desiderius Erasmus
► Erasmus was a Dutch scholar,
humanist, and theologian.
► Erasmus was ordained a Catholic
priest, but never practiced
priestly duties.
► Instead, he studied theology and
classical Greek at the universities
of Paris and Cambridge.
► Erasmus was critical of some of
the practices and doctrines of the
Desiderius Catholic Church.
Erasmus ► Erasmus sought to reform the
Catholic Church.

51. Calls to Reform the Church
► In Praise of Folly - by Erasmus
 Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550)
 Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to
reform the Church, not destroy it
 Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church
leaders and the clergy
 The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and
influenced Martin Luther

52. Why reform?
► Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of
spiritual leadership
► Scientific advances contradicted the Church
► People wanted to know how to save souls
► Indulgences –a release of a
soul from purgatory for
monetary donation –
a HUGE abuse of
Church power!

53. What was the Protestant
Reformation?
► Priorto the Reformation all Christians were Roman
Catholic
► The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the
Catholic Church
► People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the
corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church
► In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their
own religions
► The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the
formation of these new Protestant religions

54. Scan graphic?

55. MARTIN LUTHER
► German Priest
► Saw problems in the Church
► Church believed salvation gained
from faith + good work
 Luther thought faith alone gained salvation
► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door
in Wittenburg, Ger
 His criticisms of Church
 1000s of copies distributed through
Germany

56. The Reformation Begins
► By 1521 Luther moving toward spilt from Church
► Wanted Ger princes to overthrow Papal power in
Germany & est a German Church
► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated
 Summoned by Imperial Diet of HRE to Worms
 Called by Emperor Charles V,
wanted Luther to change his
ideas, Luther – “NO”
 Edict of Worms issued, making
Luther an outlaw
 Luther kept in hiding by
his prince

57. Lutheranism
► Followersof Luther’s religious practices
► Gained support of many German princes
► 1524, German peasants revolted & hoped
Luther would support them, because Luther
needed the princes’ support, he did not help
the peasants
► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran?
 To achieve peace HRE Emperor Charles V
accepted the Peace of Augsburg (allowed Ger
princes to choose the faith of their region)

58. Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli
► UlrichZwingli – priest in Zurich, Switzerland
► Zwinglian Reformation
 Banned all religious relics & images
 Whitewashed all church interiors
 No music in church services
 Does note merge w/Luther b/c
can’t agree with the meaning
of communion

59. Protestantism Spreads - Calvin
► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in rel war)
► French, fled for safety to Switzerland
► 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz.
 Created a church govt of elect & laity
 Used consistory (moral police)
► Sent missionaries thru Eur to convert Cath.
► Ideas spread  FR, Neth, Scot…
► Mid 16th C – Calvinism more pop than Lutheranism

65. Reformation in England
► Political,
not religious motives for reform
► Henry VIII – King of England
 Needs a male heir to carry on
the Tudor Dynasty
 Married Catherine of Aragon
(Aunt of Charles V,HRE Emperor)
 Have a daughter, Mary
 No son, so Henry wants a divorce!
In the Catholic Church, you
need an annulment, granted by the
Church. The Pope grants it for a King.

66. Reformation in England (cont)
► The Pope refused to grant the annulment,
too political (King of Eng vs. HRE Emperor)
► After a long argument, Henry decided to
break from Catholic Church
► Archbishop of Canterbury granted divorce
► Act of Supremacy(1534) est Church of Eng
 King control over doctrine, appointments, etc
 Dissolves Cath claims, sells land & possessions
 Remained close to Cath teachings

67. Henry & his wives
► Henry was
desperate for a son.
So much so he
married 6 times!!
► The saying goes…
Divorced, Beheaded,
Died
Divorced, Beheaded,
Survived
Horrible Histories

68. The Church of England
► 1547 – Henry died
 His 9 year old son, Edward VI, took the throne
► The Church of England- aka Anglican Church
 Became more Protestant
 Angering Catholics
► 1553 – Edward dies
 His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne
 She wants to restore Catholicism
 “Bloody Mary” has 300+ Prot burned as heretics
 Increases tensions btw Cath & Prot

69. The Catholic Reformation
► Protestantismspreading rapidly through Eur
► Church sees need to reform
 Raises the standards of the clergy
 Inspired the Church with a renewed zeal and
morale
 Contributed significantly to producing the
Catholic Church as we know it today.
► Pillars of Catholic Reformation
 1. Reform of Papacy
 2. Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
 3. Council of Trent

70. The Papacy
► Corruption had to be
addressed
► Pope Paul II led papal
reform
 Oversaw the creation of
the Jesuit order
 Opened the Council of
Trent
 Revived the Inquisition

71. The Jesuits
► Most significant agency of
Catholic reform
► Founded by Ignatius of
Loyola
 Spanish soldier
 Injured in battle
►Had a conversion during
recovery, dedicated himself
to the Church

72. Role of Jesuits
► Missionaries
 Convert former and non-
Catholics
► Urged the religious
education of children
► Devoted to religious and
secular education
 Secondary schools
 Colleges/Universities
 Seminaries

73. Council of Trent
► Met over 18 year period (1545-63)
► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching
 Including 7 sacraments
 Maintained salvation was gained through faith
and good works
► More strict rules for clergy
 Incl more education for priests
►Each diocese established a seminary
► Banned indulgences!!

74. The Inquisition
► Church’s way to
suppress heresy
► Infamous for its
cruelty
► Followed strictly in
Spain, Portugal and
Rome
► Some countries, like
France, refused