Geography is the oldest of the sciences, studying the Earth and its features as well as human cultures. The word geography comes from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "graphy" meaning writing. Today geography is divided into physical geography, which examines the natural world, and cultural geography, which studies human impacts and culture. Geographers study these areas and provide information to governments on topics like geology, urban planning, ecosystems, economics and more, making their work important.

1. 2nd graders
Social Studies Department
Almudena Corrales Marbán

2. 1. Introduction
The science of geography is likely the oldest of all sciences. Geography is
the answer to the question that the earliest humans asked, "What's over
there?" Exploration and the discovery of new places, new cultures, and
new ideas have always been basic components of geography.
Thus, geography is often called the "mother of all sciences" as studying
other people and other places led to other scientific fields such as
biology, anthropology, geology, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry,
among others.
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2. What does the word geography
mean?
The word "geography" was invented by the ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes
and literally means "writing about the earth." The word can be divided into
two parts - ge and graphy. Ge means the Earth and graphy refers to writing.
In Spanish we would say – “geo” y “grafía”-. Geo significa Tierra y
grafía, escritura. Por lo tanto escritura o descripción de la Tierra.
Of course, geography today means much more than writing about the
Earth but it's a difficult discipline to define. Many geographers have done
their best to define geography but a typical dictionary definition today reads,
"The science of the Earth's physical features, resources, climate,
population, etc."

4. Just let you know some definitions
of Geography along history:
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"The purpose of geography is to provide 'a view of the
whole' earth by mapping the location of places." -
Ptolemy, 150 CE
"Synoptic discipline synthesizing findings of
other sciences through the concept of Raum
(area or space)." - Immanuel Kant, c. 1780
"Synthesizing discipline to connect the general with the
special through measurement, mapping, and a regional
emphasis." - Alexander von Humboldt, 1845

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To reinforce this aspect please watch:
http://geography.about.com/od/studygeography/a/geog101.htm

6. 3. Divisions of Geography
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Today, geography is commonly divided into two
major branches - cultural geography (also called
human geography) and physical geography.
In Spain, geographers usually
divided it into:
1. Geografía física.
2. Geografía humana
Y podemos añadir:
3. Geografía económica
4. Geografía política
Estas dos pueden incluirse dentro de
la humana.

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3.1. Physical Geography
Physical geography is the branch of geography dealing
with the natural features of the Earth, the home of
humans. Physical geography looks at the water, air,
animals, and land of the planet Earth (i.e. everything
that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere,
biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere). Physical geography is
closely related to geography's sister science - geology -
but physical geography focuses more on the landscapes at
the surface of the Earth and NOT WHAT IS INSIDE OUR
PLANET.
REMEMBER !
Physical Geography
LOOKS AT:
everything that is
part of the four
spheres –
the atmosphere,
biosphere,
hydrosphere,
lithosphere

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Cultural geography is the branch of geography dealing
with human culture and its impact on the Earth.
Cultural geographers study:
Languages
Population
Religion Politics
AgricultureUrban
areas
AND
MORE…
3.1. Human/Cultural Geography

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3.3. Other key areas
Other key areas of geography include regional
geography (which involves the in-depth study and
knowledge of a particular region and its cultural as
well as its physical characteristics) and geographic
technologies like GIS (geographic information
systems) and GPS (global positioning system).

10. 4. WHAT DO GEOGRAPHERS DO?
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You might wonder……….and what do geographers do? Are they so important?
Of course, they are!
Geographers are everywhere, governments receive specialised reports on:
• Geology
• Town planning
• Freshwater lake ecosystems
• Other environmental impacts
• Traffic impacts
• Economics