The document provides information over 3 days on cloud formation, types of clouds, and precipitation. It describes how clouds form through condensation on particle surfaces in saturated air. Mountain ranges cause orographic lifting which leads to more rain. Cirrus, altostratus and nimbostratus clouds are described. The Bergeron process explains how ice crystals in supercooled clouds cause water droplets to freeze and grow into precipitation. Rain forms through collision-coalescence in warm clouds above 0°C, while snow and hail form at colder temperatures.

1. Clouds and Precipitation Objectives (Day 1): Describe how clouds form (what do they need?) Identify how mountain ranges effect rain fall. Relate convective flow to the occurrence of severe weather.

2. Starter: Does Coke cry? Does soda know it is about to die? What is this water on the Outside of the can? Where does it come from?

3. Cloud Formation  For any form of condensation to occur, the air must be saturated. • Generally, there must be a surface for water vapor to condense on.  Types of Surfaces • Condensation nuclei are tiny bits of particulate matter that serve as surfaces on which water vapor condenses when condensation occurs in the air. Condensation

4. Making Clouds How are the 3 ingredients needed to make clouds represented in this demonstration? If you had to explain this demonstration to your little brother/sister, how would you it? http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v =wfzQbNlGL5M

5. Cloud Formation by Adiabatic Cooling

6. Orographic Lifting and Frontal Wedging

7. Convergence and Localized Convective Lifting

8. Clouds and Precipitation Objectives (Day 2): Identify and describe types of clouds. Relate the types of clouds you see to predict the weather. Identify the clouds into (3+1) groups. Describe the Bergeron process.

9. Cirrus Clouds

10. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  High Clouds • Cirrus clouds are high, white, and thin. • Cirrostratus clouds are flat layers of clouds. • Cirrocumulus clouds consist of fluffy masses.  Middle Clouds • Altostratus clouds create a uniform white to gray sheet covering the sky with the sun or moon visible as a bright spot. • Altocumulus clouds are composed of rounded masses that differ from cirrocumulus clouds in that altocumulus clouds are larger and denser. Types of Clouds

11. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  Low Clouds • Stratus clouds are best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky. • Nimbostratus clouds are the main precipitation makers. • Stratocumulus clouds have a scalloped bottom that appears as long parallel rolls or broken rounded patches. Types of Clouds

12. Cloud Classification

13. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  Clouds of Vertical Development • Some clouds do not fit into any one of the three height categories mentioned. Such clouds have their bases in the low height range but often extend upward into the middle or high altitudes. Types of Clouds

14. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  Fog is defined as a cloud with its base at or very near the ground. • As the air cools, it becomes denser and drains into low areas such as river valleys, where thick fog accumulations may occur.  Fog Caused by Cooling • When cool air moves over warm water, enough moisture may evaporate from the water surface to produce saturation.  Fog Caused by Evaporation Fog

15. Clouds and Precipitation Objectives (Day 3): Explain the 2 ways that clouds may form. Identify types of precipitaion and the conditions in which they form.

16. Convection Demonstration What makes water vapor rise? What makes wind? What energy source makes water vapor rise in the lower latitudes? What do the outer drops of food dye represent? http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v = rgyRsMsQsfE

17. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  For precipitation to form, cloud droplets must grow in volume by roughly one million times. • The Bergeron process is a theory that relates the formation of precipitation to supercooled clouds, freezing nuclei, and the different saturation levels of ice and liquid water.  Cold Cloud Precipitation How Precipitation Forms

18. The Bergeron Process

19. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  Cold Cloud Precipitation • Supercooled water is the condition of water droplets that remain in the liquid state at temperatures well below 0 o C. • Supersaturated air is the condition of air that is more concentrated than is normally possible under given temperature and pressure conditions. How Precipitation Forms

20. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  Warm Cloud Precipitation • The collision-coalescence process is a theory of raindrop formation in warm clouds (above 0 o C) in which large cloud droplets collide and join together with smaller droplets to form a raindrop. How Precipitation Forms

21. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation  The type of precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface depends on the temperature profile in the lower few kilometers of the atmosphere. • In meteorology, the term rain means drops of water that fall from a cloud and have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm.  Rain and Snow • At very low temperatures (when the moisture content of air is low) light fluffy snow made up of individual six-sided ice crystals forms. Forms of Precipitation

22. 18.3 Cloud Types and Precipitation • Sleet is the fall of clear-to-translucent ice.  Rain and Snow • Hail is produced in cumulonimbus clouds. • Hailstones begin as small ice pellets that grow by collecting supercooled water droplets as they fall through a cloud. Forms of Precipitation

23. Largest Recorded Hailstone