Kinds of precipitation
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The document discusses the main types of precipitation: rain, snow, sleet, and hail. Rain falls as liquid when temperatures are above 0°C and is the most common type. Snow forms from ice crystals when temperatures are cold enough to freeze water vapor directly into ice. Sleet consists of frozen rain droplets that form when rain passes through a layer of freezing air. Hail develops when rain freezes into balls or chunks of ice that accumulate additional layers of ice and vapor as they are pushed between cold and warm air currents.
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Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures of substances that are soluble in the same solvent. A spot of the mixture is placed on filter paper and a solvent is used to carry the different substances along the paper at different rates, based on how strongly they interact with the solvent and paper. This allows the different substances to be visually identified based on how far they travel up the paper compared to samples of single known substances run alongside the mixture.
Scientific enquiry
The scientific method involves 6 key steps: 1) making observations and recording them, 2) asking a question and developing a testable hypothesis, 3) conducting research, 4) performing an experiment, 5) recording results, and 6) drawing a conclusion about whether the hypothesis was confirmed or not. The document then discusses the concept of variables in an experiment, defining the independent variable as the factor that is deliberately changed, the dependent variable as the factor that is measured, and controlled variables as other factors kept the same.
Lab safety rules, safety symbols and tools
This document provides information about lab safety rules, common safety symbols seen in laboratories, and descriptions of various laboratory tools and equipment. It lists 10 lab safety rules but does not specify them. It also describes safety symbols for substances that are explosive, flammable, corrosive, toxic, radioactive, pose environmental dangers, or are oxidizing, gases under pressure, or health hazards. Finally, it provides the names, uses, and simple diagrams of common lab tools including test tubes, beakers, conical flasks, Bunsen burners, tripods and gauzes, clamps and stands, funnels and filter paper, round-bottom and flat-bottom flasks, separating funnels, and delivery tubes.
Classroom rules and intro. to chemistry igcse (ext.)
This document outlines expectations and provides an introduction for the IGCSE Chemistry (Extended) course. It details that students will be assessed through pop quizzes, regular quizzes, three progression tests, and mock exams starting in March. Students are expected to take notes, use provided resource packs, past papers, and copybooks to study on a daily basis. They should understand all material, ask questions if unsure, and assess understanding through homework.
Classroom rules and intro. to chemistry igcse (core)
This document outlines expectations and provides an introduction for the IGCSE Chemistry course. It discusses that students will be assessed through pop quizzes, regular quizzes, three progression tests, and mock exams starting in March. Students are expected to take notes, use provided resource packs, past papers, and copybooks to study. They should take notes during each session, understand the material, and study daily assignments to assess their understanding, asking questions if anything is unclear.
Electric circuits 1
The document discusses electric circuits and their components. It explains that an electric circuit requires a power source, conducting materials like wires, components that use the electricity such as light bulbs, and switches. It also describes how to draw circuit diagrams using symbols and discusses key circuit concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. The document uses examples like dimmer switches and defibrillators to illustrate these circuit principles.
Plants life cycles
1. Seeds need certain conditions like water, light, and warmth to germinate and grow into new plants.
2. Flowers have both male and female parts that work together to create new plants through pollination and fertilization. Pollen is transferred by insects from the male stamen to the female stigma and ovary.
3. The process of reproduction through spreading seeds and pollinating flowers is important for the circle of life as it allows plants and animals to continue their species and prevent extinction.
9 c plants-and-photosynthesis-101oqsd
Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce their own food. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll. It occurs in the leaves of plants, specifically in the chloroplasts of leaf cells. The process produces glucose and oxygen and provides plants with the energy and nutrients they need to grow.
25 people and the planet part1
Hunter-gatherers lived in East Africa about 200,000 years ago and gradually spread across continents. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups in the Middle East began farming, which allowed population growth and specialization in crafts. Early machines like watermills and windmills harnessed energy from water and wind. The steam engine was invented in the 18th century and powered the Industrial Revolution, but also caused pollution. Today various renewable and non-renewable sources provide energy for transportation, electricity generation, and more.
27 people and planet(part3)
The document provides 5 tips for reducing environmental damage through conserving energy at home, such as switching off unused lights and electrical equipment, using low energy light bulbs, only running washing machines with full loads, drying clothes outside instead of using driers, and wearing warm clothes instead of using heaters. It also lists large-scale projects like setting up recycling schemes, developing alternative energy sources, reducing CFCs and harmful pesticides, and creating pollution-reducing devices. The document concludes by stating these efforts require work from governments and companies.
26 people and planet part 2
This document summarizes several ways that human activities have impacted the environment. It discusses how the development of farming, industry, and fossil fuel use has destroyed natural habitats and introduced chemicals like pesticides and pollutants. It also describes how the introduction of gases like CFCs in the early 20th century were found to be damaging the ozone layer. The extra carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels may cause global warming and changes to habitats worldwide. Acid rain can damage soil and kill plants from gases emitted by volcanoes, lightning, power stations, and factories.
Heat transfer
Heat can be transferred through three main processes: conduction, convection and radiation. Radiation involves the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves called infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is able to travel through empty space, which is how heat from the Sun travels to the Earth. All objects emit infrared radiation, with the amount emitted depending on the object's surface properties - matte black surfaces are the best emitters and absorbers of infrared radiation.
Static electricity
Static charge builds up when two insulating materials are rubbed together through friction, such as a plastic comb moving through hair. This friction causes electrons to be transferred from one material to the other, leaving one material with an excess of electrons and an overall negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and an overall positive charge. Static charge comes from the transfer of electrons between atoms during rubbing, as electrons can sometimes be removed from their atoms.
Week 7 10 turning effects
This document discusses balanced and unbalanced forces. It defines a moment as a turning effect caused by a force, and explains that the size of a moment depends on two factors: the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot point. It provides the moment equation and gives examples of moments, including a see-saw. It introduces the principle of moments, which states that for an object to be balanced, the sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments. Finally, it defines the center of mass as the point where all the mass of an object seems to be concentrated.
9.10.3 pressure
This document discusses the concept of pressure in physics. It defines pressure as the force applied over an area, and provides an example comparing the pressure exerted by a fingertip versus a palm. Pressure is measured in units of pascals or other derivatives of newtons per area. The document explains that applying the same force over a larger area results in lower pressure. It provides examples of how high and low pressure are used in different situations like shoes on muddy ground, skis on snow, and knives cutting food. Finally, it briefly discusses how pressure increases with depth in liquids and can be transmitted through a liquid.
Density
1. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and can be used to compare how much mass is contained within a certain volume of different materials.
2. The density of a material can be calculated by measuring its mass and volume, with density equaling mass divided by volume.
3. There are different methods to determine the density of regular solids, irregular solids, liquids, and gases depending on whether their volume needs to be measured directly or determined through displacement.
Ch.16.magnets and electromagnets
The document discusses magnetism and electromagnets. It begins by identifying which materials are magnetic, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. It then explains what magnetic fields are, how they can be visualized using iron filings, and how their patterns differ depending on whether two magnets' north or north/south poles are brought together. The document also explores how electromagnets work and can be made stronger by increasing the number of coils or electrical current. Electromagnets have advantages over permanent magnets in applications like recycling plants due to being able to be turned on and off.
7 l the_solar_system_and_beyond
Scientists' ideas about the solar system have developed over time from ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy, who believed the Earth was the center, to Copernicus, who proposed the Sun was the center in the 16th century. Kepler later suggested elliptical orbits and Newton developed the law of universal gravitation. In the 18th-19th centuries, Herschel discovered Uranus and Hubble showed the universe is expanding, leading to the Big Bang theory. Major advances were made through improved telescope technology by Galileo and others.
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Kinds of precipitation
- 2. Kinds of precipitation Rain Snow Sleet Hail
- 4. 1) Rain - Made up of liquid - Falls if temperature is above 0⁰c. - Most common kind of precipitation.
- 6. 2) Snow - Made up of ice crystals. - Caused when air temperature is so cold that the vapor changes directly to ice.
- 9. 3) Sleet - Made up of frozen rain. - Cause when rain falls through a layer of freezing cold air. - Rain turns to ice pellets
- 12. 4) Hail - Round pieces of ice. 1)Rain freezes. 2) Falls to a warmer part of air where vapor condenses on it, then it goes up to a cold part of air where the vapor freezes forming another layer of ice.