Ultrasonic testing methods:
Introduction, Principle of operation, Piezoelectricity. Ultrasonic probes, CRO techniques,advantages,
Limitation & typical applications. Applications in inspection of castings, forgings,Extruded steel parts,
bars, pipes, rails and dimensions measurements. Case Study –Ultrasonography of human body.
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It covers the principles of UT, transducer types, pulse-echo and through transmission methods, angle beam UT, instrumentation, data representation formats (A-scan, B-scan, C-scan), phased array UT, time of flight diffraction, and acoustic emission parameters and applications. Angle beam UT is described as the most commonly used technique as it can test welds from the side using an angled beam. Immersion UT is also discussed where the transducer and test object are submerged in water, allowing the sound to couple between them. The document concludes with multiple choice questions related to UT topics.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then covers the basic principles of sound generation and propagation. The principles of ultrasonic inspection using pulse-echo and through transmission techniques are described. Details are provided about ultrasonic test equipment including transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. The advantages and limitations of ultrasonic testing are summarized.
The document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to detect surface and internal flaws in materials. It describes the basic principles of UT, including how sound waves propagate through materials and are reflected by discontinuities. The document outlines various UT techniques, such as pulse-echo, through transmission, angle beam, and immersion testing. It also covers concepts related to sound waves like velocity, frequency, attenuation, and the different modes of wave propagation.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle testing (MPT). MPT can detect both manufacturing defects and in-service damage in ferromagnetic materials. The basics involve magnetizing a test specimen, which causes discontinuities to distort the magnetic field and produce indications. Iron particles coated with dye are applied and cluster at these indications. The procedure involves pre-cleaning, magnetizing the specimen, applying particles, and interpreting any visible indications of discontinuities. MPT can be done with dry or wet particles and produces indications of cracks and defects.
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It covers the principles of UT, transducer types, pulse-echo and through transmission methods, angle beam UT, instrumentation, data representation formats (A-scan, B-scan, C-scan), phased array UT, time of flight diffraction, and acoustic emission parameters and applications. Angle beam UT is described as the most commonly used technique as it can test welds from the side using an angled beam. Immersion UT is also discussed where the transducer and test object are submerged in water, allowing the sound to couple between them. The document concludes with multiple choice questions related to UT topics.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then covers the basic principles of sound generation and propagation. The principles of ultrasonic inspection using pulse-echo and through transmission techniques are described. Details are provided about ultrasonic test equipment including transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. The advantages and limitations of ultrasonic testing are summarized.
The document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to detect surface and internal flaws in materials. It describes the basic principles of UT, including how sound waves propagate through materials and are reflected by discontinuities. The document outlines various UT techniques, such as pulse-echo, through transmission, angle beam, and immersion testing. It also covers concepts related to sound waves like velocity, frequency, attenuation, and the different modes of wave propagation.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle testing (MPT). MPT can detect both manufacturing defects and in-service damage in ferromagnetic materials. The basics involve magnetizing a test specimen, which causes discontinuities to distort the magnetic field and produce indications. Iron particles coated with dye are applied and cluster at these indications. The procedure involves pre-cleaning, magnetizing the specimen, applying particles, and interpreting any visible indications of discontinuities. MPT can be done with dry or wet particles and produces indications of cracks and defects.
This document summarizes an automated system for magnetic particle inspection of railway wheels. The system uses magnetic particles and high resolution digital cameras to detect surface cracks as small as 1mm in length. It magnetizes the wheel using coils, then coats it with fluorescent particles. Defects are visible under ultraviolet light and scanned by a digital camera. Signal processing techniques are used to detect flaws and separate them from noise. The automated system allows for highly reliable inspection to prevent railway accidents.
L34 data representation, ascan, b scan, c-scan.karthi keyan
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It covers the principles of UT, components like transducers, transmission methods, instrumentation, and different data representation formats - A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. A-scan shows received energy over time, B-scan is a cross-sectional view with time-of-flight on the y-axis and transducer position on the x-axis. C-scan provides a plan view of features within the test specimen. The document also contains multiple choice questions related to UT.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) allows inspection of materials and components without damaging them. Common NDT methods include visual testing, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant testing, radiography, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing. These methods are used to detect surface or internal flaws in materials and evaluate characteristics without impairing future usefulness or serviceability. NDT plays an important role in quality control and safety across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography testing are used to locate defects in metal components without damaging them. The document discusses the basic principles, procedures, advantages, limitations of these various NDT methods. It also compares ultrasonic testing and radiography testing, noting their relative capabilities in flaw detection and operational safety requirements. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of NDT for industrial inspection and maintenance.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to inspect castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Sound waves are introduced via a transducer and any reflections are detected and analyzed. There are various techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. Ultrasonic testing is versatile and can detect subsurface flaws with minimal part preparation. It has limitations for rough, irregular, or coarse-grained materials. Proper equipment, transducers, and calibration standards are required to ensure accurate inspections.
This document discusses thermography testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes how thermography detects infrared radiation emitted from all objects based on their temperature. Defects appear as temperature variations that can be visualized using thermal cameras. There are different thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, lock-in thermography, and vibrothermography. Pulsed thermography involves heating the material with a short pulse and observing defects. Thermography allows for rapid inspection of large areas and can detect defects like delaminations. While it is useful for many applications, it has limitations in penetrating deep within materials.
The document discusses Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), including the principles, methods, and basic procedure. MPI uses magnetic fields to detect discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. A component is magnetized, then magnetic particles are applied to reveal defects that interrupt magnetic field flow. Methods to introduce magnetic fields include direct and indirect techniques using things like electromagnets, coils, and magnetic yokes. Interpretation of particle indications is required to identify relevant defects.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and make measurements. It can be used on castings, forgings, and composites. The document discusses the principles of ultrasonic testing, including different wave forms, the use of couplants, and key components of ultrasonic testing equipment like probes, receivers, and displays. It provides details on calibrating normal and angle probes.
This document provides an overview of phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). It begins with basic introductions to sound waves and their propagation. It then discusses PAUT in more detail, explaining that it uses multiple small transducer elements that can be pulsed separately to steer and focus sound beams electronically. The document outlines several beam scanning patterns and describes key PAUT system components. It also discusses advantages of PAUT over conventional UT and various types of phased array probes and their applications in inspecting welds, pipes, and other structures.
This document provides an overview of eddy current testing. It discusses the history of eddy current theory dating back to Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1832. It defines eddy currents as oscillating electrical currents induced in a conductive material by an alternating magnetic field. The document describes the equipment used for eddy current testing, including portable flaw detectors, probes, and reference samples of known materials and defects used for calibration. It explains that calibration is important to ensure consistent, accurate, and reliable readings from eddy current instruments.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle inspection (MPI), a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. It describes how MPI works by magnetizing a part and applying iron particles that are attracted to discontinuities, outlines the basic MPI procedure, and discusses factors like magnetic field direction and interpretation of indications. Examples of MPI indications on different components are also shown.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle testing (MPT). It discusses the basic principles of MPT, including how flaws cause magnetic flux leakage which attracts magnetic particles to their location. The document outlines the MPT process, including surface preparation, magnetization, application of particles, viewing, and demagnetization. It also describes different magnetization and particle application methods used in MPT.
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive TestingMani Vannan M
Mechanical testing involves applying loads to materials to induce failure, revealing properties like tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing detect surface or internal flaws without damaging the part. Key differences are that NDT finds defects while mechanical testing determines properties, NDT does not apply loads that could change the material, and NDT leaves the part intact for future use.
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic induction to induce eddy currents in a conductive test object. Any flaws or changes in the object will disrupt the eddy current flow and can be detected by sensors. An alternating current is applied to a test coil, generating a changing magnetic field that induces circular eddy currents just below the surface. Disruptions to the eddy currents from flaws are then detected and analyzed to evaluate the test object in less than 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It describes six common NDT methods - visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic inspection. For each method it explains the basic principles, advantages, limitations and applications for inspecting materials and detecting flaws without causing damage. NDT methods are used at various stages of production and service to evaluate integrity and detect issues in a wide range of industries.
The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It describes how ultrasonic pulses are transmitted into a material and reflections from internal imperfections or surfaces are detected. The time interval between pulse transmission and reception provides clues about the material's internal structure. Common techniques include pulse-echo testing and using transducers to generate and detect longitudinal or shear waves. Reflected signals are visualized on an oscilloscope as A-scans, B-scans, or C-scans to evaluate material features.
Electron beam machining (EBM) involves directing a high-velocity beam of electrons in a vacuum chamber to melt or vaporize material from a workpiece. The electron beam is generated in a gun and focused onto a small spot on the workpiece using magnetic coils. This localized heating allows for precise material removal with minimal heat effects. EBM can machine nearly any material and produces close tolerances, but requires expensive equipment and vacuum systems. Common applications include machining wire drawing dies and manufacturing semiconductor and optical components.
Magnetic flux leakage testing uses magnetic sensors to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials like pipelines and storage tanks. It works by magnetizing the material and then detecting deviations in the magnetic field caused by defects, which produce magnetic flux leakage. The detected signals are analyzed to determine the status of any defects present. It is effective for finding wall loss, pitting, grooving, and circumferential cracks. While useful, it has limitations in sizing defects and detecting axial cracks.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle inspection (MPI), a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. MPI works by magnetizing a test specimen and applying iron particles coated with dye. Any cracks or defects that interrupt the magnetic field will cause leakage fields where the particles cluster, revealing the indication. The document outlines how to prepare specimens, introduce magnetic fields, apply particles, interpret results, and addresses limitations and terminology of MPI.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to inspect materials for flaws and thickness measurements. It can be used on a variety of materials like castings, forgings and composites. There are different techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission. Equipment includes transducers to generate and receive sound, instrumentation to display signals, and calibration standards. Signals can be displayed as A-scans, B-scans or C-scans. Ultrasonic testing is sensitive to subsurface flaws but requires skilled technicians and may not work well on rough surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials. It describes the basic principles of how sound waves propagate through materials and are used in UT. The main UT techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are explained. Applications of UT include thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds and composites. Key UT equipment includes transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Transducers come in various shapes and sizes for different applications.
This document summarizes an automated system for magnetic particle inspection of railway wheels. The system uses magnetic particles and high resolution digital cameras to detect surface cracks as small as 1mm in length. It magnetizes the wheel using coils, then coats it with fluorescent particles. Defects are visible under ultraviolet light and scanned by a digital camera. Signal processing techniques are used to detect flaws and separate them from noise. The automated system allows for highly reliable inspection to prevent railway accidents.
L34 data representation, ascan, b scan, c-scan.karthi keyan
This document discusses ultrasonic testing (UT) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. It covers the principles of UT, components like transducers, transmission methods, instrumentation, and different data representation formats - A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. A-scan shows received energy over time, B-scan is a cross-sectional view with time-of-flight on the y-axis and transducer position on the x-axis. C-scan provides a plan view of features within the test specimen. The document also contains multiple choice questions related to UT.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) allows inspection of materials and components without damaging them. Common NDT methods include visual testing, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant testing, radiography, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing. These methods are used to detect surface or internal flaws in materials and evaluate characteristics without impairing future usefulness or serviceability. NDT plays an important role in quality control and safety across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like dye penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography testing are used to locate defects in metal components without damaging them. The document discusses the basic principles, procedures, advantages, limitations of these various NDT methods. It also compares ultrasonic testing and radiography testing, noting their relative capabilities in flaw detection and operational safety requirements. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of NDT for industrial inspection and maintenance.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to inspect castings, forgings, welds, and composites. Sound waves are introduced via a transducer and any reflections are detected and analyzed. There are various techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. Ultrasonic testing is versatile and can detect subsurface flaws with minimal part preparation. It has limitations for rough, irregular, or coarse-grained materials. Proper equipment, transducers, and calibration standards are required to ensure accurate inspections.
This document discusses thermography testing as a non-destructive testing method. It describes how thermography detects infrared radiation emitted from all objects based on their temperature. Defects appear as temperature variations that can be visualized using thermal cameras. There are different thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, lock-in thermography, and vibrothermography. Pulsed thermography involves heating the material with a short pulse and observing defects. Thermography allows for rapid inspection of large areas and can detect defects like delaminations. While it is useful for many applications, it has limitations in penetrating deep within materials.
The document discusses Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), including the principles, methods, and basic procedure. MPI uses magnetic fields to detect discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. A component is magnetized, then magnetic particles are applied to reveal defects that interrupt magnetic field flow. Methods to introduce magnetic fields include direct and indirect techniques using things like electromagnets, coils, and magnetic yokes. Interpretation of particle indications is required to identify relevant defects.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and make measurements. It can be used on castings, forgings, and composites. The document discusses the principles of ultrasonic testing, including different wave forms, the use of couplants, and key components of ultrasonic testing equipment like probes, receivers, and displays. It provides details on calibrating normal and angle probes.
This document provides an overview of phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). It begins with basic introductions to sound waves and their propagation. It then discusses PAUT in more detail, explaining that it uses multiple small transducer elements that can be pulsed separately to steer and focus sound beams electronically. The document outlines several beam scanning patterns and describes key PAUT system components. It also discusses advantages of PAUT over conventional UT and various types of phased array probes and their applications in inspecting welds, pipes, and other structures.
This document provides an overview of eddy current testing. It discusses the history of eddy current theory dating back to Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1832. It defines eddy currents as oscillating electrical currents induced in a conductive material by an alternating magnetic field. The document describes the equipment used for eddy current testing, including portable flaw detectors, probes, and reference samples of known materials and defects used for calibration. It explains that calibration is important to ensure consistent, accurate, and reliable readings from eddy current instruments.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle inspection (MPI), a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. It describes how MPI works by magnetizing a part and applying iron particles that are attracted to discontinuities, outlines the basic MPI procedure, and discusses factors like magnetic field direction and interpretation of indications. Examples of MPI indications on different components are also shown.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle testing (MPT). It discusses the basic principles of MPT, including how flaws cause magnetic flux leakage which attracts magnetic particles to their location. The document outlines the MPT process, including surface preparation, magnetization, application of particles, viewing, and demagnetization. It also describes different magnetization and particle application methods used in MPT.
Non Destructive Testing Versus Destructive TestingMani Vannan M
Mechanical testing involves applying loads to materials to induce failure, revealing properties like tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods like liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing detect surface or internal flaws without damaging the part. Key differences are that NDT finds defects while mechanical testing determines properties, NDT does not apply loads that could change the material, and NDT leaves the part intact for future use.
Eddy current testing uses electromagnetic induction to induce eddy currents in a conductive test object. Any flaws or changes in the object will disrupt the eddy current flow and can be detected by sensors. An alternating current is applied to a test coil, generating a changing magnetic field that induces circular eddy currents just below the surface. Disruptions to the eddy currents from flaws are then detected and analyzed to evaluate the test object in less than 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. It describes six common NDT methods - visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiography, eddy current testing, and ultrasonic inspection. For each method it explains the basic principles, advantages, limitations and applications for inspecting materials and detecting flaws without causing damage. NDT methods are used at various stages of production and service to evaluate integrity and detect issues in a wide range of industries.
The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It describes how ultrasonic pulses are transmitted into a material and reflections from internal imperfections or surfaces are detected. The time interval between pulse transmission and reception provides clues about the material's internal structure. Common techniques include pulse-echo testing and using transducers to generate and detect longitudinal or shear waves. Reflected signals are visualized on an oscilloscope as A-scans, B-scans, or C-scans to evaluate material features.
Electron beam machining (EBM) involves directing a high-velocity beam of electrons in a vacuum chamber to melt or vaporize material from a workpiece. The electron beam is generated in a gun and focused onto a small spot on the workpiece using magnetic coils. This localized heating allows for precise material removal with minimal heat effects. EBM can machine nearly any material and produces close tolerances, but requires expensive equipment and vacuum systems. Common applications include machining wire drawing dies and manufacturing semiconductor and optical components.
Magnetic flux leakage testing uses magnetic sensors to detect defects in ferromagnetic materials like pipelines and storage tanks. It works by magnetizing the material and then detecting deviations in the magnetic field caused by defects, which produce magnetic flux leakage. The detected signals are analyzed to determine the status of any defects present. It is effective for finding wall loss, pitting, grooving, and circumferential cracks. While useful, it has limitations in sizing defects and detecting axial cracks.
This document provides an overview of magnetic particle inspection (MPI), a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. MPI works by magnetizing a test specimen and applying iron particles coated with dye. Any cracks or defects that interrupt the magnetic field will cause leakage fields where the particles cluster, revealing the indication. The document outlines how to prepare specimens, introduce magnetic fields, apply particles, interpret results, and addresses limitations and terminology of MPI.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to inspect materials for flaws and thickness measurements. It can be used on a variety of materials like castings, forgings and composites. There are different techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission. Equipment includes transducers to generate and receive sound, instrumentation to display signals, and calibration standards. Signals can be displayed as A-scans, B-scans or C-scans. Ultrasonic testing is sensitive to subsurface flaws but requires skilled technicians and may not work well on rough surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials. It describes the basic principles of how sound waves propagate through materials and are used in UT. The main UT techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are explained. Applications of UT include thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds and composites. Key UT equipment includes transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Transducers come in various shapes and sizes for different applications.
This document provides an introduction to ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses high frequency sound waves to detect discontinuities and make measurements in materials. It describes the basic principles of how sound waves propagate through materials and are used in UT. The main UT techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are summarized. The key equipment used, including transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards are outlined. Common applications like thickness gauging, flaw detection, and imaging are highlighted. Data presentation formats of A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans are briefly explained. Advantages and limitations of UT are listed.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic testing (UT). It discusses the basic principles of how sound is generated and travels through materials. The main UT inspection techniques of pulse-echo and through transmission are described. It also outlines common equipment used like transducers, instrumentation, and calibration standards. Various applications of UT are mentioned such as thickness gauging, flaw detection in welds, and delamination inspection. The document provides a high-level introduction to the concepts and applications of ultrasonic testing.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, focusing on ultrasonic testing. It describes the basic principles of ultrasonic testing including how ultrasound is generated and transmitted through materials. The key NDT methods covered are visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. The document also discusses ultrasonic testing techniques such as pulse-echo and through transmission, as well as factors involved in selecting transducers and calibration standards.
This document discusses non-destructive testing methods. It describes two main types - destructive and non-destructive testing. Non-destructive testing allows inspection of a material or component without damaging it. Common non-destructive testing methods described include visual inspection, liquid penetration, magnetic particle, eddy current, radiography, and ultrasonic testing. The document provides details on how ultrasonic testing works, including generating and transmitting sound waves into a material and analyzing reflections to find flaws.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, focusing on ultrasonic testing. It describes the basic principles of ultrasonic testing including how ultrasound is generated and transmitted through materials. The key NDT methods covered are visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. The document also discusses ultrasonic testing techniques such as pulse-echo and through transmission, as well as factors to consider like transducer selection and calibration standards.
The document discusses non-destructive testing methods. It focuses on ultrasonic testing, describing how ultrasonic waves are used to detect internal flaws. It explains the basic principles of how ultrasonic waves propagate through materials and are reflected by discontinuities. The document also outlines various ultrasonic testing techniques and considerations for setup and calibration.
This document discusses non-destructive testing methods. It describes two main types - destructive and non-destructive testing. Non-destructive testing allows inspection of a material or component without damaging it. Common non-destructive testing methods described include visual inspection, liquid penetration, magnetic particle, eddy current, radiography, and ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic testing is explained in detail, covering how ultrasound is generated and detected, longitudinal and shear wave propagation, and pulse-echo and through-transmission techniques.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, focusing on ultrasonic testing. It describes the basic principles of ultrasonic testing including how ultrasound is generated and transmitted through materials. The key NDT methods covered are visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. The document also discusses ultrasonic testing techniques such as pulse-echo and through transmission, as well as factors to consider like transducer selection, calibration, and the display of ultrasonic data.
NDT stands for Non-Destructive Testingg,aliHatem16
NDT stands for Non-Destructive Testing, which is a method used to evaluate the properties of a material, component, or system without causing damage or altering its integrity. This technique is commonly employed in various industries such as manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, construction, and energy production to ensure the quality and reliability of products and infrastructure.
Here's an overview of the main methods used in NDT:
Visual Inspection: This is the simplest form of NDT and involves visually examining a component or structure for surface defects, irregularities, or other visible anomalies.
Ultrasonic Testing (UT): UT uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal flaws or defects in materials. A transducer sends ultrasonic waves into the material, and the reflections from internal boundaries or defects are analyzed to assess the integrity of the material.
Radiographic Testing (RT): RT involves passing X-rays or gamma rays through a material to create an image on a film or digital detector. This technique is useful for detecting internal defects such as cracks, voids, or inclusions.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT): MT is used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. A magnetic field is applied to the material, and iron particles are applied to the surface. These particles will gather at areas of magnetic flux leakage, indicating the presence of defects.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT): PT is used to detect surface-breaking defects in non-porous materials. A liquid dye penetrant is applied to the surface of the material, and after a certain dwell time, excess penetrant is removed. A developer is then applied, which draws the penetrant out of any surface defects, making them visible under UV light or visible light.
Eddy Current Testing (ET): ET is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A coil carrying an alternating current generates eddy currents in the material being tested. Changes in the eddy currents caused by defects or variations in material properties are detected and analyzed to identify flaws.
These methods can be used individually or in combination, depending on the specific requirements of the inspection. NDT plays a critical role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and performance of various components and structures, helping to prevent failures, accidents, and costly downtime.
The document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, focusing on ultrasonic testing. It describes the basic principles of ultrasonic testing including how ultrasound is generated and transmitted through materials. The key NDT methods covered are visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. The document also discusses ultrasonic testing techniques such as pulse-echo and through transmission, as well as factors that affect ultrasonic inspection such as frequency, wavelength, attenuation, and probes.
Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound waves to examine materials and detect discontinuities. It can be used to test castings, forgings, welds and composites. Basic principles involve generating and transmitting sound waves into a material and analyzing reflections to determine features and thickness. Common techniques include pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam and angle beam testing using contact or immersion coupling of transducers.
This document is a seminar presentation on ultrasonic testing. It begins with an introduction to ultrasonic testing and the basic principles of sound generation. It then covers the principles of ultrasonic inspection, how ultrasound is generated, common testing techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission, ultrasonic equipment including transducers and instrumentation. Applications of ultrasonic testing are discussed such as quality control, thickness measurements, and weld inspections. The advantages of ultrasonic testing are provided, such as its sensitivity to small flaws and ability to determine reflector position. Limitations are also noted, such as requirements for a coupling medium and difficulties inspecting some materials.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside the body. It has several advantages over other imaging modalities like having no known long term side effects, being widely available, and being relatively inexpensive. Ultrasound works by using a transducer to send sound waves into the body which bounce off tissues and organs and are received by the transducer. The echoes are used to form images on screen in real time. While it is good for imaging soft tissues, ultrasound has limitations penetrating bone and imaging deep structures or when gas is present between the transducer and area of interest. It also requires an experienced operator to get high quality images.
Nondestructive testing of Composite used in Aerospace.ChetanPrajapati57
Ultrasonic inspection is a non-destructive testing technique that uses ultrasonic waves to characterize and detect flaws in materials. It works by transmitting ultrasonic waves through a material using a transducer and analyzing the returning echoes. There are different ultrasonic inspection methods, including pulse-echo which uses one transducer to transmit and receive waves, and through-transmission which uses two transducers on opposite sides of a material. Ultrasonic inspection is commonly used in industries like aerospace, steel, and manufacturing to inspect components for flaws without damaging them.
This document discusses various non-destructive testing methods used for structural testing, including the Schmidt rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, ultrasonic pulse echo test, and impact echo method. The Schmidt rebound hammer test uses a spring-loaded hammer to test the hardness and compressive strength of concrete surfaces. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test measures the speed of ultrasonic pulses traveling through a material. Ultrasonic pulse echo uses ultrasonic pulses and wave reflection analysis to detect and characterize flaws within a material. The impact echo method uses stress waves generated by impact to detect flaws and measure thicknesses by analyzing surface displacement frequency spectra.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound, including its physics, production, effects, uses, and treatment parameters. It defines ultrasound and discusses how it is produced via the piezoelectric effect. The key effects of ultrasound are thermal (heating tissues) and non-thermal (cavitation, acoustic streaming, microstreaming). Ultrasound has therapeutic uses for pain relief, increasing tissue extensibility, and promoting healing. Treatment parameters like intensity, duty cycle, and frequency are described.
M4 ndt me 367 introductiontoultrasonictestingHareesh K
This presentation explains the basics of ultrasonic inspection.Different practical aspects and various types of techniques are explained detail in this module.
This document provides an overview of basic ultrasonic principles and techniques for non-destructive testing (NDT). It describes how ultrasonic waves propagate through materials and are reflected by discontinuities. Five main testing techniques are covered: straight-beam testing using a single transducer, straight-beam thru-transmission using dual transducers, angle-beam testing, immersion testing, and thickness gauging. Factors that determine the appropriate technique for a given application are discussed.
The five words in 5S represent the five steps to accomplish this goal. They are sort, set, shine, standardize and sustain. Lean bases the words on the original Japanese: seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu and shitsuke.
In this we describe 5S Fundamentals,
Discovery of 5s.
Signs of Disorganization.
Essentials of 5S.
The 5s Principles.
Advantages of 5S.
This document provides an overview of radiographic testing methods. It begins with an introduction to electromagnetic waves and radioactivity, then describes various types of radiation decay including alpha, beta, and gamma particles. It explains the physics behind how x-rays and gamma rays interact with and penetrate materials, including processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The document discusses the principles and equipment used in x-ray and gamma radiography, advantages and limitations of each method, and precautions for radiation safety. It provides examples of applications for radiography like casting and forging inspections.
Unit 2 magnetic particle testing part 2Shivam Sharma
Magnetic particle testing (MPT) is a nondestructive testing method used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. It uses magnetic fields and iron particles to reveal cracks and defects.
The basic principle is that a part is magnetized, causing magnetic field lines within the material. Any cracks or defects will cause some of the field lines to leak out and form additional magnetic poles at the defect. Iron particles are applied and attracted to these leakage fields, clustering at defects and making them visible.
The MPT process involves cleaning and magnetizing the part, applying iron particles coated with dye, and visually inspecting under lighting to detect particle clusters
Dye penetrant testing is a non-destructive testing method used to detect surface-breaking defects in materials. It involves applying a penetrant that seeps into defects, removing excess penetrant, and applying a developer that draws the penetrant out of defects to the surface where it is visible. The document discusses the dye penetrant testing process, materials used including penetrants, developers and their classifications, as well as the principles, equipment, advantages, limitations and safety precautions of the method.
This document provides an introduction to non-destructive testing (NDT). It defines NDT as using noninvasive techniques to inspect materials and components without damaging them. The document outlines six common NDT methods - visual testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, and radiography. It provides details on the basic principles, equipment, and applications of each method. The document also discusses the advantages of NDT, its various applications across industries like aviation, oil and gas, and construction, and important terminology used in NDT.
The document is a report submitted by Shivam Sharma to Mrs. Mubina Shekh providing information about Autodesk software and applications. It discusses that Autodesk is an American software company founded in 1982 that develops computer-aided design applications including AutoCAD used for 2D and 3D modeling. AutoCAD is the most popular and widely used software for 2D drafting and 3D modeling in engineering industries. MATLAB is another software discussed that is used for scientific and engineering numeric computing.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
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3. CONTENT
• Introduction
• Basic principles of sound generation
• Principles of ultrasonic inspection
• Test techniques
• Equipment
Transducers
Instrumentation
References of standards
• Advantage of ultrasonic Testing
• Limitation of ultrasonic Testing
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 3
4. What are ultrasound?
• Ultrasounds are acoustic waves with frequencies
greater than 20 kHz, which are too high to be
audible by humans.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 4
5. What are ultrasonic wave?
•Ultrasonic waves are mechanic waves originated by the
vibration/oscillation of the elementary particles (atoms or
molecules) that constitutes the material (medium, more
generally)
• The propagation medium can be solid, liquid or gas
• In liquid and gas only longitudinal waves are possible to
propagate
• The ultrasonic waves do not propagate in the vacuum
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 5
6. Introduction
•Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-
destructive testing techniques based on
propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object
or the material tested.
•For Ultrasonic testing application very short
pulse of ultrasonic waves are transmitted
into materials to detect internal flaws or to
characterize the material.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 6
7. Introduction
• This module presents an introduction to the NDT method
of ultrasonic testing.
• Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound energy to
conduct examinations and make measurements.
• Ultrasonic examinations can be conducted on a wide
variety of material forms including castings, forgings, welds,
and composites.
• A considerable amount of information about the part being
examined can be collected, such as the presence of
discontinuities, part or coating thickness; and acoustical
properties can often be correlated to certain properties of
the material.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 7
8. Basic Principles of Sound
• Sound is produced by a vibrating body and travels in the form
of a wave.
• Sound waves travel through materials by vibrating the
particles that make up the material.
• The pitch of the sound
is determined by the
frequency of the wave
(vibrations or cycles
completed in a certain
period of time).
• Ultrasound is sound
with a pitch too high
to be detected by the
human ear.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 8
9. Basic Principles of Sound (cont.)
• The measurement of sound waves from crest to crest
determines its wavelength (λ).
• The time is takes a sound wave to travel a distance of one
complete wavelength is the same amount of time it takes the
source to execute one complete vibration.
• The sound wavelength
is inversely proportional
to its frequency. (λ = 1/f)
• Several wave modes of
vibration are used in
ultrasonic inspection.
The most common are
longitudinal, shear, and
Rayleigh (surface) waves.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 9
10. Basic Principles of Sound (cont.)
• Ultrasonic waves are very similar to light waves
in that they can be reflected, refracted, and
focused.
• Reflection and refraction occurs when sound
waves interact with interfaces of differing
acoustic properties.
• In solid materials, the vibrational energy can be
split into different wave modes when the wave
encounters an interface at an angle other than
90 degrees.
• Ultrasonic reflections from the presence of
discontinuities or geometric features enables
detection and location.
• The velocity of sound in a given material is
constant and can only be altered by a change in
the mode of energy.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 10
11. Ultrasound Generation
The transducer is
capable of both
transmitting and
receiving sound
energy.
Ultrasound is generated with a transducer.
A piezoelectric element
in the transducer
converts electrical
energy into mechanical
vibrations (sound), and
vice versa.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 11
12. Principles of Ultrasonic Inspection
• Ultrasonic waves are introduced into a material where they
travel in a straight line and at a constant speed until they
encounter a surface.
• At surface interfaces some of the wave energy is reflected
and some is transmitted.
• The amount of reflected or transmitted energy can be
detected and provides information about the size of the
reflector.
• The travel time of the sound can be measured and this
provides information on the distance that the sound has
traveled.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 12
13. Test Techniques
• Ultrasonic testing is a very versatile inspection method, and
inspections can be accomplished in a number of different ways.
• Ultrasonic inspection techniques are commonly divided into
three primary classifications.
• Pulse-echo and Through Transmission
(Relates to whether reflected or transmitted energy is used)
• Normal Beam and Angle Beam
(Relates to the angle that the sound energy enters the test article)
• Contact and Immersion
(Relates to the method of coupling the transducer to the test article)
Each of these techniques will be discussed briefly
in the following slides.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 13
14. • In pulse-echo testing, a transducer sends out a pulse of energy
and the same or a second transducer listens for reflected energy
(an echo).
• Reflections occur due to the presence of discontinuities and the
surfaces of the test article.
• The amount of reflected sound energy is displayed versus time,
which provides the inspector information about the size and the
location of features that reflect the sound.
f
Test Techniques - Pulse-Echo
plate
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10
initial
pulse
crack
echo
back surface
echo
UT Instrument Screen
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 14
15. Test Techniques – Pulse-Echo (cont.)
Digital display
showing signal
generated from
sound reflecting
off back surface.
Digital display
showing the presence
of a reflector midway
through material, with
lower amplitude back
surface reflector.
The pulse-echo technique allows testing when access to only one
side of the material is possible, and it allows the location of
reflectors to be precisely determined.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 15
16. Test Techniques – Through-Transmission
0 2 4 6 8 10
2
1
1
• Two transducers located on
opposing sides of the test
specimen are used. One
transducer acts as a transmitter,
the other as a receiver.
• Discontinuities in the sound path
will result in a partial or total loss
of sound being transmitted and
be indicated by a decrease in the
received signal amplitude.
• Through transmission is useful in
detecting discontinuities that are
not good reflectors, and when
signal strength is weak. It does
not provide depth information.
T R
T R
1
1
2
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 16
17. Digital display
showing received
sound through
material
thickness.
Digital display
showing loss of
received signal
due to presence
of a discontinuity
in the sound field.
Test Techniques – Through-Transmission
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 17
18. Test Techniques – Normal and Angle Beam
• In normal beam testing, the sound
beam is introduced into the test
article at 90 degree to the surface.
• In angle beam testing, the sound
beam is introduced into the test
article at some angle other than
90.
• The choice between normal and
angle beam inspection usually
depends on two considerations:
- The orientation of the feature of
interest – the sound should be
directed to produce the largest
reflection from the feature.
- Obstructions on the surface of the
part that must be worked around.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 18
19. 0 2 4 6 8 10
FWE
BWE
DE
2
IP
IP = Initial Pulse
FWE = Front Wall
Echo
DE = Defect Echo
BWE = Back Wall
Echo
0 2 4 6 8 10
FWE
BWE
1
IP
1 2
Defect
Test Techniques – Contact Vs Immersion
• To get useful levels of sound energy into a material, the air
between the transducer and the test article must be removed.
This is referred to as coupling.
• In contact testing (shown on the previous slides) a couplant
such as water, oil or a gel is applied between the transducer
and the part.
• In immersion testing, the part and the transducer are place in a
water bath. This arrangement allows better movement of the
transducer while maintaining consistent coupling.
• With immersion testing, an echo from the front surface of the
part is seen in the signal but otherwise signal interpretation is
the same for the two techniques.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 19
20. Piezoelectric Effect
• The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and
the conversion of returned mechanical vibrations back into
electrical energy is the basis for ultrasonic testing. This
conversion is done by the transducer using a piece of piezoelectric
material (a polarized material having some parts of the molecule
positively charged, while other parts of the molecule are
negatively charged) with electrodes attached to two of its opposite
faces. When an electric field is applied across the material, the
polarized molecules will align themselves with the electric field
causing the material to change dimensions. In addition, a
permanently-polarized material such as quartz (SiO2) or barium
titanate (BaTiO3) will produce an electric field when the material
changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical force.
This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 20
21. EQUIPMENT FOR ULTRASONIC
APPLICATIONS
• 1. Transducer
• 2. Pulser (clock)
• 3. Receiver/amplifier
• 4. Display (screen)
1. The clock signals the pulser to provide a short, high-voltage pulse to the
transducer while simultaneously supplying a voltage to the time-base trigger
module.
2. The time-base trigger starts the “spot” in the CRT on its journey across the
screen.
3. The voltage pulse reaches the transducer and is converted into mechanical
vibrations (see “piezoelectricity”), which enter the test piece. These vibrations
(energy) now travel along their “sound path” through the test piece. All this
time, the spot is moving horizontally across the CRT.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 21
22. 4. The energy in the test piece now reflects off the interface (back
wall) back toward the transducer, where it is reconverted into a
voltage. (The reconverted voltage is a fraction of its original value.)
5. This voltage is now received and amplified by the
receiver/amplifier.
6. The amplified voltage is sent to the “vertical (Y axis) plates” (top
and bottom) in the CRT. At this time, the upper Y axis plate attracts
the spot upward. This motion produces the “signal” on the screen
that signifies the time that the energy has taken to make the round
trip through the test piece, from the moment the energy leaves the
transducer until it is received by the transducer. The spot is set to
start its trip at the time the energy enters the test piece. This is
manually adjusted by using the delay or zero control. This step is
particularly necessary when using a Plexiglas delay line (see
Glossary of Terms).
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 22
23. Conti…
7. The same “packet” of returning energy has by this time reflected
down off the test piece’s top interface and now makes a second trip
down through the test piece. (The spot continues its horizontal
journey across the screen.) The energy reflects once more off the
back wall interface and returns again to be received and amplified.
The
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 23
24. CRO techniques
• The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is a multipurpose display instrument
used for the observation, measurement , and analysis of waveforms by
plotting amplitude along y-axis and time along x-axis.
• CRO is generally an x-y plotter; on a single screen it can display
different signals applied to different channels. It can measure amplitude,
frequencies and phase shift of various signals. Many physical quantities
like temperature, pressure and strain can be converted into electrical
signals by the use of transducers, and the signals can be displayed on the
CRO.
• A moving luminous spot over the screen displays the signal. CROs are
used to study waveforms, and other time varying phenomena from very
low to very high frequencies.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 24
25. The central unit of the oscilloscope is the cathoderay tube
(CRT), and the remaining part of the CRO consists of the
circuitry required to operate the cathode-ray tube.
The CRO consists of the following:
(i) CRT
(ii) Vertical amplifier
(iii) Delay line
(iv) Horizontal amplifier
(v) Time-base generator
(vi) Triggering circuit
(vii) Power supply
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 25
28. Inspection Applications
Some of the applications for which ultrasonic testing may be
employed include:
• Flaw detection (cracks, inclusions, porosity, etc.)
• Erosion & corrosion thickness gauging
• Assessment of bond integrity in adhesively
joined and brazed components
• Estimation of void content in composites and
plastics
• Measurement of case hardening depth in steels
• Estimation of grain size in metals
On the following slides are examples of some
common applications of ultrasonic inspection.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 28
29. Thickness Gauging
• Ultrasonic thickness gauging is
routinely utilized in the
petrochemical and utility
industries to determine various
degrees of corrosion/erosion.
• Applications
include piping
systems, storage
and containment
facilities, and
pressure vessels.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 29
30. Flaw Detection - Delaminations
Signal showing multiple back
surface echoes in an unflawed area.
Additional echoes indicate
delaminations in the member.
Contact, pulse-echo inspection for delaminations
on 36” rolled beam.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 30
31. Flaw Detection in Welds
• One of the most widely used
methods of inspecting
weldments is ultrasonic
inspection.
• Full penetration groove
welds lend themselves
readily to angle beam shear
wave examination.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 31
32. Equipment
Equipment for ultrasonic testing is very diversified. Proper selection
is important to insure accurate inspection data as desired for specific
applications.
In general, there are three basic components that comprise an
ultrasonic test system:
- Instrumentation
- Transducers
- Calibration Standards
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 32
33. Transducers
• Transducers are manufactured in a variety of
forms, shapes and sizes for varying applications.
• Transducers are categorized in a number of ways
which include:
- Contact or immersion
- Single or dual element
- Normal or angle beam
• In selecting a transducer
for a given application, it
is important to choose the
desired frequency,
bandwidth, size, and in some cases focusing
which optimizes the inspection capabilities.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 33
34. Contact Transducers
Contact transducers are
designed to withstand
rigorous use, and usually
have a wear plate on the
bottom surface to protect the
piezoelectric element from
contact with the surface of
the test article.
Many incorporate ergonomic
designs for ease of grip while
scanning along the surface.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 34
35. Contact Transducers (cont.)
• Contact transducers are available with
two piezoelectric crystals in one
housing. These transducers are called
dual element transducers.
• One crystal acts as a transmitter, the
other as a receiver.
• This arrangement improves near
surface resolution because the second
transducer does not need to complete
a transmit function before listening for
echoes.
• Dual elements are commonly
employed in thickness gauging of thin
materials.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 35
36. Contact Transducers (cont.)
• A way to improve near surface
resolution with a single element
transducer is through the use of a
delay line.
• Delay line transducers have a plastic
piece that is a sound path that
provides a time delay between the
sound generation and reception of
reflected energy.
• Interchangeable pieces make it
possible to configure the transducer
with insulating wear caps or flexible
membranes that conform to rough
surfaces.
• Common applications include
thickness gauging and high
temperature measurements.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 36
37. Transducers (cont.)
• Angle beam transducers
incorporate wedges to introduce
a refracted shear wave into a
material.
• The incident wedge angle is used
with the material velocity to
determine the desired refracted
shear wave according to Snell’s
Law)
• Transducers can use fixed or
variable wedge angles.
• Common application is in weld
examination.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 37
38. Transducers (cont.)
• Immersion transducers are
designed to transmit sound
whereby the transducer and test
specimen are immersed in a
liquid coupling medium (usually
water).
• Immersion transducers
are manufactured with
planar, cylindrical or spherical
acoustic
lenses (focusing lens).
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 38
39. Instrumentation
• Ultrasonic equipment is usually purchased to satisfy specific
inspection needs, some users may purchase general
purpose equipment to fulfill a number of inspection
applications.
• Test equipment can be classified in a number of different
ways, this may include portable or stationary, contact or
immersion, manual or automated.
• Further classification of instruments commonly divides
them into four general categories: D-meters, Flaw
detectors, Industrial and special application.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 39
40. Instrumentation (cont.)
• D-meters or digital thickness
gauge instruments provide
the user with a digital
(numeric) readout.
• They are designed primarily
for corrosion/erosion
inspection applications.
• Some instruments provide the user with both a
digital readout and a display of the signal. A
distinct advantage of these units is that they allow
the user to evaluate the signal to ensure that the
digital measurements are of the desired features.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 40
41. Instrumentation (cont.)
• Flaw detectors are instruments
designed primarily for the
inspection of components for
defects.
• However, the signal can be
evaluated to obtain other
information such as material
thickness values.
• Both analog and digital display.
• Offer the user options of gating
horizontal sweep and
amplitude threshold.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 41
42. Instrumentation (cont.)
• Industrial flaw detection
instruments, provide users
with more options than
standard flaw detectors.
• May be modulated units
allowing users to tailor the
instrument for their specific
needs.
• Generally not as portable as
standard flaw detectors.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 42
43. Instrumentation (cont.)
• Immersion ultrasonic scanning
systems are used for automated
data acquisition and imaging.
• They integrate an immersion tank,
ultrasonic instrumentation, a
scanning bridge, and computer
controls.
• The signal strength and/or the time-
of-flight of the signal is measured
for every point in the scan plan.
• The value of the data is plotted
using colors or shades of gray to
produce detailed images of the
surface or internal features of a
component.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 43
44. Images of a Quarter Produced With an Ultrasonic
Immersion Scanning System
Gray scale image produced using
the sound reflected from the front
surface of the coin
Gray scale image produced using the
sound reflected from the back surface
of the coin (inspected from “heads” side)
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 44
45. Calibration Standards
Calibration is a operation of configuring the ultrasonic test
equipment to known values. This provides the inspector
with a means of comparing test signals to known
measurements.
Calibration standards come in a wide variety of material
types, and configurations due to the diversity of inspection
applications.
Calibration standards are typically manufactured from
materials of the same acoustic properties as those of the test
articles.
The following slides provide examples of specific types of
standards.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 45
46. Calibration Standards (cont.)
Thickness calibration
standards may be flat or
curved for pipe and tubing
applications, consisting of
simple variations in
material thickness.
Distance/Area Amplitude
standards utilize flat bottom
holes or side drilled holes to
establish known reflector
size with changes in sound
path form the entry surface.
ASTM Distance/Area Amplitude
NAVSHIPS
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 46
47. Calibration Standards (cont.)
There are also calibration
standards for use in angle
beam inspections when
flaws are not parallel to
entry surface.
These standards utilized
side drilled holes, notches,
and geometric
configuration to establish
time distance and
amplitude relationships.
IIW
DSC DC Rhompas
SC
ASME Pipe Sec. XI
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 47
48. Qualification Standards
Qualification
standards differ from
calibration standards
in that their use is for
purposes of varying
proper equipment
operation and
qualification of
equipment use for
specific codes and
standards.
AWS Resolution
IOW Beam Profile
DC-dB Accuracy
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 48
49. Data Presentation
• Information from ultrasonic testing can be presented in a
number of differing formats.
• Three of the more common formats include:
• A-scan
• B-scan
• C-scan
These three formats will be discussed in the next few slides.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 49
50. Data Presentation - A-scan
• A-scan presentation displays
the amount of received
ultrasonic energy as a function
of time.
• Relative discontinuity size can
be estimated by comparing the
signal amplitude to that from a
known reflector.
• Reflector depth can be
determined by the position of
the signal on the horizontal
sweep.
Time
Signal
Amplitude
Signal
Amplitude
Time
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 50
51. Data Presentation - B-scan
• B-scan presentations display a profile
view (cross-sectional) of a test specimen.
• Only the reflector depth in the cross-
section and the linear dimensions can be
determined.
• A limitation to this display technique is
that reflectors may be masked by larger
reflectors near the surface.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 51
52. Data Presentation - C-scan
• The C-scan presentation displays a plan type view of the test
specimen and discontinuities.
• C-scan presentations are produced with an automated data
acquisition system, such as in immersion scanning.
• Use of A-scan in conjunction with C-scan is necessary when
depth determination is desired.
Photo of a Composite
Component
C-Scan Image of
Internal Features
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 52
53. Advantage of Ultrasonic Testing
• Sensitive to small discontinuities both surface and subsurface.
• Depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is
superior to other methods.
• Only single-sided access is needed when pulse-echo technique is
used.
• High accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating
size and shape.
• Minimal part preparation required.
• Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
• Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
• Has other uses such as thickness measurements, in addition to
flaw detection.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 53
54. Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing
• Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
• Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
• Normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer of sound
energy into test specimen.
• Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small,
exceptionally thin or not homogeneous are difficult to inspect.
• Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect
due to low sound transmission and high signal noise.
• Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go
undetected.
• Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration,
and characterization of flaws.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 54
55. Glossary of Terms
• Acoustical properties: ultrasonic material characteristics such as
velocity, impedance, and attenuation.
• ASTM: acronym for American Society for Testing and Materials.
This society is extensively involved in establishing standards for
materials and the testing of materials.
• Back reflection: a display signal that corresponds to the far
surface of a test specimen, side opposite to transducer when
testing with longitudinal waves.
• Band width: a range of frequencies either transmitted or
received, may be narrow or broad range.
• B-scan: presentation technique displaying data in a cross-
sectional view.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 55
56. Glossary of Terms
• Calibration: a sequence of instrument control
adjustments/instrument responses using known values to verify
instrument operating characteristics. Allows determination of
unknown quantities from test materials.
• CRT: acronym for Cathode Ray Tube. Vacuum tube that utilizes
one or more electron guns for generating an image.
• C-scan: presentation technique that displays specimen data in a
plan type view.
• DAC (Distance Amplitude Correction-curves): a graphical method
of allowing for material attenuation. Percentage of DAC is often
used as a means of acceptance criteria.
• Discontinuity: an interruption in the physical structure of a
material, examples include fissures, cracks, and porosity.
6/25/2021 SHIVAM SHARMA 56
57. Glossary of Terms
• IIW: calibration standard meeting the specification of the
International Institute of Welding.
• Longitudinal (Compression) waves: ultrasonic mode of propagation in
which the particle vibration is parallel to the direction of propagation.
• Near Surface Resolution: the ability of an ultrasonic system to display
reflectors located close to the entry surface.
• Pulse-echo: ultrasonic test method that utilizes reflected sound as a
means of collecting test data.
• Rayleigh (Surface) waves: ultrasonic mode of propagation where the
sound travels along the surface, particle vibration is elliptical.
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58. Glossary of Terms
• Reflection: the changing in direction of sound waves as they strike a
surface.
• Snell’s Law: an equation of ratios used to determine incident or
refracted angle of sound, denotes angle/velocity relationship.
• Sweep display: horizontal line on the lower portion of the display,
often called the time base line.
• Through transmission: test technique in which ultrasound is
transmitted from one transducer and received by a separate
transducer on the opposite side of the test specimen.
• Wavelength: the distance that a sound wave travels as it completes
one cycle, normally measured in inches or millimeters.
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59. Case Study – Ultrasonography of human
body.
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60. For More Information
The Collaboration for
NDT Education
www.ndt-ed.org
The American Society
for Nondestructive
Testing
www.asnt.org
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