This document is a seminar presentation on ultrasonic testing. It begins with an introduction to ultrasonic testing and the basic principles of sound generation. It then covers the principles of ultrasonic inspection, how ultrasound is generated, common testing techniques like pulse-echo and through transmission, ultrasonic equipment including transducers and instrumentation. Applications of ultrasonic testing are discussed such as quality control, thickness measurements, and weld inspections. The advantages of ultrasonic testing are provided, such as its sensitivity to small flaws and ability to determine reflector position. Limitations are also noted, such as requirements for a coupling medium and difficulties inspecting some materials.

1. A
SEMINAR
PRESENTATION
On
“ULTRASONIC TESTING”
1
Submitted to:-
Mr. MADHVENDRA SAXENA
Mr.Mohneesh Kumar
Presented by
SHAJAD BAIG
ROLL NO.- 13EGJME147

2.  GLOBAL
TECHANICAL
CAMPUS
GLOBAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
ITS-1,IT PARK, EPIP
SITAPURA JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
2

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Mr. Madhavendra Saxena (Assistant professor) department of
Mechanical engineering. It would’nt be possible complete the work without his assistance
and hardwork, I’m obliged to his great effort on presenting us firmly in seminar.
I would like to thank Mrs Bhavna Mathur, HOD, department of mechanical engineering,
she has always created good environment to enhance confidence and boost the student to
present themselves. She is good support through every thick and thin.
I’m also thankful to the hardworking effort of Prof.m Renu Joshi(Director) Git. She is the
back bone of our each and every move.
Shajad Baig
8th sem (ME)
13EGJME147
3

4. GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar report on “Ultrasonic Testing” by Shajad Baig,
13EGJME147. To the department of mechanical engineering, GIT Jaipur, for award of
degree of Btech in Mechanical Engineering is bonafide record of work done by him. The
content of the seminar record has not been to any college or university for the award of
degree.
Mr. Madhavendra Saxena Mrs Bhavna Mathur
CO-ORDINATOR HOD M.E.
(Signature)
4

5. Ultrasonic Testing 5

6. Outline
Introduction
Basic Principles of sound generation
Principle of Ultrasonic Inspection
Ultrasound Generation
Test Technique
Pulse echo and through transmission testing
Ultrasonic Equipment
Transducers
Instrumentaion
Applications
Advantages
Limitations
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7. Ultrasonic Testing
 This module presents an introduction to the NDT method of ultrasonic testing.
 Ultrasonic testing uses high frequency sound energy to conduct examinations and
make measurements.
 Ultrasonic examinations can be conducted on a wide variety of material forms
including castings, forgings, welds, and composites.
 Sound energy above the audible frequency of 16000Hz is designed as ultrasonic.
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8. Basic Principles of Sound
Sound is produced by a vibrating body and travels in the form of a wave.
Sound waves travel through materials by vibrating the particles that make up the
material.
The pitch of the sound
is determined by the
frequency of the wave
(vibrations or cycles
completed in a certain
period of time).
Ultrasound is sound
with a pitch too high
to be detected by the
human ear.
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9. Basic Principles of Sound (cont.)
 The measurement of sound waves from crest to crest determines its wavelength
(λ).
 The time is takes a sound wave to travel a distance of one complete wavelength is
the same amount of time it takes the source to execute one complete vibration.
 The sound wavelength
is inversely proportional
to its frequency. (λ = 1/f)
 Several wave modes of
vibration are used in
ultrasonic inspection.
The most common are
longitudinal, shear, and
Rayleigh (surface) waves.
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10. Basic Principles of Sound (cont.)
 Ultrasonic waves are very similar to light waves in that they can be reflected,
refracted, and focused.
 Reflection and refraction occurs when sound waves interact with interfaces of
differing acoustic properties.
 In solid materials, the vibrational energy can be split into different wave modes
when the wave encounters an interface at an angle other than 90 degrees.
 Ultrasonic reflections from the presence of discontinuities or geometric features
enables detection and location.
 The velocity of sound in a given material is constant and can only be altered by a
change in the mode of energy.
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11. Principles of Ultrasonic Inspection
 Whenever there is a change in the medium, the ultrasonic waves are
reflected. Thus, from the intensity of the reflected echoes, the flaws
are detected without destroying the material.
Ultrasonic waves are introduced into a material where they travel in a
straight line and at a constant speed until they encounter a surface.
At surface interfaces some of the wave energy is reflected and some
is transmitted.
The amount of reflected or transmitted energy can be detected and
provides information about the size of the reflector.
The travel time of the sound can be measured and this provides
information on the distance that the sound has traveled.
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12. 12
Ultrasound Generation
The transducer is
capable of both
transmitting and
receiving sound
energy.
Ultrasound tranducers are devices to
generate and receive ultrasound. For non-
destructive purposes, piezo-electric elements
of suitable dimenasions are used to generate
the complete range of ultrasonic frequenicies
at all level of intensities. A piezoelectric
element in the transducer converts electrical
energy into mechanical vibrations (sound),
and vice versa. FIG-ELEMENTS OF TRANDUCERS
ASSEMBLY

13. Test Techniques
Ultrasonic testing is a very versatile inspection method, and
inspections can be accomplished in a number of different ways.
Ultrasonic inspection techniques are commonly divided into three
primary classifications.
Pulse-echo and Through Transmission
(Relates to whether reflected or transmitted energy is used)
Normal Beam and Angle Beam
(Relates to the angle that the sound energy enters the test article)
Contact and Immersion
(Relates to the method of coupling the transducer to the test
article)
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Each of these techniques will be discussed briefly in the following
slides.

14. 14Test Techniques – Through-Transmission
0 2 4 6 8 10
2
11
• Two transducers located on opposing sides of
the test specimen are used. One transducer
acts as a transmitter, the other as a receiver.
• Discontinuities in the sound path will result
in a partial or total loss of sound being
transmitted and be indicated by a decrease in
the received signal amplitude.
• Through transmission is useful in detecting
discontinuities that are not good reflectors,
and when signal strength is weak. It does not
provide depth information.
T R
T R
11
2

15. 15
Digital display
showing received
sound through
material thickness.
Digital display
showing loss of
received signal due
to presence of a
discontinuity in the
sound field.
Test Techniques – Through-Transmission

16. 16
Test Techniques – Normal and Angle Beam
• In normal beam testing, the sound beam is
introduced into the test article at 90 degree to
the surface.
• In angle beam testing, the sound beam is
introduced into the test article at some angle
other than 90.
• The choice between normal and angle beam
inspection usually depends on two
considerations:
- The orientation of the feature of interest
– the sound should be directed to produce
the largest reflection from the feature.
- Obstructions on the surface of the part
that must be worked around.

17. Ultrasonic Equipment
 Pulse-Echo flaw detector:-
The pulse-echo detector contains the following
sections:-
1. Pulse generator
2. Transmitter receiver unit
3. Synchronizer
4. Sweep generator
5. Receiver amplifier
6. CRT display
7. Tranducer
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Block Diagram of a Pulse-Echo system

18. 18
Tranducers

19. Instrumentation
 Test equipment can be classified in a number of different
ways, this may include portable or stationary, contact or
immersion, manual or automated.
 Further classification of instruments commonly divides
them into four general categories: D-meters, Flaw
detectors, Industrial and special application.
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20. 20
• D-meters or digital thickness
gauge instruments provide
the user with a digital
(numeric) readout.
• They are designed primarily
for corrosion/erosion
inspection applications.
•Some instruments provide the user with both a digital readout and a
display of the signal. A distinct advantage of these units is that they
allow the user to evaluate the signal to ensure that the digital
measurements are of the desired features.
Instrumentation

21. 21
• Flaw detectors are instruments
designed primarily for the
inspection of components for
defects.
• However, the signal can be
evaluated to obtain other
information such as material
thickness values.
• Both analog and digital display.
Instrumentation

22. Applications
 Quality control & material inspection
 Detection of failure of rail rolling stock axes, pressure columns, earthmoving
equipments, mill rolls, mixing equipments, etc.
 Measurement of metal section thickness
 Thickness measurements – refinery & chemical processing equipments, submarine
hulls, aircraft sections, pressure vessels, etc.
 Inspect pipe & plate welds
 Inspect pins, bolts & shafts for cracks
 Detect internal corrosion
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23. 23Advantage of Ultrasonic Testing
 Sensitive to small discontinuities both surface and subsurface.
 Superior depth of penetration for flaw detection
 Only single-sided access is needed when pulse-echo technique is used.
 High accuracy in determining reflector position and estimating size and
shape.
 Minimal part preparation required.
 Electronic equipment provides instantaneous results.
 Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
 Has other uses such as thickness measurements, in addition to flaw
detection.

24. 24Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing
Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
Skill and training is more extensive than with some other methods.
Normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer of sound
energy into test specimen.
Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small,
exceptionally thin or not homogeneous are difficult to inspect.
Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult to inspect
due to low sound transmission and high signal noise.
Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go
undetected.
Reference standards are required for both equipment calibration,
and characterization of flaws.

25. References
 www.izfp.fraunhofer.de
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.ndt-ed.org
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