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Ultrasonic Testing
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Principles of Sound ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Principles of Sound (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Basic Principles of Sound (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ultrasound Generation ,[object Object],[object Object],A piezoelectric element in the transducer converts electrical energy into mechanical vibrations (sound), and vice versa.
Principles of Ultrasonic Inspection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Test Techniques Each of these techniques will be discussed briefly in the following slides.
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],f Test Techniques - Pulse-Echo plate crack initial  pulse crack echo back surface echo UT Instrument Screen 0 2 4 6 8 10
Test Techniques – Pulse-Echo (cont.) Digital display showing signal generated from sound reflecting off back surface. Digital display showing the presence of a reflector midway through material, with lower amplitude back surface reflector. The pulse-echo technique allows testing when access to only one side of the material is possible, and it allows the location of reflectors to be precisely determined.
Test Techniques – Through-Transmission ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 2 4 6 8 10 2 1 1 T R T R 1 1 2
Digital display showing received sound through material thickness. Digital display showing loss of received signal due to presence of a discontinuity in the sound field.  Test Techniques – Through-Transmission
Test Techniques – Normal and Angle Beam ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IP  =  Initial Pulse FWE = Front Wall Echo DE  = Defect Echo BWE = Back Wall Echo Test Techniques – Contact Vs Immersion  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 2 4 6 8 10 FWE BWE DE 2 IP 0 2 4 6 8 10 FWE BWE 1 IP 1 2 Defect
Inspection Applications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],On the following slides are examples of some common applications of ultrasonic inspection.
Thickness Gauging ,[object Object],[object Object]
Flaw Detection - Delaminations Signal showing multiple back surface echoes in an unflawed area. Additional echoes indicate delaminations in the member. Contact, pulse-echo inspection for delaminations on 36” rolled beam.
Flaw Detection in Welds ,[object Object],[object Object]
Equipment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transducers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Contact Transducers ,[object Object],[object Object]
Contact Transducers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Contact Transducers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transducers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Transducers (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Instrumentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instrumentation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instrumentation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instrumentation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Instrumentation (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Images of a Quarter Produced With an Ultrasonic Immersion Scanning System Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the front surface of the coin Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the back surface of the coin  (inspected from “heads” side)
Calibration Standards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Calibration Standards (cont.) Thickness calibration standards may be flat or curved for pipe and tubing applications, consisting of simple variations in material thickness. Distance/Area Amplitude standards utilize flat bottom holes or side drilled holes to establish known reflector size with changes in sound path form the entry surface. ASTM Distance/Area Amplitude NAVSHIPS
Calibration Standards (cont.) There are also calibration standards for use in angle beam inspections when flaws are not parallel to entry surface.  These standards utilized side drilled holes, notches, and geometric configuration to establish time distance and amplitude relationships. IIW DSC  DC  Rhompas SC ASME Pipe Sec. XI
Qualification Standards Qualification standards differ from calibration standards in that their use is for purposes of varying proper equipment operation and qualification of equipment use for specific codes and standards. AWS Resolution IOW Beam Profile DC-dB Accuracy
Data Presentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Presentation - A-scan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Time Signal Amplitude Signal Amplitude Time
Data Presentation - B-scan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Data Presentation - C-scan ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Photo of a Composite Component C-Scan Image of Internal Features
Advantage of Ultrasonic Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Glossary of Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Glossary of Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Glossary of Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Glossary of Terms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Intro To Ultrasonics

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Test Techniques – Pulse-Echo (cont.) Digital display showing signal generated from sound reflecting off back surface. Digital display showing the presence of a reflector midway through material, with lower amplitude back surface reflector. The pulse-echo technique allows testing when access to only one side of the material is possible, and it allows the location of reflectors to be precisely determined.
  • 12.
  • 13. Digital display showing received sound through material thickness. Digital display showing loss of received signal due to presence of a discontinuity in the sound field. Test Techniques – Through-Transmission
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. Flaw Detection - Delaminations Signal showing multiple back surface echoes in an unflawed area. Additional echoes indicate delaminations in the member. Contact, pulse-echo inspection for delaminations on 36” rolled beam.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32. Images of a Quarter Produced With an Ultrasonic Immersion Scanning System Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the front surface of the coin Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the back surface of the coin (inspected from “heads” side)
  • 33.
  • 34. Calibration Standards (cont.) Thickness calibration standards may be flat or curved for pipe and tubing applications, consisting of simple variations in material thickness. Distance/Area Amplitude standards utilize flat bottom holes or side drilled holes to establish known reflector size with changes in sound path form the entry surface. ASTM Distance/Area Amplitude NAVSHIPS
  • 35. Calibration Standards (cont.) There are also calibration standards for use in angle beam inspections when flaws are not parallel to entry surface. These standards utilized side drilled holes, notches, and geometric configuration to establish time distance and amplitude relationships. IIW DSC DC Rhompas SC ASME Pipe Sec. XI
  • 36. Qualification Standards Qualification standards differ from calibration standards in that their use is for purposes of varying proper equipment operation and qualification of equipment use for specific codes and standards. AWS Resolution IOW Beam Profile DC-dB Accuracy
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.

Editor's Notes

  1. This presentation was developed to provide students in industrial technology programs, such as welding, an introduction to ultrasonic testing. The material by itself is not intended to train individuals to perform NDT functions but rather to acquaint individuals with the NDT equipment and methods that they are likely to encounter in industry. More information has been included than might necessarily be required for a general introduction to the subject as some instructors have requested at least 60 minutes of material. Instructors can modify the presentation to meet their needs by simply hiding slides in the “slide sorter” view of PowerPoint.” This presentation is one of eight developed by the Collaboration for NDT Education. The topics covered by the other presentations are: Introduction to Nondestructive Testing Visual Inspection Penetrant Testing Magnetic Particle Testing Radiographic Testing Eddy Current Testing Welder Certification All rights are reserved by the authors and the presentation cannot be copied or distributed except by the Collaboration for NDT Education. A free copy of the presentations can be requested by contacting the Collaboration at NDT-ed@cnde.iastate.edu.