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IB Biology 5.1 communites and ecosystems

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Nigel Gardner
Nigel Gardner

Adapted version supporting the IB Diploma Biology Course

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5.1: Communities and Ecosystems IB Biology Topic 5: Ecology and evolution Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Different genus 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Habitat The environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Habitat The environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Population Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding Elephants in Kakouma NP, Chad. Population about 3500 Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Community Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Community A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Community A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Community Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Ecosystem Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Ecosystem a community and its abiotic environment. Biotic Factors Producers Consumers Detrivores Decomposers Interactions Competitors Parasites Pathogens Symbionts Predators Herbivores Atmosphere Wind speed Humidity Light intensity Precipitation Temperature Water ph and salinity Dissolved Nutrients Dissolved Oxygen Disolved nutrients Soil Available nutrients Moisture pH Structure Temperature Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Ecology Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Ecology the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment. Biotic Factors Producers Consumers Detrivores Decomposers Interactions Competitors Parasites Pathogens Symbionts Predators Herbivores Atmosphere Wind speed Humidity Light intensity Precipitation Temperature Water ph and salinity Dissolved Nutrients Dissolved Oxygen Disolved nutrients Soil Available nutrients Moisture pH Structure Temperature Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Consumers or Heterotrophs: Feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain energy Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Consumers or Heterotrophs: Feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain energy But within the consumers their is a feeding hierarchy of feeding Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Detrivores: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Detrivores: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs Saprotrophs: an organism that lives on or in non- living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) The first trophic level, the autotrophs supports the energy requirements of all the other trophic levels above. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) The first trophic level, the autotrophs supports the energy requirements of all the other trophic levels above. Trophic level 1 Trophic level 2 Trophic level 3 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Food chains are an oversimplification Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Some organisms appear in more than one food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
The reality is that there is a complex network of interrelated food chains which create a food web Simplified Boreal Forest Food Web Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. But only organisms which photosynthesize can obtain energy directly from the sun. The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. But only organisms which photosynthesize can obtain energy directly from the sun. All other organisms obtain energy by eating The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat herbivores Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat herbivores This creates different feeding levels or Trophic levels (Greek for food is trophe) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Food chains contain both transfers and transformations Solar energy (light) is transformed into stored chemical energy by photosynthesis Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
This transformation is not very efficient. Only about 2% of the solar energy is converted to sugars (chemical store of energy) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
This transformation is not very efficient. Only about 2% of the solar energy is converted to sugars (chemical store of energy) Light energy from the sun 2% converted to sugars 98% used during photosynthesis Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
When the zebra eats grass matter is transferred. Not all the available matter is transferred. E.g. Fibre To make use of the stored energy, respiration has to transform the matter to energy. The total efficiency is only about 10%. Transfer of material Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
When the zebra eats grass matter is transferred. Not all the available matter is transferred. E.g. Fibre To make use of the stored energy, respiration has to transform the matter to energy. The total efficiency is only about 10%. Transfer of material Some passes straight through Some gets transformed straight to usable energy and lost as heat Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
The transfers and transformations carry on up the food chain with less energy and material being passed from one level to the next Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
The transfers and transformations carry on up the food chain with less energy and material being passed from one level to the next Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
Because of the inefficiency of energy transfer food chains are rarely longer than four connections Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Dandelion Banded snail House Sparrow Sparrow Hawk Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems

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IB Biology 5.1 communites and ecosystems

  • 1. 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems IB Biology Topic 5: Ecology and evolution Scien cebitz. com
  • 2. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 3. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 4. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 5. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 6. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 7. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 8. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 9. Species Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Different genus 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 10. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 11. Habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 12. Habitat The environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 13. Habitat The environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 14. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 15. Population Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 16. Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 17. Population A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, and which are capable of interbreeding Elephants in Kakouma NP, Chad. Population about 3500 Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 18. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 19. Community Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 20. Community A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 21. Community A group of populations living and interacting with each other in a common habitat Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 22. Community Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 23. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 24. Ecosystem Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 25. Ecosystem a community and its abiotic environment. Biotic Factors Producers Consumers Detrivores Decomposers Interactions Competitors Parasites Pathogens Symbionts Predators Herbivores Atmosphere Wind speed Humidity Light intensity Precipitation Temperature Water ph and salinity Dissolved Nutrients Dissolved Oxygen Disolved nutrients Soil Available nutrients Moisture pH Structure Temperature Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 26. Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 27. Ecology Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 28. Ecology the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment. Biotic Factors Producers Consumers Detrivores Decomposers Interactions Competitors Parasites Pathogens Symbionts Predators Herbivores Atmosphere Wind speed Humidity Light intensity Precipitation Temperature Water ph and salinity Dissolved Nutrients Dissolved Oxygen Disolved nutrients Soil Available nutrients Moisture pH Structure Temperature Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.1: Species, , Habitat, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Ecology Scien cebitz. com
  • 29. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  • 30. It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  • 31. It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  • 32. It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Consumers or Heterotrophs: Feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain energy Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  • 33. It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into two categories. Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own food from simple inorganic substances (plants) Consumers or Heterotrophs: Feed on autotrophs or other heterotrophs to obtain energy But within the consumers their is a feeding hierarchy of feeding Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.2:Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
  • 34. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
  • 35. Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
  • 36. Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Detrivores: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs
  • 37. Consumers: an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed. Detrivores: an organism that ingests non-living organic matter. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.3: Consumers, Detrivores and Saprotrophs Saprotrophs: an organism that lives on or in non- living organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion.
  • 38. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 39. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 40. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 41. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 42. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 43. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) The first trophic level, the autotrophs supports the energy requirements of all the other trophic levels above. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 44. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose, herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe) Trophic level 1 - producer Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers) Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers) Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer) The first trophic level, the autotrophs supports the energy requirements of all the other trophic levels above. Trophic level 1 Trophic level 2 Trophic level 3 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 45. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 46. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 47. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 48. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 49. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 50. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 51. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 52. Ecosystems have an hierarchy of feeding relationships . The energy flow in the ecosystem can be illustrated as a Food chain. The arrows show the direction that energy flows Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 53. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 54. Food chains are an oversimplification Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 55. Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 56. Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 57. Food chains are an oversimplification They only show direct feeding relationships within one hierarchy Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 58. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 59. Some organisms appear in more than one food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 60. Some organisms can be at different trophic levels in different food chains Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 61. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 62. The reality is that there is a complex network of interrelated food chains which create a food web Simplified Boreal Forest Food Web Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 63. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.4-6:Trophic levels, food chains and food webs
  • 64. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 65. The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 66. The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. But only organisms which photosynthesize can obtain energy directly from the sun. The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 67. The starting point of all energy in ecosystems is the sun. But only organisms which photosynthesize can obtain energy directly from the sun. All other organisms obtain energy by eating The big idea Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 68. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 69. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 70. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 71. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 72. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat herbivores Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 73. Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose Herbivores eat plants Carnivores eat herbivores This creates different feeding levels or Trophic levels (Greek for food is trophe) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 74. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 75. Food chains contain both transfers and transformations Solar energy (light) is transformed into stored chemical energy by photosynthesis Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 76. This transformation is not very efficient. Only about 2% of the solar energy is converted to sugars (chemical store of energy) Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 77. This transformation is not very efficient. Only about 2% of the solar energy is converted to sugars (chemical store of energy) Light energy from the sun 2% converted to sugars 98% used during photosynthesis Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 78. Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 79. When the zebra eats grass matter is transferred. Not all the available matter is transferred. E.g. Fibre To make use of the stored energy, respiration has to transform the matter to energy. The total efficiency is only about 10%. Transfer of material Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 80. When the zebra eats grass matter is transferred. Not all the available matter is transferred. E.g. Fibre To make use of the stored energy, respiration has to transform the matter to energy. The total efficiency is only about 10%. Transfer of material Some passes straight through Some gets transformed straight to usable energy and lost as heat Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 81. The transfers and transformations carry on up the food chain with less energy and material being passed from one level to the next Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 82. The transfers and transformations carry on up the food chain with less energy and material being passed from one level to the next Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems
  • 83. Because of the inefficiency of energy transfer food chains are rarely longer than four connections Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Trophic Level 1 Trophic Level 3 Trophic Level 4 Trophic Level 2 Dandelion Banded snail House Sparrow Sparrow Hawk Scien cebitz. com Topic 5.1: Communities and Ecosystems 5.1.9-11: Energy in Ecosystems