The document discusses earth materials and processes, focusing on the classification and formation of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It describes the characteristics, formation processes, and examples of each rock type, including how they are formed through processes like lithification, metamorphism, and volcanic activity. Additionally, it outlines the rock cycle, which illustrates the transformations that occur between different rock types.

1. II. EARTH MATERIAL AND PROCESSES

2. Minerals and Rocks
•are the significant building
blocks of our dynamic earth.
•make up the solid part of
lithosphere and provide us with
valuable resources.
•Over 5,000 minerals but only
few occur as rock-forming
minerals.

3. o Igneous Rock
o Sedimentary Rocks
o Metamorphic Rocks
3 Main Categories
of Rocks:

4. k

5.  from a Latin word “ ”
which means .
 The parent material of
igneous rocks is usually
(a molten
material from deep within
the earth that cools and
hardens).
o Igneous Rocks

6. .
 Its an exothermic
process(heat is
liberated) and involves a
change of phase from
liquid to solid state.
 generally hard and
tough
o Igneous Rocks

7.  relates to the general
appearance of an
Igneous Rock.
Varieties of Igneous rocks

8. ,
1) Fine-grained Igneous rock
(“Aphanitic”)
 has smaller crystal due to
the faster rate of cooling of
the magma.
2) Coarse-grained Igneous Rock
(“Phaneritic”)
 has larger crystal due to the
slower rate of cooling of the
magma.
Varieties of Igneous rocks

9. Varieties of Igneous rocks
 refers to the elements
in the magma that
directly affect the kind
of mineral that is
formed when the
magma cools.

10. – are magmas
associated with crystal
spreading.
– are magmas
associated with crystal
compression.
Varieties of Igneous rocks

11. A. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
 cool slowly
 forms coarse grained rock
 presence of crystal growth
B. EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
 cool quickly
 forms fine-grained rock.
 lack of crystal growth
Types of Igneous rocks

13. • This are magmas that
rise and flow into the
cracks in the crust but
do not reach the
surface.
• They harden deep
inside the crust.
A. Igneous Intrusive or
Plutonic Igneous

14. .
• It takes thousands or
even millions of years to
solidify.
• usually coarse-grained
• with large crystals often
form the core of
mountains or volcanoes.
A. Igneous Intrusive or
Plutonic Igneous

15. • Texture: light-
colored igneous
rock with large
grains
• Composition:
quartz
and feldspar with
minor amounts
of mica,
amphiboles,
and other
minerals.
Granite

16. • Texture: coarse-
grained, dark-
colored,
intrusive
igneous rock.
• Composition:
composed
mainly of the
minerals
plagioclase
and augite.
Gabbro

17. • Texture:
coarse-
grained
igneous rocks
• Composition:
granite and
basalt.
Diorite

18. • Texture: fine-
grained,
extrusive igneou
s rocks that are
usually light to
dark gray in
color.
• Composition:
plagioclase
feldspar and
may
contain biotite,
pyroxene,
or amphibole.
Andesite

19. • This are magmas erupt
onto the surface from
volcanoes called lava.
• It’s a cooled lava at the
surface of the earth.
B. Igneous Extrusive or
Volcanic Igneous

20. ,
• Make the soil in the
surrounding areas fertile.
• Cools faster and solidifies
quickly if exposed in
atmosphere or into the
water.
• Have small crystals that
gives fine-grained texture.
B. Igneous Extrusive or
Volcanic Igneous

21. Most common examples of
igneous extrusive
1. Basalt
-A mafic silicate rock usually dark-
colored, hard find-grained with
high specific gravity.
2. Obsidian
-Its dark-colored but glassy so it
has no crystal.

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3. Pumice
-have many air holes because gas
bubbles are trapped in the rock
during cooling process.
-its light color with low density
that why it floats in water.
4. Scoria
-same as pumice. Has larger holes
and more denser and darker.

23. SENDIMENTARY ROCKS
•Form from “lithification”, a process of
sementing soft, unconsolidated
sendiments into hard rocks.
•Deposition is the process when rocks are
fragmented into tiny bits, then carried to
low areas and settled at the bottom.
•Sedimentation is the process of building up
of deposited rocks after many years.

24. Stages in the Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

25. 3 main types of sedimentary rocks
1. Classic Sedimentary Rocks
-mechanical weathering that involves
the breakdown of rocks into smaller
ones at the surface of the crust, piled
on top of one another and “lithified”.

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2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
- when dissolved materials precipitate.
Precipitation is separation of solid
substance from a liquid.
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
- formed by accumulated sedimentary
debris caused by organic processes.

27. Common examples of sedimentary rocks
1.Conglomorate
- a rock made up of pebbles, pieces of
gravels cemented together.
2. Sandstones
- made of grains mainly composed of
mineral quartz.

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3. Shale
-made from layers of mad and chemical
mixed with finesand, organic matter,
iron oxide and other impurities. Its soft
and smooth rock that easily breaks to
into layers.
4. Limestone
- made up of calcium carbonate. Came
from dead organism.

29. Metamorphic Rocks
•The metamorphic rocks get their name from
”meta” (changed) and “morph”
(form).Movement of earth causes rock to be
pressed or buried that leads to an increase in
temperature and pressure. This causes
physical and chemical changes in the original
rock-prolith.
•Metamorphism is the transformation of the
rock’s minerology and physical characteristics.

30. Types of Metamorphic Rocks

31. Type of Metamorphic Rocks
A. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
-rocks that are formed around the
igneous intrusive.
-their atoms recognize while becoming
more compact and dense.
-shows color bands that reflects very
small impurities.

32. Examples of Non-Foliated Metamorphic
Rocks
1. Marble
- derived from limestone-its parent rock.
- a hard crystalline rock and the most
beautiful rock because of its shimmering
luster.
2. Quartzite
- derived from sandstone, its hard and
durable
- is not always white. Some contains iron
oxide thus, they appear reddish.

33. B. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
•These are metamorphic rocks formed
within the earths interior.
•Extremely high temperature and
unequal pressure.
•Better identified on the basis of their
texture.

34. Examples of Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
1. Slate
-derived from shale. A fine-grained rock.
Made of menirals quartz and muscovite
along with hematite, biotite and pyrite.
2. Serpentine
-used for both mineral and metamorphic
rock. It originates from basalt.

35. .
3. Gneiss
-derived from conglomerate. Contains
of feldspar or quartz. Coarse-grained
texture, making the layered bands of
alternating minerals highly visible.

36. Types of Metamorphism
•Contact (thermal)metamorphism
-evolves when rock near igneous
intrusive gets heated.
-produces non-foliated metamorphic
rocks.
•Regional metamorphism (pressure)
-affects a large area due to mountain
formation.
-foliated rocks are produced and strong
pressure effects.

37. Rock Cycle
•The transformational processes that
change rocks from one kind to another.

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