The Scientific Revolution occurred between 1543-1650 and saw developments in fields like astronomy and physics. The Scientific Method using empirical proofs in experiments also emerged during this time, sometimes conflicting with Church doctrine. Famous scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton made important discoveries, with Newton creating the laws of gravitation and calculus. The Enlightenment era that followed emphasized natural law, scientific progress, deism and civic freedoms, laying the foundations for modern political and economic systems. Key thinkers during this period included Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu. The French and American Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and separation of powers.

1. Global History 10
Content Review

2. The Scientific Revolution
• Age when science developed in many fields, particularly astronomy and physics.
• Developed Scientific Method: Use of proofs in experiments (empiricism).
• Often clashed with official Church dogma.
• Age when science developed in many fields, particularly astronomy and physics.
• Developed Scientific Method: Use of proofs in experiments (empiricism).
• Often clashed with official Church dogma.
1543-1650
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton

3. Famous Scientists
• Copernicus – disproved
Geocentric theory with
Heliocentric Theory.
• Kepler proved elliptical
orbits of planets.
• Galileo invented
telescope, observed four
moons of Jupiter.
• Newton created laws of
gravitation and calculus.

4. Divine Right Monarchs
• Believed in their special
status as kings chosen by
and accountable only to
God.
• Louis XIV, James I of
England (Stuarts).
• Challenged by
Enlightenment ideals
and led to clashes with
Parliament.

5. The Enlightenment
• Era of philosophes who emphasized natural
law, scientific progress and technology, deism
and civic freedoms.
• Such natural rights are the foundation of
modern political and economic systems.

6. The Social Contract
• Belief that Man leaves the
state of nature and enters
into society in order to
form a social contract.
• Thomas Hobbes [negative]
believed in necessity of
absolute government.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
added idea of the noble
savage and general will to
the social contract theory.

7. John Locke
• John Locke believed that
“life, liberty and
property”
must be protected by an
agreement between the
people and the
government [a social
contract]
The KEY thinker of the
Enlightenment!
The KEY thinker of the
Enlightenment!

8. Voltaire
Influential French
philosophe who
defended freedom of
the press and speech
and blasted religious
intolerance of the
Church
Montesquieu
Father of the political
concept of separation of
powers (three branches of
government: executive,
legislative and judicial) and
balance of powers (checks
and balances)
Directly inspired
the American and
French
Revolutions.
Directly inspired
the American and
French
Revolutions.

9. Enlightened Despots
• Absolute rulers who
emphasized their
usefulness to society.
• Passed laws on serfdom,
educational and judicial
reforms, and patronized
the arts.
• E.g. Joseph II, Frederick
the Great and Catherine
the Great.
Rule for the people, but not by the people!Rule for the people, but not by the people!

10. The French Revolution
• Economic turmoil forced
Louis XVI to convene Estates-
General (1788) to raise taxes.
• Third Estate (bourgeoisie and
peasants) declared itself a
National Assembly.
• The SPARK! Mobs in Paris
stormed the Bastille prison
(July 14, 1789).
• The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and a Constitution
were written (1789-91).

11. The Reign of Terror
• King was overthrown and
guillotined; France became
a republic ruled by radicals.
• Robespierre ordered the
execution of thousands
during The Terror (1792-
1794).
• Regime was overthrown by
coup d’etat (Thermidor).
• French government
remained unstable under
the Directory (1794-1799).

12. The Age of Napoleon
• Napoleon Bonaparte
took power and led
France into an age of
military triumph and
empire.
• Used nationalism as a
way of inspiring his
people and others.
• Failed in Russia
(Scorched Earth and
Winter) and defeated
at Waterloo.

13. Congress of Vienna
• Conservative European
rulers redrew map of
Europe. Wanted a
Balance of Power
• Dominated by Austrian
diplomat Metternich.
• Tried to stop liberal or
nationalist uprisings.
• Known as the Age of
Metternich or Reaction
(1815 - 1848).

14. Nationalism
• Inspired by Revolutionary
and Napoleonic France.
• Fired up rebels and patriots
across Europe and the
Americas.
• Early example: Haiti (1802).
• Toussaint L’Ouverture led
revolt of slaves against
France.
• Guerilla warfare ultimately
led to independence.

15. Spanish Colonies
• Spain had conquered
and colonized American
territories (encomienda
system) since Columbus.
• Social class system and
race played great role.
• Enlightenment ideas and
American Revolution
inspired creoles into
actions against colonial
rule.

16. Latin American Independence
• Mexico rebelled under
Father Hidalgo but was
liberated by 1821.
• Simon Bolivar [The
Liberator] led several
nations to independence
and aided Jose de San
Martin in Argentina and
Chile.
• Bolivar’s ideas for a
democratic union, Gran
Colombia, failed.

17. Italian Unification
• Kingdom of Sardinia
-Piedmont spearheaded
unification of Italy (led
by Count Cavour and
achieved by Giuseppe
Garibaldi (Red Shirts).
• French helped Sardinia.
• Giuseppe Mazzini had
inspired with his works.
• The Kingdom of Italy
was proclaimed by 1871.

18. German Unification
• Began with Zollverein.
• Kingdom of Prussia
developed into leading
German power under
Otto von Bismarck.
• Pursued realpolitik.
• Steered Prussia to
victory in three wars
(Franco-Prussian War,
militarism).
• The German Empire
was proclaimed in 1871.
• Ruled by the Kaiser.

19. Proto-Industrialization
• Began with new farming
techniques – seed drill,
sheep breeding, crop
rotation – in 18th
Century
Britain.
• Enclosure Acts forced
many farmers to migrate
to the cities after losing
lands to wealthy
landowners.
• Urban areas increased in
population.

20. Industrial Revolution
• Inventions in textiles and
steam triggered industrial
growth.
• Entrepreneurs invested
capital in factories; factory
system led to mass produced
goods.
• Labor abuse against women
and children was common.
• Sadler Commission pushed
for child labor reforms.
• Led to rise of labor unions.

21. Effects of Industrialization
• Luddites attacked
textile machinery.
• Urbanization
• City life worsened in
hygiene, sanitation,
crime, social unrest
and overpopulation.
• Charles Dickens
portrayed slum life in
realistic novels.

22. Population Theories
• Thomas Malthus believed
that rises in population will
outpace food production;
this will lead to disaster.
• David Ricardo believed
that increase in wages led
to population increase.
• War and disease would
help decrease populations.
• Jeremy Bentham believed
that government could help
with the “greatest good for
the greatest number”
(known as utilitarianism).

23. New Ideologies
• Laissez-faire economists
[Adam Smith] believed in
free market (the laws of
supply and demand)
without regulation.
• Socialists believed in
government regulation and
public ownership of the
economy.
• Utopian Socialists [Robert
Owen] believed in
organized communities
sharing in all benefits.

24. Communism
• Karl Marx wrote The
Communist Manifesto to
describe the history of class
struggle and the eventual
victory of the proletariat
over the bourgeoisie.
• A dictatorship of the
proletariat would create a
communist system where
all wealth was publicly
owned.
• He wrote Kapital together
with Friedrich Engels.

25. Imperialism
• “Old Imperialism”:
God, gold, glory led
to colonies (1500 –
1700).
• “New Imperialism”:
securing resources
and trade routes and
new markets. (1800 –
1914).
• “The sun never sets
on the British
Empire.”

26. Social Darwinism
• Belief in the superiority
of European civilization.
• “Survival of the fittest”
used as a racist theory.
• Best example of Social
Darwinism: Kipling
poem, The White Man’s
Burden.
• Asians and Africans
viewed as inferiors who
need to be civilized by
the imperialist powers.

27. “Scramble for Africa”
• Berlin Conference
(1884) – partition.
• Seeking natural
resources: gold and
diamonds.
• Cecil Rhodes – the
“Cape-to-Cairo”
link.
• Belgian Congo –
King Leopold II.
• Ethiopia and Liberia
remain free.

28. British Raj in India
• British shaken by
the Sepoy Mutiny in
India (against
foreign rule).
• Sepoys felt
disrespected because
the cartridges used
to load the Enfield
Rifle were sealed
with cow and pig fat,
which goes against
Hindu and Islamic
beliefs.

29. Spheres of Influence in China
• British defeat China in Opium
Wars: Treaty of Nanking (an
“unequal treaty”).
• Taiping and Boxer Rebellions
against foreigners but defeated by
imperialist powers.

30. The Meiji Restoration
• Arrival of Commodore
Matthew Perry in Tokyo
(end of isolationism).
• Overthrow of shogun and
restoration of imperial
rule (Emperor Meiji).
• Westernization and
modernization of Japan.
• Japan defeats China in
Sino-Japanese War: gains
resources in Korea and
Manchuria.

31. Russo-Japanese War
• Russia and Japan fight in
Manchuria (1904-1905):
Trans-Siberian Railway
seen as threat to Japanese
resources.
• Japanese fleet knocks out
Russian navy.
• Treaty of Portsmouth –
Japan emerges as a world
power.
• Rise of Japanese empire.

32. Ottoman Empire: The Sick Man
of Europe
• Ottoman Empire was in
decline in the 19th
Century.
• The Greeks had gained
independence (1821).
• Russia had fought and won
several wars by 1877.
• The Balkan Wars (1912-
1913) witnessed the defeat
of the Turks in Europe.
• Ethnic unrest made the
Balkans the “powder keg of
Europe.”

33. World War I (1914-19)
• M.A.N.I.A. and the
Assassination of the
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand (Austria).
• Triple Entente and
Triple Alliance.
• Diplomatic blank
check and ultimatum.
• Trench warfare and
low morale at the
Front.
• Armenian Genocide
(1915).

34. End of the War
• US entered war in 1917
(Zimmerman Note).
• Wilson’s 14 Points (self-
determination and League
of Nations) proposed (fair
deal).
• Treaty of Versailles
reached with war guilt
clause and reparations from
Germany.
• Map of Europe redrawn
with emphasis on self-
determination (1918).

35. The Russian Revolution
• Tsarist incompetence led
to Bloody Sunday
Massacre and failing
World War I policies.
• Rasputin caused scandals.
• Tsar Nicholas II
abdicated (Feb. 1917)
• Lenin returned from exile
and proclaimed “Peace,
Bread, Land!”
• Short-lived Kerensky
gov’t overthrown by
Bolsheviks (Oct. 1917).

36. Lenin’s Policies
• Russian Civil War [Reds v.
Whites] fought and won by
Bolsheviks [led by Leon
Trotsky] in 1920.
• Tsar and his family
executed by Bolsheviks.
• Lenin proclaimed the USSR
[Soviet Union] and pursued
New Economic Policy [NEP]
to build up the economy.
• His death led to power
struggle - Trotsky v. Stalin.

37. DBQ Review
• Answer all documents (Short Answer)
• Use “half plus one rule” in essay.
• Refer to documents by their “specific
name” not their number (and in
parentheses mention the number).
• Analyze question fully and use as much
outside information as possible.
• In short answer and essay, provide
“outside info”