Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions. The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born. The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders. This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.

1. Understanding the basics of Geology
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development And Management

2. Study of the earth
Materials
making it
It’s
structure
Processes
acting
upon it
Evolution
through
time Geology

3. Earth’s Internal structure पृथ्वी क
े अंदर की संरचना

4. It’s a dynamic planet
यह एक गतिशील ग्रह है
4.5 billion years old
4.5 अरब वर्ष पुराना है
Made up of 3 main rock types.
3 मुख्य पत्थर प्रकारों से बना है।
Igneous
(अग्नेय)
Sedimentary
(परतदार)
Metamorphic
(रूपाांतररत )
Earth (पृथ्वी)

5. Texture : Grain -to- grain relationship (बनावट: कण से कण सांबांध)
Sedimentary rock
(परतदार पत्थर)
Igneous rock- (अग्नेय पत्थर) Metamorphic rock
रूपाांतररत पत्थर
Variation in
grain size
कण आकार में
भिन्नता
Variation in
pattern
पैटनन में बदलाव

6. Igneous Rocks (अग्नेय पत्थर)
• Igneous means- fire (Latin)
• Formed from magma (subsurface) or lava (surface)
• The cooling of magma under the surface gives Intrusive Igneous Rocks
• The cooling of lava on the surface gives Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Extrusive
http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html

7. Sedimentary Rocks (परतदार पत्थर)
http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/index.html
The bedded rocks
Rocks formed by processes that
cause material to …
❑ Settle
❑ Accumulate
❑ Precipitate

8. Metamorphic Rocks
रूपाांतररत पत्थर
•Change in form.
•Caused by Temperature, Pressure or Solution.
•Usually the rocks become harder and
more compact due to metamorphism.
•Realignment of grains along the weak planes.
Source: www.fi.edu

9. Basalt
Granite Sandstone
Phyllite
Conglomerate
Schist
Crystals Gas Bubbles
Glassy
surfaces
Bedding Sand/Pebbles Fossils Foliation
Ribbon like
layers
Orientations

11. The Rock Cycle...

12. So the types of rocks are………चट्टान ां क
े प्रकार
Sedimentary
Rocks
THE BEDDED ROCKS
Rocks formed by processes
that cause material to …
- Settle
- Accumulate
- Precipitate
Metamorphic
Rocks
THE DIFFERENTIATED ROCKS
Change in form.
Caused by Temperature,
Pressure or Solution.
Usually the rocks become
harder and more compact
due to metamorphism.
Realignment of grains along
the weak planes.
Igneous Rocks
THE BURNT ROCKS
• Igneous means of fire.
• They are formed of
magma or lava.
• The cooling of magma
under the surface gives
Intrusive Igneous Rocks.
• The cooling of lava on
the surface gives Extrusive
Igneous Rocks.

13. Mountain Systems
•All 3 types of rocks.
•Structure plays a significant role
Alluvial (Unconsolidated ) Systems
Water in sand and silt lenses
Sedimentary (Soft Rock) Systems
•Coarse sandstone, grit, coal, fossil rocks.
•Usually contain large number of openings
and water travels through them quickly
Sedimentary (Hard Rock) Systems
•Sandstones, limestones, siltstones.
•Contain lesser water than soft
sedimentary rocks.
•Bedding, fractures and joints may play a
significant role
Volcanic Systems
•Mostly basalt.
•Dykes.
•Water stored in vesicles and weathered
zones
•Movement mostly through joints
Crystalline (Basement) Systems
•Granites, schists, gneisses.
•Water moves through weathered zone,
joints and fractures
One of the most litho-
diverse nation in the world
चट्टान भवभवध देश

15. STRUCTURES
संरचनाएं
Primary Structures
प्राथममक संरचनाएँ
Secondary Structures
माध्यममक संरचनाएं
Primary structures are formed during the process
of rock formation
Secondary structures are formed after the rock
formation has taken place

16. Primary Structures | प्राथममक संरचनाएँ
Columnar joints in Basalts

17. Cross bedding
Planar bedding

18. Alluvial Deposits

19. Secondary Structures
Caused due to natural agents like
water, air etc.
e.g. process of weathering
Caused due to stresses
involved with plate tectonics

20. Weathering
Chemical (रासायतनक)
Chemical weathering involves a chemical
reaction or a change in chemical
composition.
Mechanical (यांत्रिक)
Mechanical physical breaking without
any chemical change.
Spheroidal weathering due to water Colour change due to air and water

21. Honeycomb Structure Freeze-thaw action of ice

22. Stress - Tectonic activities (तनाव - टेक्ट भनक गभतभवभधयााँ)
Confining stress
Tensional stress
Shear
Compressional stress

24. Folds

27. Fractures
• Fractures or crevices
are weak planes
along which there is
no movement
• Formed due to
tectonic forces

28. Faults
Source: ACWADAM, Pune

29. Tension
Ruptures or Fracture in the Earth's crust, on either side of which rocks have moved past each
other.
Faults may occur where rocks are being pushed together (compression) or pulled apart
(tension) by plate tectonics, movements of the plates of the Earth's crust.
Large movements cause detectable earthquakes

30. Groundwater occurs through various
openings in the rock that form the
Earth’s crust
Characteristics and nature of
openings in the rocks will govern
the groundwater movement and
accumulation

31. The attitude of openings determine the
direction in which the water will move
The size of openings would decide the ease with
which water would move in the rock
The size and pattern of openings will also govern
the water storage capacity of a rock

32. Thank you