Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.

1. Case study of Gokarna Multi-village
scheme, Kumta, Karnataka
Gopal Naik
Prerona Sengupta
Jal Jeevan Mission Cell
IIM Bangalore

2. Introduction
● This case study aims to understand the progress of JJM in Gokarna MVS
which covers six Gram Panchayats- Gokarna, Hiregutti, Bargi, Hanehalli,
Nadumaskeri and Torke which are in Kumta taluk Uttar Karnataka
district in Karnataka.
● Though it is in high rainfall area, some villages are in coastal zone and
suffer from high levels of salinity particularly in non-rainy seasons

3. Six GPs under MVS in Kumta Block of Uttar Karnataka
Kumta block is located in the Uttar Karnataka district of Karnataka. There are six GPs in the Kumta block under MVS-

4. 19 villages under 6 GPs which receives water supply through MVS
GP Villages GP Villages
Gokarna ● Gokarna Bargi ● Betkuli
Hiregutti ● Hiregutti
● Yennemadi
● Morba
● Kolimanjaguni
Hanehalli ● Hanehalli
● Kadime
● Hoskeri
● Bankokodla
● Bidragere
Nadumaskeri ● Nadumaskeri,
● Harumaskeri
● Bhavikodla
Torke ● Torke
● Toreghajani
● Hittalmakki
● Madanageri
● Gonehalli.

5. 19 villages under 6 GPs which receives water supply through MVS

6. Source Sustainability
● Source reliability
● Water quality
● Water availability going forward

7. In Gokarna, under MVS,
raw water is channelled
from the Gangavali, a
perinnial river. This river
is source for Water
supply scheme to Sea
bird project, Karwar and
Ankola town. As per
information from local
villagers’ raw water is
available for all twelve
months. There is also
plan to build vented
barrage.
Source Reliability for MVS
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

8. Treatment of raw water at the WTP
● Under MVS, water is sourced from Gangavali river,
pumping through jack well located 17 kms away from the
intermediate storage sump 1.
● Water is then filtered, treated and stored in existing
intermediate storage sump-2, then pumpted into a Master
Balancing Reservoir having a capacity of 6,16,000 litres.

9. Water Quality
● WQMIS measures the quality of water at the treatment plant daily on the following
parameters: odour, taste, turbidity, PH value, chloride, total hardness, calcium,
magnesium, chlorine, and TDS.
● It has been found that the PH value of raw water is higher than the treated water,
however both the raw and treated water PH values are within the permitted limit of 6.5-
8.5.
● The TDS is also higher in raw water than the treated water. The treated water TDS is less
than 300. Turbidity is higher during monsoon however it is within the permissible limit
after the treatment.
● Total hardness is also within the permissible limit. There are no issues with the quality of
the treated water so far.

10. Water Quality
Comparison between raw water, treated water at WTP and treated tap water
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

11. Infrastructural sustainability
● Existing infrastructure before the introduction of
MVS
● Percentage of FHTC coverage in 19 villages
● Present requirement of water vs infrastructure
designed for future population
● Components of the WTP under MVS

12. The figure above represents the existing infrastructure present in these nineteen villages before the introduction of MVS. There are four types of infrastructure-
Piped water supply (PWS), Motorized water supply (MWS), Bore well (BW) with hand pump and Bore well (BW).
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

13. The figure above represents the total number of households v. the number of households with FHTC. It also highlights the percentage of FHTC coverage
in each village.. Bhavikodla, Madangeri, Morba, Harumaskeri, Hoskeri, Hittalmakki, Gonehalli and Yennemadi have 100% FHTC coverage. Gokarna,
Nadumaskeri, Bankikodla, and Kolimanjaguni has more than 90% FHTC coverage. Hiregutti and Bidrageri have more than 80% of FHTC coverage.
Betkuli, Torke, Kadime and Toreghazani have more than 70% of FHTC. Hanehalli has more than 60% of FHTC as of the previous month.
Number and Percentage of FHTC coverage under MVS
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

14. The figure above represents present requirement of water KLD vs. the intermediate stage requirement and the ultimate stage requirement of water. The
intermediate stage of requirement forecasts the requirement of water for the next 20 years; considering 18% increase over present population, and the
ultimate stage of requirement forecasts the requirement of water for the next 30 years; considering 20% increase over present population.
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

15. Flow diagram of WTP
● The WTP has six main components:
Aerator, Flash mixer, Flocculator,
Clarifier, rapid sand filter and pure
water sump.
● The pumping machinery from jack well
to WTP for raw water is of 220 HP with
an efficiency of 70%.
● The discharge rate is 79.98 LPS. The
rising main pipe diameter is 300 mm
and is of 14500 metres in length.
● The pumping machinery for pure water
is of 55 HP with an efficiency of 60%.
● The discharge rate is 52.497 LPS. The
rising main pipe diameter is 250 mm
and is of 200 metres in length.
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

16. Operations and Maintenance
● Components of O&M expenses
● Water consumption and water charges per KL in 19
villages under MVS

17. Components of MVS O&M expenses
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

18. 0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Jul-22 Aug-22 Sep-22 Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar-23 Apr-23 May-23 Jun-23
In
Liters
2022-2023
Gokarna GP Per-Capita Monthly Water Consumption

19. 0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
12000.00
Jul-22 Aug-22 Sep-22 Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar-23 Apr-23 May-23 Jun-23
In
Liters
2022-2023
Torke GP Per-Capita Monthly Water Consumption
Torke Hittalmakki Madangeri Gonnehalli

20. 0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
Jul-22 Aug-22 Sep-22 Oct-22 Nov-22 Dec-22 Jan-23 Feb-23 Mar-23 Apr-23 May-23 Jun-23
In
Liters
2022-2023
Hanehalli GP Per-Capita Monthly Water Consumption.
Hanehalli Kadime Hoskeri Bidragere

21. Financial Analysis
● Full cost of delivery of water per kl
● Operational cost of delivery of water
● Monthly cost of delivery of water per kl and per HH
● Generation of surplus or deficit over full cost and
operational cost.

22. Financial Analysis - MVS
● The full cost of delivery of
water per kl is INR 26.08.
● The operation cost of
delivery of water per kl is
INR 6.85.
● The monthly cost of delivery
per household is INR
456.57.
● There is a deficit of INR
3,257,027 over opex cost.
● There is a deficit of INR
39,986,027 over total cost.
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

23. Institutional Involvement
● The extent of contribution made by household
● Formation of VWSC
● Grievance redressal mechanism
● Time taken to resolve issues

24. Source sustainability
S.N
o
Questions TORKE HITTALMAKKI GOKARN HOSKERI MADANAGERI
1
Is the water
source perennial.
WTP for drinking
water and dug well
WTP for drinking
water and dug well
WTP for drinking
water, dug well and
tubewell
WTP for drinking
water, dug Well and
borewell
WTP for drinking
water and dug well
2 Source reliability Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable Reliable
3
Development of
additional
sources
Shallow dug wells and
surface ponds;
community dugwells
can be revived.
Shallow dug wells and
surface ponds;
community dugwells
can be revived.
Shallow dug wells and
surface ponds; community
dugwells can be revived.
Shallow dug wells and
surface ponds;
community dugwells can
be revived.
Shallow dug wells and
surface ponds;
community dugwells can
be revived.
4
Reuse of
greywater.
Water used in
backyard garden
Water used in backyard
garden
Water used in backyard
garden
Water used in backyard
garden
Water used in backyard
garden
5
Possibility of
source
contamination in
future
Pathogenic
contamination
Pathogenic
contamination
Pathogenic contamination
Pathogenic
contamination
Pathogenic
contamination
6
Are there actions
needed to ensure
sustainability?
Rainwater conserving
structures
Rainwater conserving
structures
Rainwater conserving
structures
Rainwater conserving
structures
Rainwater conserving
structures
Source-
RDWS
&
Sub-Division
Kumta

25. Operational sustainability
S.N
o
Questions TORKE HITTALMAKKI GOKARN HOSKERI MADANAGERI
1
Household
Coverage
297 117 3245 145 324
2
Current water
quality issues
No issue No issue No issue No issue No issue
3
Frequency of
water quality
tests
Quarterly and the state
health department
conducts monthly tests
to check pathogenic
contaminants.
Quarterly and the state
health department
conducts monthly tests
to check pathogenic
contaminants.
Quarterly and the state
health department
conducts monthly tests to
check pathogenic
contaminants.
Quarterly and the state
health department
conducts monthly tests
to check pathogenic
contaminants.
Quarterly and the state
health department
conducts monthly tests
to check pathogenic
contaminants.
4
Utilization of
WQ test reports
Utilised to mitigate the
contamination.
Utilised to mitigate the
contamination.
Utilised to mitigate the
contamination.
Utilised to mitigate the
contamination.
Utilised to mitigate the
contamination.
5
Water meter
readings
Installed and readings
are not recorded
Installed and readings
are not recorded
Installed and readings are
not recorded
Installed and readings
are not recorded
Installed and readings
are not recorded
6
Turnaround time
for fixing repair
& maintenance.
24-36 hours 24-36 hours 24-36 hours 24-36 hours 24-36 hours
Source-
RDWS
&
Sub-Division
Kumta

26. Financial sustainability
S.No Questions TORKE HITTALMAKKI GOKARN HOSKERI MADANAGERI
1
Determination of water
charges.
GP and the people who actively
participate are engaged in the
decision-making.
GP and the people who
actively participate are
engaged in the
decision-making.
GP and the people who
actively participate are
engaged in the decision-
making.
GP and the people who
actively participate are
engaged in the
decision-making.
GP and the people
who actively
participate are
engaged in the
decision-making.
2 Billing cycle Monthly Monthly Monthly Not yet charged Monthly
3 Amount charged per month
80 80 100 Not Yet Charged 80
4
Full cost of delivery of water
per HH per month
482.31 482.31 473.57 470.55 482.31
5
IVDS Operational cost of
delivery of water per HH per
month and total opex
25.74
145.6
25.74
145.6
17.87
137.7
13.98
133.84
25.74
145.6
6
Generation of surplus or
deficit over full cost and
operational cost.
Deficit over full and operational
cost
Deficit over full and
operational cost
Deficit over full and
operational cost
NA
Deficit over full and
operational cost
7 Bank Account. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
8 Corpus funds are generation. No No No No No
Source-
RDWS
&
Sub-Division
Kumta

27. Institutional sustainability
S
.
N
o
Questions TORKE HITTALMAKKI GOKARN HOSKERI MADANAGERI
1
The extent of
contribution made by
the household
10% 10% 10% 10% 10%
2 Formation of VWSC
Formation
completed
Formation
completed
Formation
completed
Formation done
Formation
completed
3
The extent of
involvement of the
community
60% 60% 60% 60% 60%
4
Ability to resolve
issues
Training is being
given.
Training is
being given.
Training is being
given.
Training is
being given.
Training is
being given.
5
Salary to in charge
person
monthly monthly monthly monthly monthly
6
Grievance redressal
mechanism.
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
7
.
Reporting complaints
verbally and recording
them
Verbally
reported but are
not recorded.
Verbally
reported but are
not recorded.
Verbally reported
but are not
recorded.
Verbally reported
but are not
recorded.
Verbally reported
but are not
recorded.
Source-
RDWS
&
Sub-Division
Kumta

28. MVS and IVDS

29. S.No Sustainability MVS IVDS
1 Source Perinnial River
WTP for drinking water and other sources
of ground water for miscellaneous usage
2 Operation
Water meters readings are recorded; time
taken for repairis usually 3 days to 1 week due
to large scale infrastructure at WTP
Water meters are installed but readings are
not recorded; time taken for repairing is
usually 24-36 hours due to small scale
infrastructure in the village level.
3 Financial Deficit over operational cost and total cost Deficit over total and operational costs.
4 Institutional
Grievance redressal system is active.
According to the GPs, there has been no
issue reported so far.
Grievance redressal system is active but not
recorded not aware of Parihar.
Source- RDWS & Sub-Division Kumta

30. Take aways
● Need to study the treated water dependence pattern of each
habitation and arrive at water supply system to make it need based
● Computation of total and operational costs of delivery of water and
create awareness to help communities to move towards full cost
recovery
● Creation of awareness of water quality and testing responsibility.
Health department involvement is important.

31. Challenges
● Addressing heterogenous concerns of habitations
● Cost recovery – even operational cost recovery
● Involvement community and efficiency of
operations and maintenance