The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.

1. Peoples’ Science Institute,
Dehradun

2. Mud
Feacal Coliforms
A B
Arsenic = 0.2 mg/L
&
Fluoride = 4.5 mg/L
People’s Perception of Safe water are based on
subjective values :
Color, Odour, Taste and Suspended Impurities

3. Why Water Quality ?
At the United Nations conference at Mar del Plata in 1977,
which launched the International Drinking-Water Supply
and Sanitation Decade, this philosophy was adopted
unambiguously:“all peoples, whatever their stage of
development and social and economic condition, have the
right to have access to drinking-water in quantities and of
a quality equal to their basic needs.”

4. Water Quality
 Surface water quality depends upon
 Season Anthropogenic
 Substratum (bed soil) Geogenic
 Land use Anthropogenic
 Size of habitation. Anthropogenic
 Industries and waste disposal Anthropogenic
 Groundwater quality depends upon
 Geology Geogenic
 Land use Anthropogenic
 Industries and waste disposal Anthropogenic

5. Parameters for Water Quality
Assessment
 Physical
◼ pH
◼ Temperature
◼ Colour
◼ Odour
◼ Transparency
 Chemical
◼ Hardness
◼ Chloride
◼ Fluoride
◼ Alkalinity
◼ Phosphate
◼ Nitrate
◼ Heavy metals
◼ Toxins
◼ Organics
 Biological
◼ Bacteria
◼ Virus
◼ Fungi
◼ Algae
◼ Benthic Organism
 Radioactive

6. Constituents in Groundwater
Major Secondary Trace Trace
(1.0 – 1,000
mg/l)
(0.01 – 10 mg/l) (0.0001 – 0.1 mg/l) (less than 0.001
mg/l)
Sodium,
Calcium,
Magnesium
Potassium, Iron Aluminum, Arsenic,
Cadmium,
Antimony,
Chromium, Copper,
Lead, Manganese,
Molybdenum,
Nickel, Phosphate,
Zinc, Uranium,
Vanadium, Selenium
etc
Beryllium,
Bismuth, Cesium,
Gallium, Gold,
Platinum, Silver,
Thorium, Tin,
Zirconium etc
Bicarbonate,
Sulfate,
Chloride,
Silica
Carbonate,
Nitrate, Fluoride,
Boron
Toxicity to Human Health

7. Water
Interaction with
rocks is less so
low TDS
Water Interaction
with rocks is More
so higher TDS
TDS Value =
20-250 mg/L or
PPM
TDS Value =
200-18000 mg/L
or PPM
Major ions Ca,
Mg, Cl, NO3
Major ions Ca,
Mg, Cl, NO3,
SO4, Na, K
Minor ions Zn,
Pb, Cd, Cu,
etc.
Minor ions As,
F, U etc.
Unconfined
Aquifer
Confined
Aquifer 1
Confined
Aquifer 2

8. Basic
Water Parameters

9. pH
 Degree of acidity or alkalinity
 Extreme low or high pH is hazardous
 High value causes eye irritation and of skin disorder
 Low pH value causes redness and irritation of eyes, impart a sour taste to
water, increase toxicity of water by dissolving heavy metals easily
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 6.5-8.5

10. Total Hardness
 Indicator of calcium and magnesium ions
 Ameliorate toxicity of hazardous heavy metals
 High value of Hardness consumes more soap
 Encrustation in water supply structure
 Scale formation in boilers.
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 300-600 mg/l.

11. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
 Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the all substances dissolved in
water.
 TDS is in the study of water quality for streams, rivers and lakes, although
TDS is not generally considered a primary pollutant.
 Total dissolved solids arise from the weathering and dissolution of rocks
and soils.
 Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural and residential
runoff, leaching of soil contamination and point source water pollution
discharge from industrial or sewage treatment plants.
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 500–2000 mg/l

12. Electrical Conductivity (EC)
 Conductivity is the ability of water to conduct an electrical
current, and the dissolved ions are the conductors.
 Salts that dissolve in water break into positively and negatively
charged ions.

13. Salinity
 Salinity is a measure of the amount of salts in the water.
 Because dissolved ions increase salinity as well as conductivity, the two
measures are related. The salts in sea water are primarily sodium chloride
(NaCl).
 Salinity is the total of all non-carbonate salts dissolved in water unlike
chloride (Cl–) concentration, you can think of salinity as a measure of the
total salt concentration, comprised mostly of Na+ and Cl– ions.

14. Chloride
 Major inorganic anions.
 Indicator of fecal coliforms in water source.
 Produce salty taste, harmful for metallic pipes and growing plants
 A sudden increase in chloride content indicates organic (sewage)
contamination
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 250-1000mg/l.

15. Chloride Contamination
 Leaching of sedimentary rocks and soils and the dissolution of salt deposits.
Other sources of chloride in groundwater include
 River Streambeds with salt-containing minerals
 Runoff from salted roads
 Irrigation water returned to streams
 Water softener regeneration
 Saltwater intrusion and sea spray in coastal areas.
 Leachate from dumps or landfills.
 Water softener backwash.
 Sewage contamination.
 Leachate from abandoned, deep exploration holes or mines (rare).

16. Total Alkalinity
 Acid neutralizing capacity
 Carbonate, bicarbonate & hydroxide ions
 High value unfits water for irrigation
 Alkalinity imparts bitter taste to water
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 200–600 mg/l

17. Nitrate
 Nitrate generally occurs in traces in surface water, but may attain
considerable concentrations
 Inadequately treated sewage waters, run-off, and poorly functioning
septic systems.
 Blue baby syndrome in infants.
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 45 mg/l.

19. Fluoride
 Occur naturally in water added by anthropogenic and
geogenic activities.
 Up-to 0.5 mg/l, fluoride reduces dental caries without harm.
Higher levels may cause fluorosis in the following stages:
• Dyspepsia and indigestion – non–skeletal fluorosis.
• Affecting the human teeth (dental fluorosis)
• Disruption of entire skeletal system (skeletal fluorosis).
 The BIS standard 10500:2012 is 1-1.5 mg/l.

20. Dental Fluorosis
Skeletal Fluorosis
(INREM)

21. Relation between Hydrogeolgy-Water Quality
and Health

22. Hydrogeology and Fluoride

23. We
ll
Handpu
mp
Compact
Basalt
Vasicular
Basalt
Granite

24. Well HandPump Tubewell
0.3-0.7 mg/l 6-12 mg/l 7-9 mg/l

25. Usage
 Lack of information on fluorosis and fluoride
concentration in the drinking water is causing lot of
fluorosis cases all across India.
Irrigation Drinking

26. Concentration of Fluoride in
different rocks
SN Rocks Ave. fluoride
content (ppm)
1 Granites 870
2 Slates and clays 800
3 Basalts 360
4 Phosphorites 31000
5 Sandstone 180
6 Limestone 220

27. Total Iron
 An essential trace element, required to transport oxygen in blood and to
reduce toxicity of other heavy metals
 Aesthetic problem
 Water becomes brackish color, rusty sediment, bitter or metallic taste,
brown-green stains water gets iron bacteria, discolored beverages.
 The BIS standard 10500:2012is 0.3 mg/l

28. Arsenic
 Rock contains 1.5-2.0 milligram of arsenic per kilogram. But, in
contaminated soil, concentration of arsenic may be up to 500 mg/kg.
 Arsenic content of natural water may be up to 1-2 g/L.
 Most fruits, vegetables, meats and fishes contain arsenic; but arsenic levels
in sea water and sea fishes are higher. Sea fish may contain 5 mg of arsenic
per kg weight.
 An intake of 150 microgram of arsenic per day should not cause any
harmful effect to human being, but very sensitive person often becomes sick
with as low as 20 microgram of arsenic a day

29. Effects on human health
 Cancer  Melanosis
 Hyperkeratosis

30. Fecal Coliform
 The most important and critical parameter.
 Coliforms bacteria, including fecal coliforms, are not pathogenic, but occur
along with enteric pathogenic organisms which may cause diseases like
typhoid, para-typhoid, gastroenteritis, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea.
 Fecal coliforms bacteria are mainly found in the faeces of human and other
mammals & birds, which are prime causes of water borne diseases.
 Presence of coliforms in treated water suggest inadequate treatment, post
treatment contamination or excessive nutrient load.

31. Contamination flow

32. Contaminant’s Behavior
 Tendency to concentrate
 Bioaccumulation of contaminants in Non-confined
Aquifers.
 The polluted river system will contaminate the large scale
at a very high rate.
 For example Yamuna River in Delhi the contaminants
present in river are also in handpumps or borewell
 Erin Brockovich Movie is the best example.
 Kanpur is also facing same chromium contaminants in
groundwater.

33. Faecal Coliform control in Thanaksoga
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Feacal
Coliform
CFU/100ml
2012 2013 2014 2015

34. Relation between sewage disposal practices and Faecal
contamination-Almora
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
FC
(CFU/100
ml)
Sewage
disposal
practices
in
%
Septic Tank
Soak Pit
Direct discharge in drain
Sewer line
FC

35. Water Quality Monitoring
Testing Protocol

36. Testing Frequency
Weekly or in 15 days Seasonal (Once or Twice)
pH Alkalinity (Also Required when change in
pH)
Temperature (If Required) Hardness (Calcium & Magnesium)
Colour Chloride
Odour Sulphate
Turbidity Nitrate
Total Dissolved Solids Phosphate
Residual Chlorine Fluoride
Total Coliforms Iron
Parameter of Concern Heavy Metals

37. Seasonal Testing
 Summer (Lean Season)
 Determines the contaminants load added to a human body
 Pre Monsoon
 Determines the status of contaminants before onset of
monsoon
 Post Monsoon
 Determines the dilution of contaminants after monsoon
 Winters (Lean Season)
 Determines the aquifer behaviour.

39. Mineral Map

40. Coal Mining
 Coal Deposits occur along
southern fringe of Shillong
plateau distributed in Khasi
Hills, Garo Hills, and Jaintia
Hills.
 Coal Extraction was done by
primitive methods known as rat
hole mining.
 Water bodies are the greatest
victims of coal mining.

41. Jaintia Hills
 The Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya is a major coal
producing area with an estimated coal reserve of about 40
million tonnes.
 The three coal seams vary from 30 to 212 cm in thickness.
 The main characteristics of the coal found in Jaintia Hills
are its low ash content, high volatile matter, high calorific
value and comparatively high sulphur content (Acidic
Mines).

42. Deterioration of water quality
 The water is badly affected by contamination of Acid
Mines Drainage (AMD) originating from mines and
spoils, leaching of heavy metals, organic enrichment and
silting by coal and sand particles.
 Low pH (between 2-3, facilitates leaching of toxic metals
into the water), high conductivity, high concentration of
sulphates, iron and toxic heavy metals, low dissolved
oxygen (DO) and high BOD characterize the degradation
of water quality.

43. Heavy Metals in Indian Fly Ash
Heavy Metals
Sharma et al
(mg/kg)
Dharamdhikari et.
al. (mg/kg)
Fulekar & Dave et.
al. (mg/kg)
Selenium - Traces -4.5 0.2-134
Arsenic - 0-4.5 2.8 - 6300
Cobalt - 0-1.9 7 -49
Copper 77.6 0.4- 2.3 14 - 1000
Chromium 13.31 0.3 - 4.6 10 - 690
Lead 137.2 0.2 - 6.1 7 - 279
Manganese 219.3 0.3 - 5.8 0.01 - 0.3
Nickel 230 0 - 2.4 10 - 4300
Zinc 88.2 0.5 - 7.8 36 - 1333
Cadmium 23.8 - 7 - 130
Boron - - 48 - 618
Iron 63237 - 1 - 26
Studies of Trace Metals in Acidic Fly Ash; M R
Hajarnavis; Journal of Scientific & Industrial
Research Vo1.59, May 2000, pp 381-388

44. Mercury Content in coal from Mine
in Singrauli Area
S.No. Name of Mine
Mercury content
(µg/gm)
1 Kalari 0.05
2 Bina 0.13
3 Khadia 0.08
4 Jayant 0.18

45. Heavy Metal Poisoning

46. Data
Interpretation

47. Water Quality Parameters
 Physio-chemical parameter
 Bacteriological parameter

48. Visual Interpretation
Visible effects Reasons
water turns black, smell Waste water
Acidic taste Low pH
Alkaline taste High pH
Boiled Rice hard and yellow High Alkalinity
White deposits on boiling Hardness

49. SN. Type of the
water source
Total
number of
tested
sources
No. of water
sources(Fluorid
e conc. <1.5
mg/l)
No. of water
sources
(Fluoride conc.
>1.5 mg/l)
% of
fluoride
affected
sources
1 Handpump 83 27 56 67%
2 Well 17 17 - 0%
3 Tubewell 03 - 03 100%
4 Pond 06 06 - 0%
Tabular representation of Data
In Numbers
and %

50. SN Type of
source
% of fluoride affected sources (> 1.5 mg/l)
Sonebhadra
(UP)
Unnao
(UP)
Nuapada
(Orissa)
Khurda
(Orissa)
Dhar
(MP)
1 Handpump 60 15 50 60 67
2 Well 45 90 30 56 0
3 Tubewell 78 5 50 60 100
4 Pond 45 0 10 0 0
Tabular representation of Data
Comparative
%

51. Sample
code TH TA TDS EC
S1 200 198 421 677
S2 205 332 559 899
S3 127 444 595 957
S4 134 134 300 483
S5 232 431 675 1086
S6 421 314 744 1197
S7 324 123 477 767
S8 133 144 299 481
S9 112 431 603 970
S10 134 131 277 446
Sample data for graphical interpretation

52. Dependency on Naulas
22
31
48
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
NAULA PIPELINE BOTH
NUMBER
OF
HOUSEHOLDS
SOURCES OF WATER
Source: Sample household survey of 101 households

53. Seasonal FC Matrix
High FC, Low variation
• Dhara Naula-2
• Kapina Naula
• Nan Kapina
Moderate FC, High variation
• Dhara Srot-2
• Dooba Naula
Moderate FC, Low variation
• Hathi Naula
• Tularam Naula
• Makedi Dhara
• Simkhari Dhara
• Laxmeshwar Dhara
Low FC, Low variation
• Dhara Naula-1
• Tunka Dhara
• Kapina Dhara
• Ratou Dhara
• Rani Dhara
• Baldoti NTD Dhara
• Sidha Naula

54. Sewage Disposal Practices vs FC
(Monsoon 2016)
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Dhara Naula
group
Tunka,
Tularam
group
Kapina Naula
group
Laxmeshwar Rani Dhara Rotou Dhara Siddh Naula Simkheri
Dhara
FC
(CFU/100
ml)
Sewage
disposal
practices
in
%
Relationship between Sewage disposal practices and FC Contamination
Septic Tank
Soak Pit
Direct discharge in drain
Sewer line
FC (monsoon)

55. Relation between Chloride, Nitrate and FC in winter
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FC
(CFU/100
ml)
Cl
in
mg/l
Relation between Chloride and FC (winter)
Cl
FC
Linear (Cl)
Linear (FC)

56. Data Interpretation through Graph Paper

57. Legend
A
A
ND
Handpu
mps
Tubewells
Wells
Postmonsoon
Concentrations(µg/l)
of Mercury (Year 2001)
Premonsoon
Concentrations(µg/l)
of Mercury (Year 2002)
Not Detected
*
Not Done
Interpretation through map
Karod Colony
Green Park
Colony
Siddhi
Colony
Arif Nagar
New Arif Nagar
Nawab Colony
Jiya Colony
Gareeb Nagar
(Chandwari)
Gareeb Nagar
(old)
Kainchi Chola
Risaldar Colony
J.P.Nagar
M.P.S.E.B
Office
Kazi Camp
Chola Naka
Rajendra Nagar
Khushipura
Textile Mill
Bus Stand
Bhopal
Talkies
Panchwati Colony
BHOPAL
Indira Colony
Atal Ayub
Nagar
UCIL
2 , 1
42 , 12 SEP
38 , 12
70 , 9
40 , 10
24 , 24
9 , *
22 , 2
ND , 2
28 , *
* , ND
* , ND
17 , 2 ND , 12
ND , *
Selai Kendra
14 , *
ND , ND
* , 2
* , 10
Hamidia Road
PGGT College Road
Straw Products
56 , 4
N

58. Interpretation Through Map

59. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Standard
TH
Comparative interpretation with Standard

60. Photographic interpretation

62. Safe drinking water
 Free from pathogenic organisms
 Clear
 Not saline
 Free from offensive taste or smell
 Free from compounds that may have adverse effect
on human health
 Free from chemicals that cause corrosion of water
supply systems
 See BIS Standard: 10500; 1996

63. Case Study
 Contamination Control or eradication of contaminants through
water harvesting Structure
 This is a case of village where recharge activities fulfill the
basic right for safe and sufficient water.
 Community Mobilization also done to protect recharge site.

64. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Rainfall
in
mm
Flow
in
LPM
Month Year
Discharge data
Rainfall Dhayli B-5(Sita)

65. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Rainfall
in
mm
Feacal
Coliform
CFU/100
ml
Month Year
Microbial Load
Rainfall Feacal Coliforms

66. Thank you
Any Queries??