Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation and lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through weathering and erosion of older rocks and transported by water, wind, or ice. They accumulate in layers over time in bodies of water or other depressions. Lithification occurs as the sediments are buried and compacted by the weight of overlying materials. This process cements the sediments together into solid rock.
Relative dating methods determine the age of rocks in relation to other rocks by analyzing principles like superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and fossil succession. Absolute dating uses radiometric methods to determine the precise ages of rocks and fossils by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes. Commonly used isotopes include potassium
Sedimentary rock forms through the weathering of pre-existing rocks, transportation of sediment, deposition of sediment, and compaction and cementation of the deposited layers. The key stages are weathering, transportation, deposition, and consolidation. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their grain size and composition into clastic and non-clastic rocks. Important structures in sedimentary rocks include stratification, lamination, ripple marks, and joints formed during deposition and compaction.
- Diamonds form from metamorphic rocks, which are created through the rock cycle process. Without metamorphism occurring in the rock cycle, there would be no diamonds.
- The type of igneous rock formation through volcanic eruptions in the rock cycle can impact how diamonds are created.
- The rock cycle determines where diamonds can be found, as certain areas have the attributes needed for diamonds to form, such as locations of past volcanic activity that may have spat out diamonds.
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
This document discusses exogenic processes, which are external processes that occur near Earth's surface and are part of the rock cycle. It describes various types of weathering including mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their mineral composition through processes like frost wedging, insolation, and unloading. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and biological processes. The document also discusses mass wasting, which transports weathered materials down slopes through various types of movements like rock falls, landslides, and flows that are influenced by gravity, water, and earthquakes. Erosion by agents like water, glaciers, and wind further transports materials by processes like solution
Sedimentary rock forms through the deposition and lithification of sediment. It is categorized based on its composition and origin into clastic, chemical, and organic types. Clastic sedimentary rock like sandstone and shale form from cemented rock fragments. Chemical sedimentary rock like halite forms from crystallized mineral deposits. Organic sedimentary rock like coal forms from the remains of plants and animals. Sedimentary rock exhibits layers and other structures that indicate its formation history, such as ripple marks, mud cracks, and raindrop impressions preserved in the strata.
This document discusses several key topics in geology including metamorphic rocks like gneiss and quartz, sedimentary rocks like sandstone, igneous rocks like granite and basalt, the San Andreas Fault, weathering processes, mass wasting and erosion events, sedimentary environments, and practical uses of geology like bridges. It provides descriptions and examples of different rock types found in various locations and how they are formed through metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous processes. Faults, weathering, erosion, and sedimentary environments are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the rock cycle, which describes the dynamic transitions between the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It discusses the different types of rocks and how they form. The rock cycle is driven by plate tectonics forces like spreading ridges and subduction zones. Rocks transition between types through melting into magma, weathering and erosion into sediments, and changes caused by heat and pressure through metamorphism. Water also plays an important role in driving many parts of the rock cycle.
This document provides information about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It begins with the lesson objectives of classifying rocks into these three categories. It then discusses each rock type in detail, including their formation processes and examples. Various diagrams illustrate concepts like the rock cycle and types of metamorphism. Activities are included to help students understand rock identification and transformations through the rock cycle.
Sedimentary rock forms through the weathering of pre-existing rocks, transportation of sediment, deposition of sediment, and compaction and cementation of the deposited layers. The key stages are weathering, transportation, deposition, and consolidation. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their grain size and composition into clastic and non-clastic rocks. Important structures in sedimentary rocks include stratification, lamination, ripple marks, and joints formed during deposition and compaction.
- Diamonds form from metamorphic rocks, which are created through the rock cycle process. Without metamorphism occurring in the rock cycle, there would be no diamonds.
- The type of igneous rock formation through volcanic eruptions in the rock cycle can impact how diamonds are created.
- The rock cycle determines where diamonds can be found, as certain areas have the attributes needed for diamonds to form, such as locations of past volcanic activity that may have spat out diamonds.
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
This document discusses exogenic processes, which are external processes that occur near Earth's surface and are part of the rock cycle. It describes various types of weathering including mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their mineral composition through processes like frost wedging, insolation, and unloading. Chemical weathering decomposes rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation, and biological processes. The document also discusses mass wasting, which transports weathered materials down slopes through various types of movements like rock falls, landslides, and flows that are influenced by gravity, water, and earthquakes. Erosion by agents like water, glaciers, and wind further transports materials by processes like solution
Sedimentary rock forms through the deposition and lithification of sediment. It is categorized based on its composition and origin into clastic, chemical, and organic types. Clastic sedimentary rock like sandstone and shale form from cemented rock fragments. Chemical sedimentary rock like halite forms from crystallized mineral deposits. Organic sedimentary rock like coal forms from the remains of plants and animals. Sedimentary rock exhibits layers and other structures that indicate its formation history, such as ripple marks, mud cracks, and raindrop impressions preserved in the strata.
This document discusses several key topics in geology including metamorphic rocks like gneiss and quartz, sedimentary rocks like sandstone, igneous rocks like granite and basalt, the San Andreas Fault, weathering processes, mass wasting and erosion events, sedimentary environments, and practical uses of geology like bridges. It provides descriptions and examples of different rock types found in various locations and how they are formed through metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous processes. Faults, weathering, erosion, and sedimentary environments are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the rock cycle, which describes the dynamic transitions between the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It discusses the different types of rocks and how they form. The rock cycle is driven by plate tectonics forces like spreading ridges and subduction zones. Rocks transition between types through melting into magma, weathering and erosion into sediments, and changes caused by heat and pressure through metamorphism. Water also plays an important role in driving many parts of the rock cycle.
This document provides information about igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It begins with the lesson objectives of classifying rocks into these three categories. It then discusses each rock type in detail, including their formation processes and examples. Various diagrams illustrate concepts like the rock cycle and types of metamorphism. Activities are included to help students understand rock identification and transformations through the rock cycle.
The document discusses the rock cycle and the formation of different rock types:
- Weathering and erosion break down and transport rocks; deposition occurs when materials are deposited in new locations
- Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments like sand and shells
- Metamorphic rocks form from rocks that are heated and squeezed into new forms like schist and marble
- Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either on the surface as lava rocks or below ground as intrusive rocks
Britain has examples of all three rock types due to its changing geography over geological time.
This document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics and weathering processes. It discusses how molten material rises at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rock to the sides and forming new ocean floor through sea floor spreading. It also describes factors that influence the rate and type of weathering like climate, rock type, and vegetation. Weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical processes. Slopes are influenced by many factors and can be stabilized through techniques like planting vegetation or improving drainage.
The rock cycle document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed through different natural processes. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat or pressure deep underground. Rocks are constantly being worn down by weathering and erosion and then reformed through processes like sedimentation, melting, and metamorphism, completing the continuous rock cycle.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and consolidation of sediment or rock fragments. Sediments are deposited in layers over millions of years in bodies of water. The deposited layers are then compacted and cemented together by minerals like salt to form solid rock. Fossils can become embedded in these sedimentary rocks during the compaction and cementation process, providing clues about past life.
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are exogenic (surface) geologic processes that shape the landscape over time. Weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical means. Erosion is the transport of weathered material by forces like water, wind, or gravity. Deposition occurs when eroded materials are deposited in a new location. Together these processes recycle earth materials and influence landform development through geologic timescales.
This document discusses various earth processes including weathering, mass wasting, and soil erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks near the earth's surface due to elements like temperature, rainfall, and frost. Weathering occurs through physical processes like exfoliation or chemical processes like oxidation. Mass wasting is the downward movement of rock and soil under gravity, and includes different types of movement like falls, slides, and flows. Soil erosion is the removal of soil faster than its replacement, and can occur through various agents like wind, water, or human activities.
There are three main types of rock that are formed through different processes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies, either underground to form intrusive rocks like granite or on the surface to form extrusive rocks like basalt. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks form from other rocks undergoing heat and pressure, changing their mineral composition. Rocks are constantly changing between these forms through the rock cycle of weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
The document summarizes the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports this weathered material, which is deposited in new locations through various agents such as running water, glaciers, wind, and ocean waves. This forms new landforms and shapes the Earth's surface over time through the continuous weathering, erosion, and deposition cycle.
The document discusses the classification and formation of different rock types. It describes three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compacted sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, or chemical processes. Rocks are constantly changing and being recycled through geological processes in the rock cycle, where they can transition between the three main classes over long periods of time.
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through physical or chemical processes, while erosion is the transportation of weathered sediments by natural agents such as water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of water erosion that impact landforms, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, gully erosion, and coastal erosion caused by waves. Glaciers erode through plucking and abrasion, smoothing and polishing rock surfaces. Wind erosion can carry dust and sand, wearing away soft rocks and shaping dunes in deserts. Eroded materials are transported through processes like solution, suspension, traction, and saltation, with factors like particle size and environmental conditions influencing how far materials can be moved.
This document summarizes key information about minerals, rocks, and geological processes. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure composed of repeating structural units. It describes several properties used to identify minerals such as color, streak, hardness, crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, and luster. It then explains how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks form and provides examples of each. The document concludes by summarizing plate tectonics theory and the three types of plate movements: divergent, convergent, and lateral slipping.
The document summarizes key concepts about minerals, rocks, and geological processes. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure composed of repeating structural units of atoms. It describes several properties used to identify minerals such as color, streak, hardness, crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, luster, and density. It then explains how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks form and provides examples of each. Finally, it briefly outlines exogenic and endogenic geological processes like weathering, erosion, mountain building, and plate tectonics.
Sedimentary rocks are formed near the Earth's surface through processes like weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and lithification of sediments. They are classified as clastic or non-clastic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of pieces of pre-existing rocks that are cemented together, and are classified based on particle size. Non-clastic rocks form through precipitation or crystallization from solution, and include evaporites, precipitates and bioclastic rocks. Sedimentary rock formation involves mechanical and chemical weathering of parent rocks, erosion and transportation of resulting sediments, then deposition and cementation of particles into solid rock.
The document discusses the geological processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition that shape the Earth's surface over long periods of time. Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion then transports these sediments to different locations via agents such as water, wind, ice, and gravity. Finally, deposition occurs as these sediments are deposited in continental, coastal, or marine environments, forming new layers of the Earth's crust.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the consolidation and cementation of sediments. Sediments are deposited under water by processes like weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. They are then transported by agents such as water, ice, or wind before being deposited. Over time and with sufficient pressure and cementation, sediments lithify to form sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be clastic rocks composed of fragments, or non-clastic chemical and organic rocks formed through precipitation or organic processes. Common sedimentary rock types include conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, dolomites, gypsum, halite, and coal.
Sediment and sedimentary rocksssssssssssssssssssssss begin hereDr Robert Craig PhD
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. It discusses the four main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic, chemical, biochemical, and organic. For clastic sedimentary rocks specifically, it outlines the five stages of formation - weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification. It also describes common sedimentary structures like stratification, cross-bedding and ripple marks that provide clues about depositional environments. Finally, it lists some examples of terrestrial and marine sedimentary environments.
Rocks are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter that are divided into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on how they were formed. Rocks are continually changed over time by various geological processes through the rock cycle, where one type of rock can be transformed into another through weathering, erosion, melting and other changes. The core, mantle and crust act as a recycling machine that redistributes rocks.
The document discusses the lithosphere and the rock cycle. It defines the lithosphere as the outer layer of the Earth, consisting of rocks, soil, and sediments on the surface as well as below the oceans. It describes the different types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous - and explains how they are formed through the rock cycle as rocks weather, erode, become buried and compacted over millions of years.
The Yehliu Geopark in Taiwan has formed unique rock landscapes due to erosion from the sea and weathering processes over time. The park features six main landform types including hoodoos, pedestal rocks, ginger rocks, honeycomb rocks, tafoni, and mushroom rocks that were shaped by erosion from wind, water and freezing and thawing. Nature processes like weathering and erosion have created the beautiful rock formations in the geopark through the decomposition of rock layers and differential erosion of harder and softer materials.
The document discusses the rock cycle and the formation of different rock types:
- Weathering and erosion break down and transport rocks; deposition occurs when materials are deposited in new locations
- Sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments like sand and shells
- Metamorphic rocks form from rocks that are heated and squeezed into new forms like schist and marble
- Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either on the surface as lava rocks or below ground as intrusive rocks
Britain has examples of all three rock types due to its changing geography over geological time.
This document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics and weathering processes. It discusses how molten material rises at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rock to the sides and forming new ocean floor through sea floor spreading. It also describes factors that influence the rate and type of weathering like climate, rock type, and vegetation. Weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical processes. Slopes are influenced by many factors and can be stabilized through techniques like planting vegetation or improving drainage.
The rock cycle document describes the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and how they are formed through different natural processes. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat or pressure deep underground. Rocks are constantly being worn down by weathering and erosion and then reformed through processes like sedimentation, melting, and metamorphism, completing the continuous rock cycle.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and consolidation of sediment or rock fragments. Sediments are deposited in layers over millions of years in bodies of water. The deposited layers are then compacted and cemented together by minerals like salt to form solid rock. Fossils can become embedded in these sedimentary rocks during the compaction and cementation process, providing clues about past life.
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are exogenic (surface) geologic processes that shape the landscape over time. Weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical means. Erosion is the transport of weathered material by forces like water, wind, or gravity. Deposition occurs when eroded materials are deposited in a new location. Together these processes recycle earth materials and influence landform development through geologic timescales.
This document discusses various earth processes including weathering, mass wasting, and soil erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown of rocks near the earth's surface due to elements like temperature, rainfall, and frost. Weathering occurs through physical processes like exfoliation or chemical processes like oxidation. Mass wasting is the downward movement of rock and soil under gravity, and includes different types of movement like falls, slides, and flows. Soil erosion is the removal of soil faster than its replacement, and can occur through various agents like wind, water, or human activities.
There are three main types of rock that are formed through different processes: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies, either underground to form intrusive rocks like granite or on the surface to form extrusive rocks like basalt. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments over time. Metamorphic rocks form from other rocks undergoing heat and pressure, changing their mineral composition. Rocks are constantly changing between these forms through the rock cycle of weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
The document summarizes the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports this weathered material, which is deposited in new locations through various agents such as running water, glaciers, wind, and ocean waves. This forms new landforms and shapes the Earth's surface over time through the continuous weathering, erosion, and deposition cycle.
The document discusses the classification and formation of different rock types. It describes three main classes of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compacted sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks through heat, pressure, or chemical processes. Rocks are constantly changing and being recycled through geological processes in the rock cycle, where they can transition between the three main classes over long periods of time.
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through physical or chemical processes, while erosion is the transportation of weathered sediments by natural agents such as water, wind, or glaciers. There are several types of water erosion that impact landforms, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, gully erosion, and coastal erosion caused by waves. Glaciers erode through plucking and abrasion, smoothing and polishing rock surfaces. Wind erosion can carry dust and sand, wearing away soft rocks and shaping dunes in deserts. Eroded materials are transported through processes like solution, suspension, traction, and saltation, with factors like particle size and environmental conditions influencing how far materials can be moved.
This document summarizes key information about minerals, rocks, and geological processes. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure composed of repeating structural units. It describes several properties used to identify minerals such as color, streak, hardness, crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, and luster. It then explains how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks form and provides examples of each. The document concludes by summarizing plate tectonics theory and the three types of plate movements: divergent, convergent, and lateral slipping.
The document summarizes key concepts about minerals, rocks, and geological processes. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic substance with a crystalline structure composed of repeating structural units of atoms. It describes several properties used to identify minerals such as color, streak, hardness, crystal structure, cleavage, fracture, luster, and density. It then explains how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks form and provides examples of each. Finally, it briefly outlines exogenic and endogenic geological processes like weathering, erosion, mountain building, and plate tectonics.
Sedimentary rocks are formed near the Earth's surface through processes like weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and lithification of sediments. They are classified as clastic or non-clastic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of pieces of pre-existing rocks that are cemented together, and are classified based on particle size. Non-clastic rocks form through precipitation or crystallization from solution, and include evaporites, precipitates and bioclastic rocks. Sedimentary rock formation involves mechanical and chemical weathering of parent rocks, erosion and transportation of resulting sediments, then deposition and cementation of particles into solid rock.
The document discusses the geological processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition that shape the Earth's surface over long periods of time. Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical, chemical, and biological means. Erosion then transports these sediments to different locations via agents such as water, wind, ice, and gravity. Finally, deposition occurs as these sediments are deposited in continental, coastal, or marine environments, forming new layers of the Earth's crust.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the consolidation and cementation of sediments. Sediments are deposited under water by processes like weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks. They are then transported by agents such as water, ice, or wind before being deposited. Over time and with sufficient pressure and cementation, sediments lithify to form sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks can be clastic rocks composed of fragments, or non-clastic chemical and organic rocks formed through precipitation or organic processes. Common sedimentary rock types include conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, dolomites, gypsum, halite, and coal.
Sediment and sedimentary rocksssssssssssssssssssssss begin hereDr Robert Craig PhD
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. It discusses the four main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic, chemical, biochemical, and organic. For clastic sedimentary rocks specifically, it outlines the five stages of formation - weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification. It also describes common sedimentary structures like stratification, cross-bedding and ripple marks that provide clues about depositional environments. Finally, it lists some examples of terrestrial and marine sedimentary environments.
Rocks are naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter that are divided into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - based on how they were formed. Rocks are continually changed over time by various geological processes through the rock cycle, where one type of rock can be transformed into another through weathering, erosion, melting and other changes. The core, mantle and crust act as a recycling machine that redistributes rocks.
The document discusses the lithosphere and the rock cycle. It defines the lithosphere as the outer layer of the Earth, consisting of rocks, soil, and sediments on the surface as well as below the oceans. It describes the different types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous - and explains how they are formed through the rock cycle as rocks weather, erode, become buried and compacted over millions of years.
The Yehliu Geopark in Taiwan has formed unique rock landscapes due to erosion from the sea and weathering processes over time. The park features six main landform types including hoodoos, pedestal rocks, ginger rocks, honeycomb rocks, tafoni, and mushroom rocks that were shaped by erosion from wind, water and freezing and thawing. Nature processes like weathering and erosion have created the beautiful rock formations in the geopark through the decomposition of rock layers and differential erosion of harder and softer materials.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
4. ▸grains are arranged in planes
or bands
▸grains are not arranged
▸usually only one mineral
PHOTO: Mindat.org
PHOTO: gotbooks.miracosta.edu
5. ▸Enhance the metamorphic process
▸It increases with depth, and the buried
rocks are subjected to the force or stress
▸It provides the energy to drive the
chemical changes
6. Magma
chamber
Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly and as a
result, these rocks are fine grained or has lack of
crystal growth.
Intrusive igneous rocks are formed
from magma that cools slowly and
as a result, these rocks are coarse-
grained.
7. Felsic
made of light-colored, low-
density minerals such as
quartz and feldspar
Mafic
made of dark-colored,
higher-density minerals
such as olivine and
pyroxene.
9. 1. Explain how the movement of plates leads to the
formation of folds and faults. (S11/12ES-Id-22)
2. Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are
formed. (S11/12ES-Ie-25)
3. Describe the different methods (relative and
absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified
rocks. (S11/12ES-Ie-26)
10. Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation
of folds and faults. (S11/12ES-Id-22)
LESSON 1
11. are pieces of
Earth's crust and
uppermost
mantle, together
referred to as the
lithosphere.
12. The plates are
around 100 km (62
mi) thick and consist
of two principal types
of material: oceanic
crust and continental
crust
18. Gravity pulls newly formed lithosphere downward
and away from the mid-ocean ridge. The rest of the
plate moves because of this force.
19. Convection currents are
produced when hot
material in the mantle
rises toward the surface
and colder material
sinks. The currents pull
plates over Earth’s
surface.
24. The movement of crust causes stress which can result
to formation of faults. A fault is formed in the Earth's
crust as a brittle response to stress.
25. The sense of stress determines the type of fault that
forms, and we usually categorize that sense of stress in
three different ways:
26. correlate with the three types of plate boundaries
happens at convergent plate boundaries
where two plates move toward each other
27. happens at divergent plate boundaries where
two plates are moving away from each other.
33. 1. Sediments accumulate in
shallow seas or depressions
known as GEOSYNCLINES as
rivers enter those areas.
2. This creates a sea or lake bed of
layered sedimentary rocks as
compression takes place.
3. Two plates move together
because of convection currents
in the mantle.
4. This starts to crumple the rocks
together.
34. 5. The rocks start to form
folds which have anticlines
and synclines, which are
pushed upwards to form
fold mountains
6. These mountains are then
subject to erosion,
weathering and mass
movement (denudation).
35. Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are
formed. (S11/12ES-Ie-25)
Lesson 2
36.
37. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the
accumulation of sediments from older rocks
that have been broken apart by water or wind.
CONGLOMERATE MUDSTONE SHELL LIMESTONE
38. ● organic materials, or in other words, the
remains of once-living organisms,
● chemical precipitates, which are materials that get
left behind after the water evaporates from a
solution.
● fragments of other rocks that have been worn
down into small pieces, like sand,
Sediments may include:
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the
compaction of sediments
42. Dissolution is a form
of weathering—
chemical weathering.
With this process,
water that is slightly
acidic slowly wears
away stone.
Windows 10 Spotlight images
44. For example, as a lake
dries up over many
thousands of years, it
leaves behind mineral
deposits.
45. Lithification is the process
by which clay, sand, and
other sediments on the
bottom of the ocean or
other bodies of water are
slowly compacted into
rocks from the weight of
overlying sediments.
47. STAGES OF LITHIFICATION
1. COMPACTION
▸ occurs as the weight of the overlying material
increases.
▸ forces the grains closer together, reducing pore
space and eliminating some of the contained
water.
▸ Some of this water may carry mineral
components in solution, and these constituents
may later precipitate as new minerals in the
pore spaces.
48. STAGES OF LITHIFICATION
2. CEMENTATION
▸ Binding of the individual particles together to
form sedimentary rocks.
49. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up
of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks.
Pieces of rock are loosened by
weathering, then transported to some
basin or depression where sediment is
trapped. If the clastic sediment is
buried deeply, it becomes compacted
and cemented, forming sedimentary
rock.
CLASTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
50. Clastic sedimentary rocks may have particles ranging in size
from microscopic clay to huge boulders. Their names are
based on their grain size.
CLASTIC
CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
BRECCIA CONGLOMERATE SANDSTONE SILTSTONE SHALE
51. Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed
by chemical precipitation. This process
begins when water traveling through
rock dissolves some of the minerals,
carrying them away from their source.
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
52. Eventually these minerals are
redeposited when the water evaporates
away or when the water becomes over-
saturated.
CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
55. Biologic sedimentary rocks
form from once-living
organisms. They may form
from accumulated carbon-rich
plant material or from deposits
of animal shells.
BIOLOGIC/ORGANIC
CLASSIFICATION OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
57. Lesson 3
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to
determine the age of stratified rocks. (S11/12ES-Ie-26)
58.
59. STRATIGRAPHY
a branch in geology which studies
the chronology of events and
changes, along with the develop-
ment of organisms, which have
determined the development of the
Earth from when it became an
independent spatial body until
today.
60. DATING METHODS
Relative Dating
▸ a method of arranging
geological events based on
the rock sequence.
▸ in determining the relative
age of a rock, the data from
sedimentary rocks are
generally used.
61. DATING METHODS
Relative Dating
▸ Relative age of magmatic and
metamorphic rocks is
determined according to their
relation with sedimentary
rocks.
62. DATING METHODS
Relative Dating
▸ Relative dating cannot
provide actual numerical
dates of rocks.
▸ It only tells that one rock is
older than the other but does
not tell how old each of the
rock is.
63. Nicholas Steno, 1600s
▸ studied the relative positions
of sedimentary rocks.
▸ He discovered that they settle
based on their relative weight
or size in a fluid.
▸ The largest or heaviest
particles settle first, and the
smallest or the lightest
particles settle last.
64. ▸ Any slight changes in the
particle size or
composition may result in
the formation of layers
called beds.
▸ Layering or bedding is a
distinct quality of
sedimentary rocks.
▸ The layered rocks are also
called strata.
65. 1) The Law of Superposition
▸ in any sequence of layered
sedimentary rocks, the top
layer is younger than the
bottom layer.
Principles of Relative Dating
66. 2) The law of original horizontality
▸ states that most sediments were originally laid
down horizontally.
▸ the rocks that were tilted may be due to later
events such as tilting episodes of mountain
building.
67. 3) The law of lateral continuity
▸ states that rock layers extend laterally or out to
the sides.
▸ Erosion may have worn away some parts of the
rock, but the layers on either side of the eroded
areas still match.
68. 4) The law of cross-cutting
relationship
▸ states that fault lines
and igneous rocks are
younger features that
cut through older
features of rocks.
69. In the diagram, the
igneous dike D must be
younger than fault A and
igneous intrusion B,
because it cuts across
these (and other) features.
71. Types of unconformities
1. Nonconformity
▸ A boundary between
non-sedimentary rocks
below and sedimentary
rocks above
72. Types of unconformities
2. Angular unconformity
▸ A boundary between two
sequences of sedimentary rocks
where the underlying units have
been tilted (or folded) and
eroded prior to the deposition of
the younger units.
73. Types of unconformities
3. Disconformity
▸ A boundary between two
sequences of sedimentary rocks
where the underlying units have
been eroded (but not tilted)
prior to the deposition of the
younger units.
74. Types of unconformities
4. Paraconformity
▸ A time gap in a sequence of
sedimentary rocks due to non-
deposition. The time gap does
not show up as an angular
conformity or a disconformity.
75. Types of unconformities
4. Paraconformity
▸ A time gap in a sequence of
sedimentary rocks due to non-
deposition. The time gap does
not show up as an angular
conformity or a disconformity.
76. 6) Principle of inclusions
▸ Sedimentary rocks can
contain clasts of other
rocks (such as pebbles in a
conglomerate), or igneous
rocks can contain xenoliths
(foreign rock fragments)
which were ripped from
surrounding rocks by the
magma.
77. 7) Principle of Fossil
Succession
▸ Assemblages of fossils contained
in strata are unique to the time
they lived, and can be used to
correlate rocks of the same age
across a wide geographic
distribution.
▸ Assemblages of fossils refers to
groups of several unique fossils
occurring together.
78. Principle of Fossil Succession
▸ is a stratigraphic principle where geologists use
fossils in the rock to help interpret the relative
ages of the rock.
82. RADIOMETRIC
is the process of
determining the absolute
age of a sample based on
the ratio of parent isotope
to daughter isotope.
DATING
83. RADIOMETRIC
In order to use radiometric
dating, you need to know the
half-life of the parent
isotope. The half-life of a
radioactive isotope is how
long it takes for half of a
sample of the isotope to
DATING
84. For example, imagine
that a parent isotope
has a half-life of 10,000
years. A sample of this
isotope has a mass of
12 mg. After 10,000
years, only one-half, or
6 mg, of the sample
will be left.
85. Isotopes Used for
Radiometric Dating
▸ Potassium-40 is one isotope that is
often used in radiometric dating. It
has a half-life of 1.3 billion years. It
decays to produce the daughter
isotope argon-40. Scientists usually
use the potassium-argon method to
date rocks that are older than about 1
million years.
1. POTASSIUM-ARGON METHOD
86. ▸Uranium-238 is also used
for radiometric dating. It
has a half-life of 4.5 billion
years. It decays to produce
lead-206. Scientists use the
uranium-lead method to
date rocks that are older
than about 10 million
years.
2. URANIUM-LEAD METHOD
87. ▸Rubidium-87 is also used for
radiometric dating. It has a half-
life of about 48 billion years. It
decays to produce the daughter
isotope strontium-87. The half-
life of rubidium-87 is very long.
Therefore, this method is only
useful for dating rocks older
than about 10 million years.
3. RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM
METHOD
88. ▸Carbon-14 is a radioactive
isotope of the element
carbon. Carbon-14, along
with the other isotopes of
carbon, combines with
oxygen to form the gas
carbon dioxide. Plants use
carbon dioxide to make
food.
4. CARBON-14 METHOD
89. ▸Therefore, living plants
are always taking in small
amounts of carbon-14.
Animals that eat plants
also take in carbon-14
from the plants.
4. CARBON-14 METHOD
90. ▸When a plant or animal
dies, it stops taking in
carbon-14. The carbon-14
already in its body starts
to decay to produce
nitrogen-14. Carbon-14
has a short half-life: only
5,730 years.
4. CARBON-14 METHOD
91. ▸Therefore, this method
can be used to date the
remains of organisms that
died in the last 50,000
years
4. CARBON-14 METHOD
Editor's Notes
Recall that both continental landmasses and the ocean floor are part of the earth’s crust, and that the crust is broken into individual pieces called tectonic plates..
The movement of crust causes stress which can result to formation of faults. A fault is formed in the Earth's crust as a brittle response to stress. Generally, the movement of the tectonic plates provides the stress, and rocks at the surface break in response to this.
Handily, these three senses of stress also correlate with the three types of plate boundaries.
Handily, these three senses of stress also correlate with the three types of plate boundaries.
The age of a rock is determined by stratigraphy, a branch in geology which studies the chronology of events and changes, along with the development of organisms, which have determined the development of the Earth from when it became an independent spatial body until today. The age, or the chronology of geological creations and events is determined using relative and absolute age.