1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially. 2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix. 3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.

1. By
Basma Ahmed El-Sayed
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Abdel Moktader A. El-Sayed

2. WHAT ARE UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
• Unconventional resources are hydrocarbon reservoirs that have low permeability and
porosity and so are difficult to produce. Often enhanced recovery techniques, such as
fracture stimulation or steam injection etc., must be performed, making the process more
difficult than a conventional play
• Gas- and oil-bearing shales are organically-rich, fine grained sedimentary rocks capable of
producing commercially important quantities of hydrocarbons upon artificial fracturing.
These shales typically serve as the source, reservoir and seal of the hydrocarbons produced
from them.

3. CONVENTIONAL VS. UNCONVENTIONAL

4. Conventional Reservoir Unconventional reservoir
Contain gas can flow naturally and easily Low permeability makes the flow is not easy
Gas and oil is migrated from the source “shale” Gas and oil does not migrate
The reservoir rocks e.g.:
1-Sandstones
2- Fractured limestones
3-Fractured dolomite
The reservoir rock is the source itself and has
many types:
1- Shale Gas/Oil
2- Tight Sands (TGS)
3- Coalbed Methane (CBM)
4- Tar sands
5- Methane Hydrates
Easily production by direct method To produce from unconventional, we
stimulate reservoir by creating a fracture
network

5. TYPES OF UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIR
1. Shale Gas and Shale Oil
2. Tight Gas Sands (TGS)
3. Coal Bed Methane (CBM)
4. Tar sands
5. Methane hydrate

6. WHY DO WE NEED UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS ?
1-Conventional sources are running out and the sources of renewable energy are not
enough to fill in the gap of total energy demand.
2-Growing population and income per capital.
3-Modern life depends basically on electricity and/or natural gas.
Challenges :
• Groundwater contamination
• Water sourcing and disposal
• Induced seismicity

8. MAIN SHALE GAS RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
1. Depositional environment
• refers to marine or non marine shale
• marine shales have lower clay content and are high in brittle minerals, such as quartz,
feldspar and carbonates.
• brittle shales frac better during hydraulic stimulation.
• nonmarine shales deposited in lacustrine, fluvial environments, tend to high in clay content,
more ductile and less responsive to hydraulic stimulation.
So, mineralogy of the shale samples determines how efficiently the induced fractures will
stimulate the shale.

9. 2. Thermal maturity
• measure of the degree to which a formation has been exposed to high heat needed to
break down organic matter into hydrocarbons.
• useful indicator is vitrinite reflectance (R); whether the rock has generated hydrocarbons
and could be an effective source rock.
• prospective reservoirs have typical values ranging from 1 to 3% R
• higher thermal maturity leads to the presence of nanopores, contributing to additional
porosity in the shale matrix.

10. 3. Total organic carbon (TOC) content
• Organic matter such as micro-organism fossils and plant matter provide the carbon,
oxygen and hydrogen atoms needed to create natural gas and oil.
• TOC of prospective areas equal to or greater than 2%.
An attractive feature of the shale gas reservoirs is its organic richness.
4. Porosity
How is gas stored in the shale reservoirs?
• As gas dissolved in kerogen.
• As gas adsorbed onto kerogen and clay particle surface.
• As free gas in natural fractures and intergranular porosity.

12. • 5. Permeability
-The difference about shales is the matrix permeabilities of typical shales (the ability of
fluids to pass through them) are very low (often termed ultra-low) compared to
conventional low permeability oil and gas reservoirs
-(nanodarcy 10-9 Darcy in shales versus millidarcy 10-2 in conventional sandstones) which
means that hydrocarbons are effectively trapped and unable to flow under normal
circumstances in shale.
-Permeability is achieved through natural fracture systems or hydraulic stimulation.
• Storage is mainly in the matrix and the permeability is assured by the fractures.

13. 6. Gas-in-place
• Governed by four characteristics: pressure, temperature, gas-filled porosity and net
organically rich shale thickness.
• Pressure: areas of higher pressure are identified as they have higher gas concentration.
(0.433 psi per foot: normal hydrostatic gradient).
• Temperature: A normal temperature gradient of 1oF per foot of depth is used.
• Gas-filled porosity: usually determined from cores and log curves.

14. PRODUCTION
sweet spots:
• are defined as the most prospective volumes of the shale play.
• can be described as a formation volume that has the following characteristics:
1- low water saturation with high TOC content and thence high kerogen content;
2- low clay content and thence high brittleness index for fracturability;
3- higher porosity;
4- higher (effective interparticle) permeability; and
5- low fracture initiation pressure preferably evidenced by natural fractures.

15. ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SHALE GAS PLAY

16. HOW TO PRODUCE SHALE GAS/OIL?
Used technique :

17. PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE

18. PRODUCTION IN EGYPT
• Egypt has four basins in the Western
Desert with potential for shale gas
and shale oil: Abu Gharadig, Alamein,
Natrun and Shoushan-Matruh. The
target horizon is the organic-rich
Khatatba Shale, sometimes referred
to as the Kabrit Shale or Safa Shale,
within the larger Middle Jurassic
Khatatba Formation.