The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
The acidizing is pumping of the acids into the wellbore to remove near well formation damage and other damaging substances, matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin damage that caused by drilling, completion, work over, well killing or injection fluids.
This project is concerned with carbonate reservoirs that exceeded in Kurdistan subsurface formations.
Conduct a case study using real industrial data of Arab-D formation (Ghawar oil field – Saudi Arabia) which has five water wells were treated with 50 gallon of HCl acid The treatment acid was placed with coiled tubing and foam was used as diverter. The foam was made from nitrogen, water and surfactants.
Water injection pressure, injection rate and injection flow meter profiles prior to and after the treatment for the five wells show optimistic results to an acceptable extent
In coiled tubing acid placement, the coiled tubing/borehole annulus is usually filled with acid which allow the acid to be in contact with the entire zone at bottom hole temperature condition. This reduces the degree of diversion effectiveness.
Recommend people who work in carbonate reservoirs they should done their work on petrophysical analysis and the porosity should not have exceeded by the acids
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
The presentation highlights the root causes of major drilling issues such as formation pressure uncertainty, subsurface feature like mud volcanoes, major fault, poor well planning & etc. Then it elaborates on consequences of all above on examples of wellbore instability, sticking, gumbo & so on.
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
DAMAGE ISSUES IMPACTING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TIGHT GAS PRODUCING FORMATIONS; Formation Damage; Fracturing/Refracturing; Hydraulically Fractured; Tight Gas Reservoir; Economic Tight Gas Reservoir Production
The presentation highlights the root causes of major drilling issues such as formation pressure uncertainty, subsurface feature like mud volcanoes, major fault, poor well planning & etc. Then it elaborates on consequences of all above on examples of wellbore instability, sticking, gumbo & so on.
General overview of Petroleum Engineering DepatmentSARWAR SALAM
In this presentation we were trying to give our departments fresh students a quick introduction about university, dormotory, petroleum engineering, study tips and other neccesary stufs for first stage students.
OIL AND GAS SURFACE WELLHEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREEPZoneSlide
"OIL AND GAS SURFACE WELLHEAD AND CHRISTMAS TREE"
- Component Illustration Handbook
The purpose of this handbook is to simplify a complex oil and gas surface well equipment system, the “Oil & Gas Wellhead and Christmas Tree” and its components.
The Handbook is a good source for training and easy referencing to oil & gas industry workers (regular engineers and new employees), research industry, training institutions, government agencies, Professors and Students of oil industry related disciplines. Oil & Gas vendors/contractors and any non-technical person would find the book very useful.
This handbook, clearly, illustrates (pictorially) and describes each of the components that constitutes the intricate “Wellhead and Christmas Tree”. Also stating their functions.
All models found in the book are, exclusively, designed by me – the Author; as such, the Author owns the copyright to the eBook – “All rights reserved.”
“This book is a must for the worldwide oil & gas industry.”
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What is the best way to estimate your 3P reserves? President of Haas Petroleum Engineering Services Thad Toups gave this presentation on Haas' internal analytics and auditing methodology.
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"Generic drilling fluids with well known attributes are used for drilling in many areas. Many times there is a need to enhance these fluids to perform in order to achieve a critical drilling objective. A number of additives are available for specific purposes. An additive which improves shale stability, reduces high temperature-high pressure filtrate, and provides lubricity is a good
example."
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Biological reservoir souring happens when water injection is used for secondary oil recovery, especially in offshore installations where sulphate-rich seawater is used.
The lack of oxygen, warm temperatures and the presence of sulphate, stimulates naturally-occurring microbes, which then produce toxic H₂S.
Initiated at microbiological level.
Exerts effect on entire reservoir
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
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My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. SORAN UNIVERSITY
School of Engineering
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Dr. Muhammad Amin
Well Stimulation
Prepared by:
Rebaz Abdulqadr Hamad
Aras Bahri Salim
Dlvin Taher Abdullah
Zhidar Jargis
Rawa Asaad
Omer Muhemmed
2. Well Stimulation
Some, petroleum exists in a formation but is
unable to flow readily into the well because
the formation has very low permeability.
• Natural low permeability formation.
• Formation damage around the wellbore
caused by invasion of perforation
fluid and charge debris.
3. Well Stimulation
Formation damage:
the reduction of permeability in a reservoir
rock caused by the invasion of drilling fluid
and treating fluids to the section adjacent to
die wellbore. It is often called skin damage.
4. Well Stimulation
any of several operations used to increase
the production of a well or a treatment
performed to restore or enhance the
productivity of a well such as:
1) Acidizing
2) Fracturing
5. Well Stimulation
Acidizing
• The pumping of acid into the wellbore to
remove near-well formation
damage and other damaging substances.
• This procedure commonly enhances production
by increasing the
effective well radius.
6. Well Stimulation
The two basic types of acidizing are
characterized through injection rates and
pressures:
Injection rates below fracture pressure are
termed Matrix acidizing.
Injection rates above fracture pressure are
termed Fracture acidizing.
7. Well Stimulation
Matrix acidizing
Matrix acidizing is applied primarily to remove skin
damage caused by drilling , completion, workover ,
well-killing, or injection fluids, and by precipitation
of scale deposits from produced or injected water.
During matrix acidizing the acids dissolve the
sediments and mud solids within the pores that are
inhibiting the permeability of the rock.
mostly used in sandstone formations.
Due to the extremely large surface area contacted
by acid in a matrix treatment, spending time is very
short. Therefore, it is difficult to affect formation
more than a few feet from the wellbore.
8. Well Stimulation
Fracture acidizing
Fracture acidizing is an alternative to hydraulic
fracturing and propping in carbonate reservoirs.
In fracture acidizing, the reservoir is
hydraulically fractured an then the fracture
faces are etched with acid to provide linear flow
channels to wellbore.
As such, the application of acid fracturing is
confined to carbonate reservoirs and should
never be used to stimulate sandstone, shale, or
coal-seam reservoirs.
Long etched fractures are difficult to obtain,
because of high leak off and rapid acid reaction
with the formation
10. Well Stimulation
WELL STIMULATION ACIDS
The basic types of acid used are:
• Hydrochloric
• Hydrochloric-Hydrofluoric
• Acetic
• Formic
• Sulfamic
• Fluoboric
Also, various combinations of these acids are
employed in specific applications.
11. Well Stimulation
ACID ADDITIVES:
Acidizing can cause a number of well
problems. Acid may :
(1) release fines
(2) create precipitants
(3) form emulsions
(4) create sludge
(5) corrode steel
Additives are available to correct these and
a number of other problems
12. Well Stimulation
• Surfactants should be used on all acid jobs to
reduce surface and interfacial tension, to prevent
emulsions, to water-wet the formation, and to
safeguard against other associated problems.
Suspending Agents: Most carbonate formations
contain insolubles which can block formation pores
or fractures if fines released by acid are allowed to
settle and bridge.
13. Well Stimulation
Suspension should be differentiated
from dispersion. Dispersed particles
usually settle in a short time.
A suspending surfactant, such as
Halliburton's HC-2, in concentrations of
about five gallons per 1,000 gallons of
acid may suspend fines for more than 24
hours, and possibly as long as seven
days. Suspending agents are usually
polymers or surfactants
14. Well Stimulation
Anti-Sludge Agents:
Some crudes, particularly heavy asphaltic crudes,
form an insoluble sludge when contacted with acid,
with greater problems experiences with high strength
acid. Dissolved Fe(III) in acid appreciably increases
the possibility of sludge.
The primary ingredients of a sludge are usually
asphaltenes.
15. Well Stimulation
Sludges may also contain resins and paraffin
waxes, high-molecular weight hydrocarbons,
formation fines, clays, and other materials.
The addition of certain surfactants can prevent the
formation of sludge by keeping colloidal material
dispersed. These sludge-preventing surfactants
usually prevent an emulsion
16. Well Stimulation
Corrosion inhibitors for acid are chemical
additives that reduce the rate of corrosion
of steel by acid.
There are two primary reasons for using
corrosion inhibitors:
(1) to protect the acid pumping and handling
equipment
(2) to protect well equipment.
17. Well Stimulation
Factors that govern the degree of
acid attack on steel are:
1) type of steel including hardness
2) temperature
3) type of acid
4) acid concentration
5) acid contact time
18. Well Stimulation
CARBONATE ACIDIZING
The objective of acidizing limestone and dolomite
wells is to remove
damage near the wellbore or to create linear flow
channels by fracturing and
etching.
Acid may also be used in sandstone wells to
dissolve carbonates in the form
of sand grain cementing materials, discrete particles,
and carbonate scale.
19. Well Stimulation
The time required for a specified volume
and concentration of HCl acid to
spend to about 3.2% in a selected
formation under given conditions is
defined as Acid Reaction Time.
A major problem in fracture acidizing of
carbonate formations is that acids tend
to
react too fast with carbonates and spend
near the wellbore.
20. Well Stimulation
Factors controlling the reaction rate of
acid are:
area of contact per unit volume of acid
formation temperature
pressure
acid concentration
acid type
physical and chemical properties of
formation rock
flow velocity of acid
21. Well Stimulation
Retardation of Acid:
To achieve deeper penetration in
fracture acidizing, it is often desirable to
retard
acid reaction rate. This can be done by
gelling,
Emulsifying
chemically retarding the acid
22. Well Stimulation
Gelled Acid:
The use of gelled acid for fracture
acidizing has increased to the point that
it is now the most used technique.
The introduction of more temperature-
stable gelling agents with ready
application up to temperatures of about
400°F has been a major factor in
selecting gelled acid for acid fracturing.
Two types of gelling systems, polymers
and surfactants, are in common use.
23. Well Stimulation
Emulsified Acid:
For many years the primary retarded acid for
fracture acidizing was an acid-in-oil emulsion. This
type retarded acid is very functional but is no
longer the primary fracture acid method used.
It has limited temperature range and stability, with
high viscosity and high friction loss.
It does, however, have the ability to restrict contact
between the acid and formation, to reduce fluid
loss, and to retain large quantities of the treating
fluid in the fracture.
24. Well Stimulation
Chemically-Retarded:
Acid-Retardation of HCl is obtained by
the addition of unique surfactants to the
acid which form protective films on the
surface of limestone or dolomite.
These films retard reaction rate in much
the same way that an acid corrosion
inhibitor protects metal.
In addition to retarding acid reaction
rate, chemical retarders tend to promote
nonuniform etching of fracture faces,
thus increasing fracture conductivity.
25. Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic Fracturing
The objective of hydraulic fracturing for well
stimulation is to increase well productivity
by creating a highly conductive path
(compared to reservoir permeability) some
distance away from the wellbore into the
formation.
Usually the conductivity is maintained by
propping with sand to hold the fracture
faces apart.
26. Hydraulic Fracturing
Acid fracturing involves most of the
same considerations as hydraulic
fracturing except that conductivity is
generated by removing portions of the
fracture face with acid, leaving etched
channels after the fracture closes
27. Hydraulic Fracturing
During a fracture job or hydraulic fracturing, a
service company injects large volumes of fracture
fluids under high pressure into the well to fracture
the reservoir rock . Fracture jobs are done either in
an open-hole or a cased well with perforations.
Common fracture fluid is a gel formed by water
and polymers, long organic molecules that form a
thick liquid when mixed with water.
Oil-based fracture fluid and foam-based fracture
fluids using bubbles of nitrogen, or carbon dioxide
can also be used to minimize formation damage.
The fracture fluid is transported out to the fracture
job in large trailers
28. Hydraulic Fracturing
A fracture job is done in three steps:
First, a pad of fracture fluid is injected into the well
by several, large, pumping units on trucks to initiate
fracturing the reservoir.
29. Hydraulic Fracturing
Next, a slurry of fracture fluid and propping agents
are pumped down the well to extend the fractures
and fill them with propping agents. Propping agents
or proppants are small spheres that hold open the
fractures after pumping has stopped.
30. Hydraulic Fracturing
The propping agents are usually well sorted quartz
sand grains, ceramic spheres, or aluminum oxide
pellets. The well is then back flushed in the third
stage to remove the fracture fluid.