The document discusses shale gas formation, specifically the Marcellus Shale formation. It describes shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock with low permeability but high porosity. Shale gas is found in shale "plays" like the Marcellus formation. To extract the trapped natural gas from shale, horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques are used. This involves drilling down then horizontally, and injecting fluid to fracture the shale and increase its permeability, allowing the gas to flow out. The Marcellus Shale formation lies deep underground across several northeastern U.S. states and contains natural gas trapped within its low permeability shale that requires unconventional extraction methods. There is ongoing controversy around potential contamination of groundwater from
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. There are three main types: detrital (clastic) rocks that form from lithified rock fragments and minerals, chemical rocks that precipitate directly from solution, and organic rocks that accumulate from biological debris. Sedimentary rocks provide clues about past environments and climates based on their composition, structures like cross-bedding and ripples, and any fossil content. Important resources like coal and oil are also found within sedimentary basins.
This chapter discusses sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. It describes how clastic and chemical sediments are formed from weathering and precipitation, respectively, and how they are transported, deposited, and lithified into sedimentary rocks. Clastic sediments like gravel, sand, silt and clay are sorted by size and shape during transport. Chemical sediments form through inorganic precipitation or biochemical processes. Sedimentary structures and fossils within the rocks provide clues about the depositional environment. Compaction and cementation convert sediments into solid sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate and various chemical rocks.
This document discusses sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, and characteristic textures and structures. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments deposited under water. They are classified based on their composition into clastic rocks (formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks), chemical/evaporite rocks (formed by chemical precipitation), and organic rocks (containing organic matter). Key textures include grain size, shape, packing, and fabric. Common structures include stratification, lamination, cross-bedding, graded bedding, and ripple marks, which provide information about depositional environments.
The document provides an overview of petroleum geology and exploration. It discusses how hydrocarbons are formed from organic material buried deep underground over geologic time. Four key elements are needed for hydrocarbon accumulation: source rocks to generate the hydrocarbons, reservoir rocks for them to collect in, seals to trap them, and a structural or stratigraphic trap to form an oil field. Geophysical methods like gravity, magnetics, electromagnetics and seismic are used to explore for these subsurface features and map potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
The document discusses different types of traps that can contain hydrocarbon reserves underground. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, pools, and traps. Traps are classified as either structural or stratigraphic. Structural traps include tectonic, compactional, and diapiric traps that form through geological processes. Stratigraphic traps form due to depositional features, unconformities, or mineralization rather than structural deformation. Common examples of each trap type are provided.
Sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering and erosion of existing rocks. Once transported, sediments are deposited in layers and compacted over time into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks can be classified based on their composition (e.g. siliciclastic rocks like sandstone form from clastic particles) and texture (e.g. grain size, sorting, rounding influence the rock type). Sedimentary structures provide clues about the depositional environment.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 2Aijaz Ali Mooro
The document provides an overview of geology and exploration methods for petroleum. It discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks - and describes parameters that control petroleum occurrence such as source rocks, reservoir rocks and traps. It then explains processes of petroleum migration and entrapment. Finally, it outlines various oil exploration methods including surface geology, geophysical techniques like magnetic, gravity and seismic surveys, and sub-surface methods like well correlation.
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. There are three main types: detrital (clastic) rocks that form from lithified rock fragments and minerals, chemical rocks that precipitate directly from solution, and organic rocks that accumulate from biological debris. Sedimentary rocks provide clues about past environments and climates based on their composition, structures like cross-bedding and ripples, and any fossil content. Important resources like coal and oil are also found within sedimentary basins.
This chapter discusses sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. It describes how clastic and chemical sediments are formed from weathering and precipitation, respectively, and how they are transported, deposited, and lithified into sedimentary rocks. Clastic sediments like gravel, sand, silt and clay are sorted by size and shape during transport. Chemical sediments form through inorganic precipitation or biochemical processes. Sedimentary structures and fossils within the rocks provide clues about the depositional environment. Compaction and cementation convert sediments into solid sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate and various chemical rocks.
This document discusses sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, and characteristic textures and structures. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments deposited under water. They are classified based on their composition into clastic rocks (formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks), chemical/evaporite rocks (formed by chemical precipitation), and organic rocks (containing organic matter). Key textures include grain size, shape, packing, and fabric. Common structures include stratification, lamination, cross-bedding, graded bedding, and ripple marks, which provide information about depositional environments.
The document provides an overview of petroleum geology and exploration. It discusses how hydrocarbons are formed from organic material buried deep underground over geologic time. Four key elements are needed for hydrocarbon accumulation: source rocks to generate the hydrocarbons, reservoir rocks for them to collect in, seals to trap them, and a structural or stratigraphic trap to form an oil field. Geophysical methods like gravity, magnetics, electromagnetics and seismic are used to explore for these subsurface features and map potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.
The document discusses different types of traps that can contain hydrocarbon reserves underground. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, pools, and traps. Traps are classified as either structural or stratigraphic. Structural traps include tectonic, compactional, and diapiric traps that form through geological processes. Stratigraphic traps form due to depositional features, unconformities, or mineralization rather than structural deformation. Common examples of each trap type are provided.
Sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering and erosion of existing rocks. Once transported, sediments are deposited in layers and compacted over time into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks can be classified based on their composition (e.g. siliciclastic rocks like sandstone form from clastic particles) and texture (e.g. grain size, sorting, rounding influence the rock type). Sedimentary structures provide clues about the depositional environment.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 2Aijaz Ali Mooro
The document provides an overview of geology and exploration methods for petroleum. It discusses the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks - and describes parameters that control petroleum occurrence such as source rocks, reservoir rocks and traps. It then explains processes of petroleum migration and entrapment. Finally, it outlines various oil exploration methods including surface geology, geophysical techniques like magnetic, gravity and seismic surveys, and sub-surface methods like well correlation.
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic rocks from weathered rock fragments, chemical rocks from mineral precipitation, and organic rocks from accumulated biological matter. Sedimentary rocks provide clues to past environments through their composition and structures, and often contain fossils that reveal the history of life. Important resources like coal and oil are found within sedimentary layers.
This presentation provides an overview of traps and their classification. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap. Traps are classified into three main categories: structural traps caused by folding or faulting, stratigraphic traps caused by depositional or diagenetic features, and combination traps. Examples of each trap type are described, along with their percentages in hydrocarbon fields. Traps in Pakistan are discussed, including the major Indus and Baluchistan basins and fields found there like in the Thar Platform.
This presentation discusses petroleum traps, which are subsurface reservoirs that prevent petroleum from migrating. There are three main types of traps - structural, stratigraphic, and combination. Structural traps are created by folding or faulting of reservoir rocks. Stratigraphic traps result from variations in rock layers. Combination traps involve both structural and stratigraphic elements, like salt domes. For petroleum to accumulate, a trap must form before or during migration from the source rock. The timing of trap formation is important for a reservoir to contain producible quantities of oil or gas.
A brief discussion of a few of the non-clastic sedimentary rocks, specifically carbonates (limestone), evaporites, and siliceous non-clastic sedimentary rocks.
Understanding the sedimentary rocks - Geotalk 2 (MGSS)KYI KHIN
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand and mud. This document discusses the formation of sedimentary rocks, including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis. It describes key sedimentary rock types like sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. Examples are given of each rock type and how to identify them based on composition, texture, and sedimentary structures. The study of sedimentary rocks provides information about geology, natural resources, and earth's history.
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the process of diagenesis. It discusses how sediments are deposited and buried over time, undergoing physical and chemical changes through compaction, cementation, and other diagenetic processes. These changes occur due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth and alter the sediments' properties, converting them into consolidated sedimentary rocks. The document also examines factors that control diagenesis like composition, porosity, and permeability, and it outlines the major diagenetic processes and their effects on the physical, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of sediments.
This document provides information on clastic/detrital sedimentary rocks, including their characteristics, classification, particle sizes, rock groups, terminology, and examples. It describes the key properties of sedimentary rocks formed from eroded fragments such as conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and discusses the environments in which they form.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified based on grain size into conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone.
Conglomerates contain rounded gravel size clasts (>2mm) in a finer matrix. They form from erosion of other rocks. Sandstones contain quartz and feldspar grains between 0.06-2mm. Shales and mudstones have the finest grains (<0.06mm) composed of clay minerals and quartz silt. Shales are fissile while mudstones are non-fissile. Clastic rocks form from weathering and erosion of older rocks transported by rivers, glaciers, wind or ocean currents.
The document provides information about sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, characteristics, and types. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. It classifies sedimentary rocks based on the nature of sediments (mechanically, chemically, or organically formed) and transporting agents (aqueous, aeolian, glacial). It provides details on specific sedimentary rock types like sandstones, conglomerates, limestone, and their properties. The document also covers concepts like bedding, stratification, unconformities in sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks cover approximately 75% of the world's land area. They can provide information about past climate conditions, environments, sources of sediment, and history of sediment transport and deposition. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their texture (grain size and shape) and mineral composition. Major textures are clastic (discrete fragments) and nonclastic (interlocking crystals). Common types include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, dolostone, evaporites, and coal. Grain size, sorting, rounding and composition help interpret the depositional environment.
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as sand, mud, and minerals. There are two main types - clastic rocks which form from solid particle sediments, and chemical rocks which form from mineral precipitation. Common sedimentary rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, and laterite. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mudcracks provide clues about the depositional environment.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through the process of metamorphism. Metamorphism involves changes to a rock's mineralogy, texture, and sometimes chemical composition due to changes in temperature, pressure, and exposure to chemically active fluids. The degree of metamorphism can range from slight changes resulting in low-grade metamorphic rocks like slate to more substantial changes producing high-grade metamorphic rocks. Common agents driving metamorphism include heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.
Sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time through the erosion, transportation, deposition and compaction of sediment. Small pieces of earth are eroded by wind and water, washed downstream, and settle in layers on riverbeds, lakebeds and ocean floors. These layers are pressed down by additional layers deposited over thousands or millions of years, slowly transforming the bottom layers into rock. Sedimentary rocks form as particles accumulate and are later lithified, or compressed into solid rock. Common types of sedimentary rocks include limestone, shale, sandstone and coal.
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale that are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks transported by water, wind or ice. They also include chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone that are formed via precipitation from solution. Sedimentary structures within these rocks provide clues about the depositional environment, and sedimentary rocks are classified based on their mineral composition, grain size, sorting and rounding. Common sedimentary rocks used in construction include sandstone, limestone and shale.
Diagenesis refers to the physical, chemical, and biological changes that sediments undergo after deposition to form sedimentary rock. It can include compaction, cementation, replacement of minerals, and formation of new minerals. There are three main stages of diagenesis: syndiagenesis during sedimentation, anadiagenesis involving compaction and maturation, and epidigenesis during emergence before erosion. Common diagenetic processes in mudrocks include mechanical and chemical compaction, which reduce porosity, and the formation of authigenic minerals like calcite, illite, and kaolinite via replacement or precipitation. Clay minerals are important indicators in hydrocarbon exploration as they can provide information about tectonics, hydrocarbon generation
The document discusses three main types of ore forming processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It focuses on magmatic processes, describing early and late magmatic processes like dissemination, segregation, injection, and residual liquid segregation and injection. Immiscible liquid segregation and injection are also discussed. Pegmatite deposits and contact metasomatic deposits near invading magmas are summarized. A variety of ore deposits can form from these magmatic processes depending on temperature and pressure conditions during crystallization and cooling of magma.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce economic quantities of gas from shale reservoirs with very low permeability. Complex fracture geometry is important to maximize contact between the fracture and reservoir. The fracturing process involves pumping fluid to create fractures, then a slurry of proppant to prop open the fractures. Proppant and fluid selection depends on factors like embedment and closure stress. While aspects like rate, volume, and proppant quantity can be controlled, the natural variations in shale make the exact fracture geometry and productivity impacts difficult to predict. Monitoring tools provide some insight into the fracture treatment results.
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic rocks from weathered rock fragments, chemical rocks from mineral precipitation, and organic rocks from accumulated biological matter. Sedimentary rocks provide clues to past environments through their composition and structures, and often contain fossils that reveal the history of life. Important resources like coal and oil are found within sedimentary layers.
This presentation provides an overview of traps and their classification. It defines key terms like reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap. Traps are classified into three main categories: structural traps caused by folding or faulting, stratigraphic traps caused by depositional or diagenetic features, and combination traps. Examples of each trap type are described, along with their percentages in hydrocarbon fields. Traps in Pakistan are discussed, including the major Indus and Baluchistan basins and fields found there like in the Thar Platform.
This presentation discusses petroleum traps, which are subsurface reservoirs that prevent petroleum from migrating. There are three main types of traps - structural, stratigraphic, and combination. Structural traps are created by folding or faulting of reservoir rocks. Stratigraphic traps result from variations in rock layers. Combination traps involve both structural and stratigraphic elements, like salt domes. For petroleum to accumulate, a trap must form before or during migration from the source rock. The timing of trap formation is important for a reservoir to contain producible quantities of oil or gas.
A brief discussion of a few of the non-clastic sedimentary rocks, specifically carbonates (limestone), evaporites, and siliceous non-clastic sedimentary rocks.
Understanding the sedimentary rocks - Geotalk 2 (MGSS)KYI KHIN
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments like sand and mud. This document discusses the formation of sedimentary rocks, including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis. It describes key sedimentary rock types like sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. Examples are given of each rock type and how to identify them based on composition, texture, and sedimentary structures. The study of sedimentary rocks provides information about geology, natural resources, and earth's history.
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the process of diagenesis. It discusses how sediments are deposited and buried over time, undergoing physical and chemical changes through compaction, cementation, and other diagenetic processes. These changes occur due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth and alter the sediments' properties, converting them into consolidated sedimentary rocks. The document also examines factors that control diagenesis like composition, porosity, and permeability, and it outlines the major diagenetic processes and their effects on the physical, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of sediments.
This document provides information on clastic/detrital sedimentary rocks, including their characteristics, classification, particle sizes, rock groups, terminology, and examples. It describes the key properties of sedimentary rocks formed from eroded fragments such as conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, and discusses the environments in which they form.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified based on grain size into conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and mudstone.
Conglomerates contain rounded gravel size clasts (>2mm) in a finer matrix. They form from erosion of other rocks. Sandstones contain quartz and feldspar grains between 0.06-2mm. Shales and mudstones have the finest grains (<0.06mm) composed of clay minerals and quartz silt. Shales are fissile while mudstones are non-fissile. Clastic rocks form from weathering and erosion of older rocks transported by rivers, glaciers, wind or ocean currents.
The document provides information about sedimentary rocks, including their formation, classification, characteristics, and types. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. It classifies sedimentary rocks based on the nature of sediments (mechanically, chemically, or organically formed) and transporting agents (aqueous, aeolian, glacial). It provides details on specific sedimentary rock types like sandstones, conglomerates, limestone, and their properties. The document also covers concepts like bedding, stratification, unconformities in sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks cover approximately 75% of the world's land area. They can provide information about past climate conditions, environments, sources of sediment, and history of sediment transport and deposition. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on their texture (grain size and shape) and mineral composition. Major textures are clastic (discrete fragments) and nonclastic (interlocking crystals). Common types include conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, dolostone, evaporites, and coal. Grain size, sorting, rounding and composition help interpret the depositional environment.
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as sand, mud, and minerals. There are two main types - clastic rocks which form from solid particle sediments, and chemical rocks which form from mineral precipitation. Common sedimentary rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, and laterite. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mudcracks provide clues about the depositional environment.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks through the process of metamorphism. Metamorphism involves changes to a rock's mineralogy, texture, and sometimes chemical composition due to changes in temperature, pressure, and exposure to chemically active fluids. The degree of metamorphism can range from slight changes resulting in low-grade metamorphic rocks like slate to more substantial changes producing high-grade metamorphic rocks. Common agents driving metamorphism include heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids.
Sedimentary rocks are formed over long periods of time through the erosion, transportation, deposition and compaction of sediment. Small pieces of earth are eroded by wind and water, washed downstream, and settle in layers on riverbeds, lakebeds and ocean floors. These layers are pressed down by additional layers deposited over thousands or millions of years, slowly transforming the bottom layers into rock. Sedimentary rocks form as particles accumulate and are later lithified, or compressed into solid rock. Common types of sedimentary rocks include limestone, shale, sandstone and coal.
The document summarizes a student presentation on petroleum geology and exploration techniques. It discusses the origin of petroleum based on organic and inorganic theories. It also describes different types of petroleum traps including structural traps like anticlines and fault traps, and stratigraphic traps like unconformities. Additionally, it covers abnormal fluid pressures, including subnormal and overpressured systems. Finally, it outlines common exploration methods such as seismic, gravity, magnetic surveys, and others.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the lithification of sediments and include clastic sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and shale that are formed from fragments of pre-existing rocks transported by water, wind or ice. They also include chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone that are formed via precipitation from solution. Sedimentary structures within these rocks provide clues about the depositional environment, and sedimentary rocks are classified based on their mineral composition, grain size, sorting and rounding. Common sedimentary rocks used in construction include sandstone, limestone and shale.
Diagenesis refers to the physical, chemical, and biological changes that sediments undergo after deposition to form sedimentary rock. It can include compaction, cementation, replacement of minerals, and formation of new minerals. There are three main stages of diagenesis: syndiagenesis during sedimentation, anadiagenesis involving compaction and maturation, and epidigenesis during emergence before erosion. Common diagenetic processes in mudrocks include mechanical and chemical compaction, which reduce porosity, and the formation of authigenic minerals like calcite, illite, and kaolinite via replacement or precipitation. Clay minerals are important indicators in hydrocarbon exploration as they can provide information about tectonics, hydrocarbon generation
The document discusses three main types of ore forming processes: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It focuses on magmatic processes, describing early and late magmatic processes like dissemination, segregation, injection, and residual liquid segregation and injection. Immiscible liquid segregation and injection are also discussed. Pegmatite deposits and contact metasomatic deposits near invading magmas are summarized. A variety of ore deposits can form from these magmatic processes depending on temperature and pressure conditions during crystallization and cooling of magma.
This document discusses shale gas, including its formation, extraction through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, presence worldwide and in India, benefits and concerns. Shale gas forms from natural gas trapped within shale rock formations thousands of feet underground. It is extracted through hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. While shale gas is a viable energy source and cleaner than other fossil fuels, there are environmental and social concerns around its extraction methods and impacts. The document outlines the current state of shale gas production globally and potential for development in India.
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to produce economic quantities of gas from shale reservoirs with very low permeability. Complex fracture geometry is important to maximize contact between the fracture and reservoir. The fracturing process involves pumping fluid to create fractures, then a slurry of proppant to prop open the fractures. Proppant and fluid selection depends on factors like embedment and closure stress. While aspects like rate, volume, and proppant quantity can be controlled, the natural variations in shale make the exact fracture geometry and productivity impacts difficult to predict. Monitoring tools provide some insight into the fracture treatment results.
El documento analiza la preparación de los profesionales de la industria del petróleo y gas en Argentina para la exploración y producción de gas no convencional. Señala que la oferta académica existente es limitada y no contempla esta temática. Propone actualizar los planes de estudio, promover posgrados especializados y crear un instituto dedicado al gas no convencional para mejorar la capacitación en el país. También presenta el proyecto de un centro tecnológico que brindará asistencia para explotar yacimientos no
The document summarizes a final seminar presentation on optimization of shale gas production through hydraulic fracturing. It provides an outline of the presentation sections including introduction, objectives, literature review, methodology, and conclusions. The introduction defines well stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing and their purposes. It describes the aims of increasing permeability and communication between wells and reservoirs. Key challenges of hydraulic fracturing discussed include potential water and air contamination from chemicals and activities, and management of materials like proppant and produced water.
The document summarizes the methods used to characterize a shale reservoir and determine its original gas in place (OGIP) and CO2 storage capacity. Key steps included discretizing structure maps, uploading data to Matlab for surface maps, digitizing well logs, calculating petrophysical properties, and using Langmuir isotherm coefficients to estimate OGIP and storage capacity. Total OGIP was estimated at 14.12 trillion standard cubic feet with the highest values in the bottom center. Total CO2 storage capacity was 14.58 trillion standard cubic feet, also highest in the bottom center. Monte Carlo analysis was used to account for uncertainties.
Geology and Minerals in Jaisalmer disstt.rajasthanRakesh Goswami
The document summarizes the geology and mineral resources of Jaisalmer District in Rajasthan, India. It describes the district's location and boundaries. The major rock formations in the area include limestone, shale, sandstone and gypsum from the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Notable mineral resources found in the district include gypsum, selenite, bentonite, fullers earth, white clays, and siliceous earth. Gypsum deposits occur in several villages and are mined using open cast methods. Bentonite and fullers earth deposits near Khuiala are estimated to contain over 30,000 tonnes of reserves.
The document discusses a gas dispute between Reliance Industries (RIL) and Reliance Natural Resources Limited (RNRL) over the supply of natural gas from RIL's KG Basin block. RNRL argues it has a right to receive gas from RIL's KG Basin block based on a 2005 family agreement to split assets between two brothers. However, RIL disagrees and a legal battle has ensued over whether RIL must supply gas to RNRL and at what price. The outcome of the court case could significantly impact the revenues and costs of RIL, RNRL, other companies, and influence gas prices in India.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping water mixed with proppant and additives into wells at high pressure to create fractures in rock formations and stimulate oil and gas production. The first successful hydraulic fracturing jobs occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. The process involves pad, slurry, and flowback stages. Parameters like in-situ stress, elastic properties, and fluid properties are considered for fracturing design. Fluid additives are used to carry proppant into the fracture and improve fluid properties. Pre-fracturing tests like step-rate and pump-in/flowback tests help determine fracture and closure pressures. Hydraulic fracturing has enabled production from tight shale and coalbed methane reservoirs.
This document provides information about the Indian state of Rajasthan. It discusses the capital as Jaipur, lists 32 districts, and notes the main languages as Rajasthani and Hindi. Key facts are presented about the state's culture like traditional dances. Information is also given about shopping destinations and their specialties in cities like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jaipur. Traditional Rajasthani cuisine and folk music are summarized. Transportation details and popular tourist destinations across the state are highlighted in point form. Brief descriptions of notable cities like Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Udaipur are included.
The document discusses the Bombay High oilfield located offshore of Mumbai, India in the Arabian Sea. It describes how the oilfield was discovered in 1964-1967 by a joint Russian-Indian exploration team mapping the area. The Bombay High field supplied 14% of India's oil needs and accounted for 38% of domestic production, with operations run by India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) exploiting reservoirs ranging from fractured basement to middle Miocene carbonates.
This document is an undergraduate graduation project on unconventional oil shale and shale gas. It contains an introduction that defines oil shale as a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter that yields oil and gas upon heating. It was deposited in various environments like lakes and swamps. The document consists of 8 chapters that discuss topics like the origin and composition of oil shale, exploration techniques, extraction methods, global resources and production, and an introduction to shale gas. It aims to provide an overview of unconventional oil and gas resources to undergraduate students.
The document discusses the vertebrate fossils found in the Siwalik region between 16-5 million years ago. It provides details on the lithostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy of the Siwalik Group, which is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower Siwalik. During the early Miocene climate was warm and humid, supporting a variety of large mammals. Beginning around 11.5 million years ago, the climate started becoming more arid and open grasslands expanded, attracting different herbivorous and grazing mammals. By the late Miocene/Pliocene between 5-2 million years ago, a savannah environment dominated and fauna included early humans, horses, rhinos, giraffes
This document discusses hydraulic fracturing, which is a well stimulation technique used to increase production from low permeability reservoirs. It involves injecting fluid into the wellbore at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation. Proppants, such as sand or ceramic beads, are placed in the fractures to keep them open after pressure is removed. Key aspects covered include fracture modeling, optimization of fracture size and conductivity, candidate well selection, and a case study showing production increases from hydraulic fracturing treatment.
1) The process of hydraulic fracturing involves six main steps: seismic exploration, site preparation, drilling the well, completing the well, finishing the site, and marketing the gas.
2) Drilling the well involves drilling an average of 1.5 miles below the surface and can extend horizontal laterals up to 3,500 feet with minimal surface disruption, reducing the industry's surface footprint by 90%.
3) Completing the well involves hydraulic fracturing or "fracking" which uses water, sand and additives pumped under high pressure to fracture the rock and release natural gas for extraction.
Oil shale technology involves extracting kerogen from sedimentary rock to produce synthetic crude oil. There are over 10 trillion barrels of in-place oil shale resources worldwide, with significant deposits in the United States, Russia, and China. Current extraction methods include in-situ heating of shale deposits to produce oil and gas. While the technology is advancing, full commercial production is still 15-20 years away due to high costs. Future development depends on oil prices remaining over $40 per barrel.
This technical paper provides an overview of the major sedimentary basins in India that contain hydrocarbon reserves. It divides the basins into four categories based on the status of hydrocarbon exploration and production. The key basins discussed in detail include the Assam Shelf Basin, Cambay Basin, Bombay Offshore Basin, and Krishna-Godavari Basin. For each basin, it summarizes the geological setting, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoir rocks. The paper provides a high-level technical summary of India's major sedimentary basins with proven oil and gas reserves.
Porosity and permeability are key properties that determine whether rock can effectively store and transmit hydrocarbons. Porosity refers to void space that can hold fluids, while permeability refers to how easily fluids can flow through interconnected pore spaces. There are different types of porosity and permeability based on pore connectivity and origin. Important reservoir rocks include clastic rocks like sandstone and carbonate rocks, which have sufficient original or secondary porosity. Hydrocarbons generated in source rocks can migrate through reservoir rocks, becoming trapped in structural or stratigraphic traps created by geological processes like folding or variations in rock layers.
Gaspar Grande Island is located off the coast of Trinidad and contains the Gasparee Cave system. The cave formed through the dissolution of the island's limestone bedrock by acidic groundwater. It contains numerous geological formations like stalactites, stalagmites, and pillars. Sinkholes are depressions above cave systems that form when the cave roof collapses. They provide openings into the cave below. Caves differ from sinkholes in that caves are the underground passages formed by limestone dissolution over time.
siliciclastic and carbonate dominant shelf.pdffLankgaming
This document summarizes siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks, as well as continental shelves dominated by each. Siliciclastic rocks like mudrock and sandstone make up most sedimentary rocks. Carbonate rocks like limestone and dolostone form in shallow marine environments. Carbonates are often biogenic and not transported, unlike siliciclastics. Most continental shelves accumulate siliciclastic sediments from shorelines. Carbonate platforms can form in isolation from clastic inputs. Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposits occur under certain environmental conditions. Spatial and temporal mixing produce lateral and stratigraphic variability in sediments. Trace fossils do not typically differ between carbonate and siliciclastic substrates.
This document provides an overview of diapirs and related geological structures. It discusses evaporite diapirs such as salt domes, describing their shape, composition, internal structure, and economic resources. It also covers shale sheaths, rock glaciers, the origin and structural evolution of diapirs. Additionally, it summarizes serpentine diapirs, sedimentary vents, and mud lumps. Economic resources from diapirs include petroleum, sulfur, salt, potash, waste disposal, underground storage, and helium gas. Computer modeling is used to analyze the structural evolution of salt domes over millions of years.
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rock formation processes including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis. It discusses various types of weathering mechanisms and factors that influence weathering. Various sedimentary environments are also described such as fluvial, lacustrine, paludal, glacial, and desert. Specific sedimentary structures and deposits associated with different environments are outlined.
Chert is a form of quartz that occurs in sedimentary rocks, usually in discontinuous beds or nodules. It can form biologically from siliciclastic rocks or diagenetically from carbonates. Coal forms from plant debris in association with some siliciclastic rocks. It can have banded or non-banded textures reflecting its organic compound content. Coal rank depends on the degree of metamorphism, with increasing rank containing more energy per volume. Evaporites form through chemical precipitation in restricted basins where evaporation exceeds precipitation, leaving behind minerals like gypsum, halite, and sulfates.
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking, involves injecting pressurized water into shale rock formations to access oil and natural gas. It involves both horizontal and vertical drilling. While it provides economic benefits through job creation and accessing non-renewable resources, there are environmental concerns around potential water and air pollution and fracturing fluids contaminating water supplies. The document raises the ethical question of whether the government should limit fracking to protect the environment or avoid limiting it to prevent economic damage.
The document provides an outline on the topics of weathering, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. It discusses the two main types of weathering (mechanical and chemical) and describes various processes involved like frost action, pressure release, and oxidation. It also explains factors that influence the rate of weathering like climate, rock type, and topography. The document then covers erosion, transport of sediments by water, wind, and ice, and deposition in environments like rivers, lakes, and oceans. Finally, it introduces the process of lithification where sediments harden to form sedimentary rocks.
The document provides an outline on the topics of weathering, sediments, and sedimentary rocks. It discusses the two main types of weathering - mechanical and chemical weathering. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing the chemical composition, and is caused by frost action, pressure release, thermal expansion/contraction, salt crystal growth, and plant root wedging. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through hydrolysis, leaching, and oxidation. Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering, erosion, transport, deposition and lithification of sediments.
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
The document discusses the distribution of oil and gas fields by geologic age, with the largest percentages found in Cretaceous and Palaeogene periods. It also covers the classification of sedimentary rocks as clastic or chemical/biochemical and formed by weathering, precipitation, or organisms. Key reservoir rocks discussed are sandstones, carbonates (limestones and dolomites), shales, and evaporites. Source rocks are organic-rich shales and hydrocarbons are generated through burial and heat over thousands of years, then migrate through permeable rocks. The basic chemistry of hydrocarbons is explained, being composed of chains of carbon and hydrogen of varying molecular weights and structures including paraffin, naphthene
This document provides information about volcaniclastic rocks and pyroclastic materials. It defines pyroclastic rocks as being composed of volcanic materials and volcaniclastic rocks as pyroclastic materials that have been transported and reworked. Pyroclastic materials include volcanic bombs, lapilli, ash, and ignimbrites. These materials are classified based on size. Volcaniclastic rocks include agglomerates, tuffs, and other deposits that form from pyroclastic flows and ash falls.
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and sedimentary processes. It defines sedimentology as the scientific study of sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. Various types of sedimentary rocks are described based on their composition, such as clastic rocks composed of fragments, carbonates precipitated from water, and evaporites formed from evaporated water. Common sedimentary structures and environments are also outlined, including alluvial fans, rivers, lakes, deltas, and marine settings. Principles of sedimentary rock formation like superposition and lateral continuity are explained. Methodologies for analyzing and classifying sediments and sedimentary rocks are presented.
1. UNIT _ I Building Materials Stones.pptxraju863386
This document discusses the classification of stones used in building construction. It describes three main classifications: geological, chemical, and structural. Geologically, stones are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their mode of formation. Chemically, they are classified as siliceous, calcareous, or argillaceous based on their dominant chemical component. Structurally, stones can be massive/unstratified, stratified in distinct layers, or foliated with bands of different composition. Common stones used in construction that are described include granite, limestone, sandstone, and slate.
TOPIC-1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY.pdflordior
This document provides an introduction to the course ECE 2302 Engineering Geology. It discusses the relevance of geology to civil engineering projects. Geologists provide information about construction sites that engineers use for analysis and design. The course topics include site investigations, engineering properties of soils and rocks, earthquakes, ground subsidence, and slope stability. It also gives an overview of rock and mineral formation, types of rocks, structural geology, and weathering.
Salt domes form when layers of salt buried deep underground take on a lower density than the surrounding rock. This allows the salt to flow slowly upwards, piercing through overlying rock layers and forming columns or dome-shaped structures. Salt domes are an important source of oil and gas reservoirs, as the upward movement of salt can trap hydrocarbons and cause folding and faulting of reservoir rocks. They also provide salt for industrial use and serve as underground storage sites. The first major salt dome oil discovery at Spindletop Hill in Texas launched the modern oil industry.
2. What is SHALE and where do you normally find it?
• A fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals
and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, (i.e quartz).
• Shale has low permeability
Permeability: determines how easy or how hard it will be to extract the hydrocarbons located in
the reservoir rock --- the ability to flow through a rock
• Shale has high porosity (makes an excellent reservoir rock)
Porosity: determines how much oil and gas can be held in pore spaces
Shale gas is found in shale "plays," which are shale formations containing significant accumulations
of natural gas and which share similar geologic and geographic properties.
• For example, a decade of production has come from the Barnett Shale formation play in
Texas
• Also, the Marcellus Shale Formation has proven to be a very significant play in NE USA
3. WHAT IS A HYDROCARBON?
● Organic wastes are composed of C, H, N, and O usually resulting from
the death of living creatures.
● Carboniferous period: (359-299 mya) unique set of circumstances lead to
the creation of fossil fuels, which depended on anaerobic decomposition
(protecting them from bacterial action).
➔ Mixes with other sediments, compacts and sinks down on its own weight
➔ Increase in pressure and temperature: O & N are eliminated, leaving
behind H & C. (liquids & gaseous hydrocarbon, i.e. natural gas methane)
7. MARCELLUS SHALE FORMATION
Situated in New York, Pennsylvania, W. Virginia
(northern Appalachian basin), Maryland, and Ohio
Black fissile shale is the dominant lithological unit
deposited 400Ma (Devonian)
Some limestone interbedding, iron pyrite and
siderite
Trapped between two layers of limestone
2,500 - 8,000 ft deep below the surface
8. ● low density, fissile black shale
● Carbonaceous (organic rich)
● displays vertical fractures
● low permeability
● Contains natural gas
○ requires ‘unconventional’ means of extraction (i.e. horizontal drilling + hydrofrac) due to
tighter pore space because of it being a shale.
MARCELLUS SHALE FORMATION
9. HORIZONTAL DRILLING & HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
The process that is undergone to release
the gas that is trapped deep within the
shale is known as hydraulic fracturing.
The process has been used for years to
maximize yields for various shale drilling.
it is a technique used for extracting
natural gas from “tight” rock structures
deep below the surface - it involves:
● drilling a well down below the earth
● turning drill to horizontal
● injecting millions of gallons of high
pressure fluid to fracture the shale
● the fluid is 99% water + sand +
chemicals
● extract natural gas
10. HORIZONTAL DRILLING & HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
● fracking increases the
permeability of the shale (as it
already is not very permeable)
● increases the rate at which gas
can be produced and recovered
from the reservoir formation
● when the fluid (primarily water)
successfully fractures the shale,
sand is usually added to the
water to keep the fractures open
after the injection stops
● the purpose of the sand is that
when it’s all compacted, it has
interconnected pore spaces
which increases porosity and
permeability
11. Structural Traps: Anticline ● an area of the subsurface where the
strata has been pushed into forming a
dome shape.
● if there is a layer of impermeable rock
present in this dome shape, then the
hydrocarbon can accumulate at the
crest until the anticline is filled
● most significant type of trap in the
hydrocarbon industry
12. ● Formed by the movement of permeable and
impermeable layers of rock along a fault line
● The permeable reservoir rock faults such that it is
now adjacent to an impermeable rock, preventing
hydrocarbons from further migration.
Structural Traps: Fault
13. Controversy of Shale Gas
Contamination of groundwater / gas
leaks
in 2014 there was a methane leakage
from both the Barnett and Marcellus
shale gas formations
this was a result of fracking from
defective wellbores
lead to methane natural gas to leak into
the public water supply
source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/15/drinking-water-
contaminated-by-shale-gas-boom-in-texas-and-pennslyvania-study
Editor's Notes
•Shale is a is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, (i.e quartz). This fine grained mudstone with low permeability. It has a high porosity which contributes to the fact that it makes an excellent reservoir rock. Porosity is important because it determines how much oil and gas can be contained. If it has a low porosity, it may not necessarily not worth extracting. Permeability is important in this topic because it determines how easy or how hard it will be to extract the hydrocarbons located in the reservoir rock through, for example, hydraulic fracturing.
Shale gas is found in shale "plays," which are shale formations containing significant accumulations of natural gas and which share similar geologic and geographic properties.
For example, a decade of production has come from the Barnett Shale formation play in Texas
Also, the Marcellus Shale Formation has proven to be a very significant play in NE USA , xenia will be talking about this particular formation later in our presentation
Organic wastes are composed of C, H, N, and O usually resulting from the death of living creatures.
Most of these depositions came from the carboniferous period, where a unique set of circumstances lead to the creation of fossil fuels, which depended on anaerobic decomposition (protecting them from bacterial action).
Mixes with other sediments and gets compacted and sinks down on its own weight. As it sinks it undergoes more increase in pressure and temperature, eliminating the oxygen and nitrogen, leaving just carbon and hydrogen (liquids & gaseous hydrocarbon)
The hydrocarbons (HCs) are formed in the source rock.
move around below ground because they’re lighter than water and make their way to the surface and if there’s no cap rock it will ooze out onto the the surface
if during the hydrocarbons meet an- impermeable layer (i.e. cap rock) they will be trapped in the microscopic spaces/ pores and cracks of a rock known as the reservoir rock.
The succession from bottom to top is the source rock then the reservoir rock which contains water, oil and gas layered in order of density and then the impermeable cap rock is layered above.
Shale gas is found in shale "plays," which are shale formations containing significant accumulations of natural gas and which share similar geologic and geographic properties.
the barnett formation located in Texas is also a very significant shale gas play where horizontal and hydro fracking are used, But Xenia Xenia will be talking about our case study which is situated in the Northeastern United States.
About 380 million years ago during the Middle Devonian period the African continent shoved against the North American continent and created an anticline or fold that is today known as the Appalachian Mountains. Under intense pressure rotting vegetation became trapped in the sediment that became Marcellus Shale, a rock so dense that the gas was trapped within it. The Marcellus Shale basin extends from western New York to West Virginia and eastern Ohio to eastern Pennsylvania
The Marcellus Shale was formed approximately 390 million years ago during the Devonian ages. During this time, much of the earth was covered by water. Having gone through a major transformation, the Marcellus Shale formed as sediment was deposited on the bottom of the ocean. It is located in between two impermeable layers of limestone which have naturally trapped a great quantity of natural gas inside the shale. Limestone can be both permeable and impermeable but typically what makes a limestone permeable is if it contains joints or fractures, in this case because it’s trapping the gas inside the shale, it most likely does not possess fractures or joints.
Facies descriptions:
from a publication on the Marcellus shale, there were some facies descriptions. One of them being described as “silt-rich, clay-poor, not much organic material. Very friable and breaking into pencil fractures. Possible joints.”
Another facies description was: “calcareous and fissile black shale”
For those who don’t know, hydraulic fracturing or “hydrofracking” is the process of injecting millions of gallons of water at an extremely high pressure into dried up oil and gas wells. Some of these wells can be as deep as 10,000 feet. These highly pressurized mixtures of water and chemicals breaks up the rock formations that contain high quantities of natural gas.
Technique used for extracting natural gas from “tight” rock structures deep below the surface- it involves:
drilling a well down below the earth
turning drill to horizontal
injecting millions of gallons of high pressure fluid to fracture the shale
the fluid is 99% water + sand + chemicals
extract natural gas
the reason sand is put in it is because sand when it’s all compacted has interconnected pore spaces which increases porosity and permeability
they pump the sand into fluid mixture which fractures the rock along already existing bedding planes where there is least resistance and most porosity. and what happens is the fracking fluid forces the rock apart, it goes into the cracks along with the sand.
then only the fluid gets pumped back out where the gas comes out. the sand is still in there and allows the porosity and permeability to the oil and gas to come out into the wellbore
the deal with horizontal drilling is that it exposes a lot more oil/gas and covers a lot more surface areas of the shale… and when they frack in that, then you’ll get a large quantity of oil and gas into the wellbore at once
These traps hold oil and gas because the earth has been bent and deformed in some way. The trap may be a simple dome (or big bump), just a “crease” in the rocks, or it may be a more complex fault, such as a fault trap. All pore space is filled with water, oil and/or gas.
The next type of structural trap that we will discuss is the fault trap. These are formed by the movement of rock along a fault line. These fault lines allow oil to flow in. Clay material between the walls traps the oil, prohibiting it from further migration.