What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
Conventional and Unconventional ReservoirsRimsha Rais
This document provides an overview of conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. It defines conventional reservoirs as containing gas that can easily flow naturally from the source rock, while unconventional reservoirs have low permeability and porosity requiring stimulation techniques to extract the gas. The document discusses various unconventional reservoirs like shale gas, shale oil, gas hydrates, coalbed methane and compares the extraction techniques for conventional and unconventional reservoirs like horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and directional drilling. It also provides examples of unconventional shale reservoirs in Pakistan.
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
This document discusses unconventional reservoirs and shale gas. It begins with defining unconventional resources as hydrocarbon reservoirs with low permeability and porosity that are difficult to produce. Shale gas is then introduced as natural gas trapped in shale formations. The document outlines a roadmap for identifying and developing shale plays, including geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical approaches. Key factors like total organic carbon content, thermal maturity, and brittleness are examined. The concept of a "sweet spot" is introduced as the most prospective volumes within a shale play, characterized by properties like thickness and permeability. The document concludes with thanking the audience.
1. Unconventional resources like shale gas and tight sands have low permeability and require techniques like hydraulic fracturing to produce commercially.
2. Shales can serve as both the source and reservoir for oil and gas, containing the hydrocarbons within their organic-rich matrix.
3. Characterizing shale reservoirs involves analyzing their depositional environment, thermal maturity, total organic carbon, porosity, permeability, and gas content to identify potential "sweet spots" for production.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
This document summarizes the process of reservoir modeling and simulation for the Saldanadi Gas Field in Bangladesh using Petrel 2009.1.1 and FrontSim software. The workflow includes collecting seismic, well, and production data; interpreting horizons and faults from seismic lines; developing structural and stratigraphic models; modeling properties; simulating initial conditions and production; and history matching simulation results to field data. The objectives are to better understand reservoir characteristics, locate new wells, and forecast production and investment needs to further develop the field.
Unconventional petroleum refers to oil and gas deposits that require advanced extraction technologies and greater investment compared to conventional methods. It includes sources like oil sands, oil shales, coal-based liquids, and gas from shale formations and coal beds that has not migrated from its source rock. While more difficult to extract, unconventional sources are increasingly important as conventional reserves dwindle and new technologies make extraction economically viable.
Conventional and Unconventional ReservoirsRimsha Rais
This document provides an overview of conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. It defines conventional reservoirs as containing gas that can easily flow naturally from the source rock, while unconventional reservoirs have low permeability and porosity requiring stimulation techniques to extract the gas. The document discusses various unconventional reservoirs like shale gas, shale oil, gas hydrates, coalbed methane and compares the extraction techniques for conventional and unconventional reservoirs like horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and directional drilling. It also provides examples of unconventional shale reservoirs in Pakistan.
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
This document discusses tight reservoirs, which are reservoirs with very low permeability (less than 0.1 mD) and porosity (less than 10%). It defines tight gas reservoirs, tight oil reservoirs, and the characteristic properties of tight reservoirs, such as low porosity and permeability. It also discusses the importance of logging, factors to consider for tight reservoirs like geologic and reservoir properties, and techniques used to produce from tight reservoirs, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Tight reservoirs account for a large portion of remaining oil and gas reserves and require advanced drilling and completion techniques to produce economically.
This document discusses hydraulic fracturing, which is a well stimulation technique used to increase production from low permeability reservoirs. It involves injecting fluid into the wellbore at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation. Proppants, such as sand or ceramic beads, are placed in the fractures to keep them open after pressure is removed. Key aspects covered include fracture modeling, optimization of fracture size and conductivity, candidate well selection, and a case study showing production increases from hydraulic fracturing treatment.
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
Routine core analysis and special core analysisShujaSamejo
Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
This document defines the key elements of a petroleum system, including the source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, seal, and trap. It explains that a petroleum system is a collection of geological components and processes that play a role in generating and accumulating hydrocarbons. The key elements are: 1) a mature source rock that generates hydrocarbons; 2) a migration path for hydrocarbons to travel; 3) a reservoir rock to store the hydrocarbons; 4) a seal or cap rock that traps the hydrocarbons below; and 5) a trap such as a fold or fault that contains the hydrocarbons within the reservoir rock. Together these elements allow for the generation, migration, accumulation and preservation
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
1) Sedimentary basins are regions where thick layers of sediment have accumulated, up to 20 km deep in some cases. They form primarily through the extension of tectonic plates.
2) Most sedimentary basins contain source rocks rich in organic matter that generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas during burial and heating over geological time.
3) If the right combination of source, reservoir, seal and timing conditions exist within a sedimentary basin, significant accumulations of oil and gas can be discovered and produced from conventional reservoirs.
Reservoir types and Reservoir characterizations; Styles of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Classification of Heterogeneity; Scales of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Factors Causing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Assessing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Diagenetic and Reservoir Quality and Heterogeneity Implications in Deltaic and Marine Sandstones ; Scales of Fluvial Reservoir Heterogeneity; Impact of Bioturbation on Reservoir Heterogeneity; Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Core analysis provides direct measurements of reservoir rock properties that determine hydrocarbon production. Properly engineered core analysis is essential for formation evaluation, reservoir modeling, and production engineering. While fundamental measurements are unchanged, advances allow testing cores under reservoir conditions and acquiring simultaneous measurements of multiple properties. Cores are obtained using conventional, wireline-retrievable, or diamond-set coring bits and core barrels to cut and retain reservoir samples for analysis.
The document provides an overview of reservoir simulation and performance analysis methods. It discusses static and dynamic reservoir modeling, including history matching and prediction. The key points covered are:
1) Reservoir simulation involves building static and dynamic reservoir models to match historical production and predict future performance.
2) History matching is used to validate the simulation model by comparing calculated pressures, saturations, and production to historical data.
3) After achieving a match, the model can be used to predict future field performance under different development scenarios and identify new infill locations.
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping water mixed with proppant and additives into wells at high pressure to create fractures in rock formations and stimulate oil and gas production. The first successful hydraulic fracturing jobs occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. The process involves pad, slurry, and flowback stages. Parameters like in-situ stress, elastic properties, and fluid properties are considered for fracturing design. Fluid additives are used to carry proppant into the fracture and improve fluid properties. Pre-fracturing tests like step-rate and pump-in/flowback tests help determine fracture and closure pressures. Hydraulic fracturing has enabled production from tight shale and coalbed methane reservoirs.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
Exploration and production method of Coal Bed Methane.Anubhav Talukdar
This document discusses the exploration and production methods of coal bed methane (CBM). It describes 3D seismic prospecting techniques used to explore CBM, including predicting based on burial depth, impedance inversion, frequency spectrum decomposition, and seismic attributes. CBM production passes through three phases - a dewatering phase with high water and low gas, a stable production phase with decreasing water and increasing gas, and a declining phase with low water and declining gas.
This document summarizes key topics in shale gas exploration and production, including:
1. It discusses the difference between reserves and resources, and how innovation can increase reserves.
2. It provides an overview of shale gas reservoirs, including their unconventional nature, factors like total organic carbon that are important, and how gas is stored.
3. It outlines the two key elements - horizontal wells and multi-stage fracturing - that are needed to economically produce shale gas, and describes the process of developing a shale gas reservoir from initial vertical wells to collect data to horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing.
The document discusses key concepts in oil and gas reservoir description and production geology. It lists various data sources used by production geologists to build static models of reservoirs, including mud logging, core, and well test data. Both static geological models and dynamic simulation are used to maximize production from oil and gas fields. The document also covers topics like reservoir rock types and porosity, permeability factors, fluid contacts, drive mechanisms, and volumetric and performance-based evaluation methods.
The document discusses various natural reservoir drive mechanisms that provide energy for hydrocarbon production including:
1) Solution gas drive where dissolved gas expands due to pressure drop, providing 5-25% oil recovery.
2) Gas cap drive where free gas expansion drives production, providing 20-40% oil recovery.
3) Water drive where aquifer water influx provides pressure to displace oil, providing 35-75% oil recovery.
4) Gravity drainage where gas migrates updip and oil downdip in high dip reservoirs.
This document discusses tight reservoirs, which are reservoirs with very low permeability (less than 0.1 mD) and porosity (less than 10%). It defines tight gas reservoirs, tight oil reservoirs, and the characteristic properties of tight reservoirs, such as low porosity and permeability. It also discusses the importance of logging, factors to consider for tight reservoirs like geologic and reservoir properties, and techniques used to produce from tight reservoirs, including hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. Tight reservoirs account for a large portion of remaining oil and gas reserves and require advanced drilling and completion techniques to produce economically.
This document discusses hydraulic fracturing, which is a well stimulation technique used to increase production from low permeability reservoirs. It involves injecting fluid into the wellbore at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation. Proppants, such as sand or ceramic beads, are placed in the fractures to keep them open after pressure is removed. Key aspects covered include fracture modeling, optimization of fracture size and conductivity, candidate well selection, and a case study showing production increases from hydraulic fracturing treatment.
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
WHY IS A RESERVES DEFINITION NEEDED?;
Classification Framework; Proven Reserves; Unproven reserves; Resources; RESERVES UNCERTAINTY CATEGORIES; PROJECT MATURITY SUB-CLASSES; PETROLEUM RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PROJECT STAGESOIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION STAGES; OIL AND GAS PROJECT EVALUATION; PROJECT EVALUATION ; PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS (POSG)
Routine core analysis and special core analysisShujaSamejo
Routine and special core analysis are two categories of core analysis. Routine core analysis provides basic properties like porosity, permeability, and saturation. Special core analysis extends this data through additional experiments to determine properties like capillary pressure, relative permeability, and wettability which are used to better understand reservoir performance. Proper handling and preservation of core samples is important to maintain their original state for accurate analysis.
This document defines the key elements of a petroleum system, including the source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, seal, and trap. It explains that a petroleum system is a collection of geological components and processes that play a role in generating and accumulating hydrocarbons. The key elements are: 1) a mature source rock that generates hydrocarbons; 2) a migration path for hydrocarbons to travel; 3) a reservoir rock to store the hydrocarbons; 4) a seal or cap rock that traps the hydrocarbons below; and 5) a trap such as a fold or fault that contains the hydrocarbons within the reservoir rock. Together these elements allow for the generation, migration, accumulation and preservation
This document provides information on estimating oil and gas reserves. It defines various classifications of reserves from proven to unproven, and how reserves are estimated using volumetric, material balance, and production performance methods. The key classifications discussed are proven and probable reserves, with proven reserves having a 90% certainty of recovery and probable having 50% certainty. Volumetric estimation calculates initial hydrocarbon volumes using parameters like rock volume, porosity, fluid properties, and recovery factors.
1) Sedimentary basins are regions where thick layers of sediment have accumulated, up to 20 km deep in some cases. They form primarily through the extension of tectonic plates.
2) Most sedimentary basins contain source rocks rich in organic matter that generate hydrocarbons like oil and gas during burial and heating over geological time.
3) If the right combination of source, reservoir, seal and timing conditions exist within a sedimentary basin, significant accumulations of oil and gas can be discovered and produced from conventional reservoirs.
Reservoir types and Reservoir characterizations; Styles of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Classification of Heterogeneity; Scales of Geologic Reservoir Heterogeneity; Factors Causing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Assessing Reservoir Heterogeneity; Diagenetic and Reservoir Quality and Heterogeneity Implications in Deltaic and Marine Sandstones ; Scales of Fluvial Reservoir Heterogeneity; Impact of Bioturbation on Reservoir Heterogeneity; Carbonate Reservoir Heterogeneity
This document discusses reservoir characteristics, rock and fluid properties, and drive mechanisms. It provides information on:
1) Techniques like seismic data, well logging, core analysis, and well testing that are used to understand the reservoir and develop an accurate reservoir model.
2) Reservoir characteristics including rock type, porosity, permeability, and factors that allow hydrocarbon accumulation like sufficient pore space and traps.
3) Rock properties such as porosity, permeability, and how they impact fluid flow.
4) Fluid properties including phase behavior under varying pressures and temperatures, properties of different fluid types, and sampling techniques.
5) Common experiments done to analyze reservoir fluids using pressure-volume-temperature cells
Core analysis provides direct measurements of reservoir rock properties that determine hydrocarbon production. Properly engineered core analysis is essential for formation evaluation, reservoir modeling, and production engineering. While fundamental measurements are unchanged, advances allow testing cores under reservoir conditions and acquiring simultaneous measurements of multiple properties. Cores are obtained using conventional, wireline-retrievable, or diamond-set coring bits and core barrels to cut and retain reservoir samples for analysis.
The document provides an overview of reservoir simulation and performance analysis methods. It discusses static and dynamic reservoir modeling, including history matching and prediction. The key points covered are:
1) Reservoir simulation involves building static and dynamic reservoir models to match historical production and predict future performance.
2) History matching is used to validate the simulation model by comparing calculated pressures, saturations, and production to historical data.
3) After achieving a match, the model can be used to predict future field performance under different development scenarios and identify new infill locations.
This document discusses key properties of crude oil, including:
1) Oil is classified based on properties like specific gravity, viscosity, density, etc. with specific gravity and viscosity most commonly used. Specific gravity is represented by API gravity which ranges from 8 to 58 degrees.
2) Bubble point pressure is the pressure at which a small amount of gas is in equilibrium with oil. When pressure drops below this point, gas is liberated from the oil.
3) Other properties discussed include formation volume factor (ratio of reservoir to surface volumes), solution gas-oil ratio (amount of gas dissolved in oil), and compressibility (change in volume with pressure change).
Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping water mixed with proppant and additives into wells at high pressure to create fractures in rock formations and stimulate oil and gas production. The first successful hydraulic fracturing jobs occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. The process involves pad, slurry, and flowback stages. Parameters like in-situ stress, elastic properties, and fluid properties are considered for fracturing design. Fluid additives are used to carry proppant into the fracture and improve fluid properties. Pre-fracturing tests like step-rate and pump-in/flowback tests help determine fracture and closure pressures. Hydraulic fracturing has enabled production from tight shale and coalbed methane reservoirs.
This document provides information about reservoir engineering. It discusses how reservoir engineers use tools like subsurface geology, mathematics, and physics/chemistry to understand fluid behavior in reservoirs. It also describes different well classes used for injection/extraction, environmental impacts of enhanced oil recovery, and various reservoir engineering techniques like simulation modeling, production surveillance, and evaluating volumetric sweep efficiency. Thermal and chemical enhanced oil recovery methods are explained, including gas, steam, polymer, surfactant, microbial and in-situ combustion injection.
Nodal Analysis introduction to inflow and outflow performance - nextgusgon
This document discusses nodal analysis concepts for analyzing inflow and outflow performance in fluid systems. It introduces key terms like nodal analysis, inflow, outflow, upstream and downstream components, and graphical solutions. It provides an example problem calculating system capacity and the impact of changing pipe diameters. It also covers topics like single-phase and multiphase fluid flow, flow regimes, flow patterns, and calculating pressure drops and flow performance in pipes.
Exploration and production method of Coal Bed Methane.Anubhav Talukdar
This document discusses the exploration and production methods of coal bed methane (CBM). It describes 3D seismic prospecting techniques used to explore CBM, including predicting based on burial depth, impedance inversion, frequency spectrum decomposition, and seismic attributes. CBM production passes through three phases - a dewatering phase with high water and low gas, a stable production phase with decreasing water and increasing gas, and a declining phase with low water and declining gas.
This document summarizes key topics in shale gas exploration and production, including:
1. It discusses the difference between reserves and resources, and how innovation can increase reserves.
2. It provides an overview of shale gas reservoirs, including their unconventional nature, factors like total organic carbon that are important, and how gas is stored.
3. It outlines the two key elements - horizontal wells and multi-stage fracturing - that are needed to economically produce shale gas, and describes the process of developing a shale gas reservoir from initial vertical wells to collect data to horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing.
The document discusses key concepts in oil and gas reservoir description and production geology. It lists various data sources used by production geologists to build static models of reservoirs, including mud logging, core, and well test data. Both static geological models and dynamic simulation are used to maximize production from oil and gas fields. The document also covers topics like reservoir rock types and porosity, permeability factors, fluid contacts, drive mechanisms, and volumetric and performance-based evaluation methods.
This document provides an overview of how oil reserves are classified. It discusses the key classifications including proved reserves, probable reserves, and possible reserves - which are classified based on the degree of certainty that the oil can be recovered. Proved reserves are further broken down into developed, developed non-producing, and undeveloped categories based on their production status. The document also discusses primary, secondary, and tertiary reserves classifications based on the recovery method used. Key reservoir concepts discussed include recovery factor, saturation, and formation volume factor which are important for estimating reserves. Different methods for estimating reserves such as volumetric, performance, and analogy methods are also summarized.
SolTech is a Canadian engineering firm specializing in engineered salt cavern solutions for underground gas and liquid storage. They have developed innovations to improve traditional salt cavern mining methods, including using nitrogen as a shaping fluid and the SolTech N2 Surge Vessel to safely handle pressure kicks. These methods provide benefits like lower costs, improved environmental protection, and allowing continuous operation during kicks. SolTech provides complete engineering solutions for salt cavern storage projects worldwide.
Energy Network Xom Presentation February 2010Arthur Berman
The acquisition of XTO Energy by Exxon Mobil is seen as a dramatic shift by some, but is actually in line with Exxon Mobil's long-term strategy of increasing its unconventional natural gas portfolio. While shale gas plays are important, reserves may be overstated and costs understated. There are also concerns that the large capital investments in shale plays have not demonstrated sustainable value due to high decline rates and risks of oversupply keeping prices low. The acquisition is a bet that Exxon Mobil's scale and discipline can improve the commercial viability of shale gas over the long term if natural gas prices rise as demand increases.
Implications of Exxon Mobil acquisition of XTO Energy Presentation February 2010Arthur Berman
This presentation was given to the Society of Professional Evaluation Engineers in Houston and to the Energy Network in the Woodlands, Texas in February 2010. It discusses the implications of ExxonMobil's acquisition of XTO Energy.
The document discusses various oil recovery techniques, focusing on waterflooding. It summarizes that waterflooding involves injecting water into reservoirs to increase pressure and displace oil towards production wells, potentially recovering up to 50% of oil originally in place. The document discusses factors in choosing between peripheral and pattern water injection schemes and describes various pattern designs, noting 5-spot and 7-spot patterns are commonly used.
This document compares slewing and bridge-type bucket wheel reclaimers used in stockpiles. Slewing reclaimers are more flexible and can selectively reclaim from different stockpiles, while bridge reclaimers provide better product blending but require more infrastructure. Key selection criteria for reclaim systems include throughput, product grades, flexibility, and costs. Slewing reclaimers generally have higher peak rates but lower average rates compared to bridge reclaimers. The type of reclaimer chosen depends on the specific project requirements and goals around blending quality, throughput, and stockyard design.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 6Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of well completion and stimulation. It discusses the key steps in well completion including setting production casing, installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It also covers types of well completions, factors influencing selection, perforating, and well stimulation techniques like acidizing and fracturing to improve flow from low permeability formations. The overall goal of well completion is to prepare an oil or gas well so it can safely and controllably produce petroleum.
This document compares slewing and bridge type bucket wheel reclaimers for selecting a reclaim system for a stockpile terminal. Some key factors in the comparison are product blending quality, throughput, flexibility, and costs. Slewing reclaimers provide more stockyard flexibility but lower blending quality, while bridge reclaimers have higher blending quality but less flexibility. Bridge reclaimers typically have a higher ratio of average to peak reclaim rate and lower maintenance needs than slewing reclaimers. The selection depends on the specific project requirements and priorities around blending quality, throughput, flexibility, and costs.
This document discusses different systems for classifying petroleum reserves. It begins by explaining that crude oil reserve classifications are difficult to develop and that countries use different systems. It then outlines classifications from the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SPE system considers technical and economic factors, classifying reserves as proved, probable, possible, etc. The SEC only allows reporting of proved reserves to investors. The document provides details on each classification and notes differences between the SPE, SEC and Russian systems.
Seminar presentation based on technologies and advancements in the oil and gas field. Oil and Gas industry is one of the core fields of chemical engineering studies.
Dr Ian Campbell - Background and Environmental ImpactsPAS_Team
This document discusses shale oil exploration and development in the UK, including the potential environmental impacts. It notes that the UK government supports unconventional oil and gas development as part of the future energy mix, but there are also public concerns about impacts to water, air, health, and climate change. Shale formations containing oil and gas exist across parts of northern, central and southern England as well as Scotland. Exploration involves drilling wells to assess resource size, while development requires hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells to allow oil and gas to flow. This process uses large volumes of water and generates waste water. Potential environmental effects include water usage, waste management, and groundwater contamination, but multiple barriers exist to prevent contamination of shallow drinking water aquif
The document summarizes Richard Ademola Ogundele's seminar presentation on unconventional reservoirs. It defines unconventional reservoirs as those requiring special recovery operations outside conventional practices. Examples provided include tight gas sands with low permeability, coal-bed methane stored in coal seams, and shale oil extracted from oil shale rock. The case study describes coal-bed methane development in the San Juan Basin of Colorado, where methane is stored adsorbed onto coal surfaces and released by removing water from coal seams. Enhanced recovery methods like injecting carbon dioxide or nitrogen can increase methane production rates and reserves in coal-bed reservoirs. Recent trends show unconventionals like tight gas, shale gas, and coal-bed methane becoming
This document summarizes international reporting standards for coal resources and reserves as established by CRIRSCO (Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards). CRIRSCO aims to promote best practice in public reporting of exploration results, resources and reserves. Key points include that coal resources and reserves must be classified and reported according to CRIRSCO guidelines, appropriate modifying factors must be applied, and compliance issues can arise if critical information like mining methods and economic factors are not adequately addressed.
Reservoir engineering involves estimating oil and gas reserves within underground formations. Reservoir engineers determine the volume of hydrocarbons originally in place and the fraction that can be recovered using production methods over time. Estimating reserves requires understanding properties like porosity, which is the proportion of void space within a rock that can contain fluids. Porosity values are measured through lab analysis of core samples and well logs, and can range widely between reservoir types and impact recoverable volumes.
Presentation on enhanced oil recovery.pptxIsmailKatun1
This document provides a literature-based analysis of improved and enhanced oil recovery methods to optimize well production. It was prepared by three petroleum engineering students and includes an abstract, introduction discussing the objectives and scope, literature review of various recovery methods like water flooding and gas injection, methodology of reviewing numerous papers, results and discussion of emerging technologies like low-salinity water injections and deep reservoir flow diversion. The overall paper analyzes and discusses recovery techniques found in previous research to optimize oil recovery from wells.
Marcel Zeestraten has over 22 years of experience in the upstream oil and gas industry, including conceptual design work for surface facilities on projects in Oman, the Netherlands, the UK, Venezuela, and the Middle East. As a senior consultant, he specializes in the early conceptual design phase of projects, which requires considering multiple disciplines to identify opportunities to reduce costs and technical risks. He has delivered conceptual designs for remote gas facilities, offshore gas plants, large onshore polymer facilities, and field development plans.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
5. Unconventional Reservoirs
• One or more elements of the classic model of a
petroleum system (source, migration, reservoir,
trap, seal, and timing) are missing from an
unconventional system.
12. Unconventional reservoirs are evaluated based
on their potential to be a successful hydrocarbon
system. The following evaluations are completed
to quantitatively determine this:
Maturity
Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon
Clay Content
Kerogen Content
16. Major Unconventional Plays
• Unconventional reservoirs have been found throughout the world. Below is
a list of the top 10 countries by unproved technically recoverable shale oil
resources.
• 1. U.S.
• 2. Russia
• 3. China
• 4. Argentina
• 5. Libya
• 6. United Arab Emirates
• 7. Chad
• 8. Australia
• 9. Venezuela
• 10. Mexico
23. Potential Shale Basins in Pakistan
Upper Indus Basin Lower Indus Basin
Patala Fm Lower Goru Fm
Hangu Fm Sembar Fm
Chichali Fm Ghazij Fm
Datta Fm Mughal Kot Fm
Sardhai Fm
24. Exploitation & Development
Challenges
• Evaluation Uncertainties
• High Investment
• Longer Production Time
• Skilled Manpower
• Political Stability
• Willingness to Accept Challenges
25. Summary
• Enough unconventional reservoirs exist in the
country
• Unconventional reservoirs are required to be
evaluated by collection of more data by
initiating projects in shale gas as early as
possible
• Exploration blocks may be awarded for
unconventional reservoirs
For example, shale gas is produced from a source rock, with no need for a reservoir, trap, or seal. Bitumen is a solid, so the presence of a trap or seal today is not required (though it was required to allow the oil to accumulate in the first place). This definition will doubtless seem increasingly dated; even today I'm not sure that the concept of a petroleum system is still a useful one, except in a handful of circumstances.
. In other words, a horizontal well and/or some sort of intervention to increase hydrocarbon mobility is required. Mobility depends on the permeability of the rock and the viscosity of the hydrocarbon. By this definition, shale gas and bitumen will always be unconventional.
Horizontal drilling is used to provide It is a technique in which water, greater access to the gas trapped deep chemicals, and sand are pumped into the producing formation.
First, a well to unlock the hydrocarbons trapped, vertical well is drilled to the targeted in shale formations by opening cracks rock formation. At the desired depth, (fractures) in the rock and allowing the drill bit is turned to bore a well natural gas to flow from the shale into that stretches through the reservoir the well. When used in conjunction with horizontally, exposing the well to more horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing of the producing shale. enables gas producers to extract shale gas at reasonable cost.
Maturity- Have the kerogens spent enough time in the oil window to turn into hydrocarbons?
Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon- Is the bulk volume of hydrocarbons within the source rock enough to make it economical (40-60% max expulsion)?
Clay Content- If the clay content is too high, the rock will become ductile, which will make fracking the rock much more difficult.
Kerogen Content- The type of kerogen found in a source rock is used to determine what type of [hydrocarbon] your reservoir can contain.