The 16550 UART allows for asynchronous serial communication up to 1.5Mbps. It contains independent transmitter and receiver sections that allow for simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication modes. The UART uses a programmable baud rate generator and 16-byte FIFO buffers to interface with processors. It is commonly used to control serial ports on PCs using two I/O address ranges. Programming involves initializing the line control register and baud rate generator, then performing the actual communication by reading and writing data using the FIFO and line status registers.
Slow peripheral interfaces (i2 c spi uart)PREMAL GAJJAR
The Serial Peripheral Interface or SPI bus is a synchronous serial data link, a de facto standard, named by Motorola, that operates in full duplex mode. It is used for short distance, single master communication, for example in embedded systems, sensors, and SD cards.
Slow peripheral interfaces (i2 c spi uart)PREMAL GAJJAR
The Serial Peripheral Interface or SPI bus is a synchronous serial data link, a de facto standard, named by Motorola, that operates in full duplex mode. It is used for short distance, single master communication, for example in embedded systems, sensors, and SD cards.
Complete description of AT89xxx (8051 based) microcontrollers with timers, serial communication and assembly language programming. Interfacing of some real time devices like led, sensor, and seven segment display is also covered.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
MIPI DevCon 2016: Testing of MIPI High Speed PHY Standard ImplementationsMIPI Alliance
Interoperability in mobile devices shall be achieved through a variety of protocol standards such as MIPI CSI, DSI, UniPro or JEDEC UFS and their underlying physical layer standards MIPI M-PHY, D-PHY or C-PHY. Integration of different vendors' designs into a working system is simplified using standard conformant parts. Testing them according to the procedures outlined in the applicable Conformance Test Suite guarantees their conformance. However, increasing data rates, lower power dissipation and modularity of mobile devices create challenges for debugging and conformance verification of the affected components. In this presentation, Joel Birch of Keysight Technologies discusses these challenges and offers possible solutions to address them.
Complete description of AT89xxx (8051 based) microcontrollers with timers, serial communication and assembly language programming. Interfacing of some real time devices like led, sensor, and seven segment display is also covered.
AXI is an on-chip, point to point communication protocol. It is used as a high-performance bus in various IP or SoC Systems. It is used for connecting high-performance processors with memory.
MIPI DevCon 2016: Testing of MIPI High Speed PHY Standard ImplementationsMIPI Alliance
Interoperability in mobile devices shall be achieved through a variety of protocol standards such as MIPI CSI, DSI, UniPro or JEDEC UFS and their underlying physical layer standards MIPI M-PHY, D-PHY or C-PHY. Integration of different vendors' designs into a working system is simplified using standard conformant parts. Testing them according to the procedures outlined in the applicable Conformance Test Suite guarantees their conformance. However, increasing data rates, lower power dissipation and modularity of mobile devices create challenges for debugging and conformance verification of the affected components. In this presentation, Joel Birch of Keysight Technologies discusses these challenges and offers possible solutions to address them.
BASIC INFORMATION OF ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-CONTROLLER 8051 AS PER GTU SYLLABUS. Please Comment if u Like.. n Give u r feedback..
For More Information Go to
http://www.noesiseducation.blogspot.com
Presentation On: "Micro-controller 8051 & Embedded System"surabhii007
The presentation is dealing with majors about 'An Embedded System' along with 'Micro-controller' with it's base peripherals & parameters.
Hope It'll be helpfull!
An embedded system is closely integrated with the main system
It may not interact directly with the environment
For example – A microcomputer in a car ignition control
The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced
RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. The 16550 UART
• Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter
• Baud rates up to 1.5 M bauds
(signal elements/s)
• = Data rate (bps) for binary data
• Compatible with Intel and other
Processors
• Includes:
- A programmable baud rate
generator
- 16-byte FIFO buffers at input and
output to help processor deal with
data bursts
2. Asynchronous Serial Data Communication
• Data sent asynchronously using the format
illustrated below
• We often use one start bit and one stop bit
to frame the data, which is usually 8-data
bits with or without parity
Usually a byte of data
3. The 16550 UART: Functional Description
• Totally independent Transmitter
(TX) and Receiver (RX) Sections
• This allows communication in the
following modes:
- Simplex: Only TX or RX is used 40 pin DIP
(one direction all the time)
- Half Duplex: TX then RX
(two directions at different times)
- Full Duplex: TX and RX
simultaneously
(two directions at the same time)
• Can control a modem using six
signals, e.g. #DSR (Data Set
Ready) input, #DTR (Data Terminal
Ready) output….
Here the UART is the data terminal
and modem is the dataset.
4. The 16550 UART: Typical Configuration
Serial to Parallel
Or Parallel to Serial
Converters
Control
µP 16-byte FIFO Input Buffer PS
SIN
Receiver
UART
Serial
16-byte FIFO Output Buffer PS Transmitter Comm.
SOUT
Link
Data
DMA Data Transfers:
Memory UART Directly
Without going through the µP
Memory
5. The 16550 UART: Pin Assignments
3 I/O Address bits
from Processor
(Table 11-5)
Chip Select Inputs Data bus to Processor
(Multiple I/Ps)
Master Reset (tie to µP Reset I/P)
40 pin DIP
Read & Write Control inputs Serial data INput from RX
from µP Serial data OUTput to TX
(with complements for versatility
Baud rate Clock output
Address Strobe (not needed with
Intels) Receiver Clock input
Crystal or
External Clock Input
Modem Interface:
TX ready for data. Put data into Inputs & Outputs
UART by DMA
Interrupt Processor
User defined outputs
RX ready with data. Take data from
UART by DMA
6. UARTs in the PC
• Used to control the COM ports of the PC
- UART at I/O address 3F8-3FF: COM Port 0
- UART at I/O address 2F8-2FF: COM Port 2
7. Programming the UART
Two Stages:
a. Initialization Dialog: (Setup)
- Follows RESET
- Has two steps:
1. Program the line control register
(Set asynchronous transmission parameters:
# of stop, data, and parity bits, etc.)
2. Program the baud rate generator for the required
baud rate
b. Operation Dialog: (Actual Communication)
8. The 8 I/O Byte Locations on the UART
A2 A1 A0 Function
0 0 0 Receiver buffer (read data from RX) and transmitter holding (write
data to TX). Also write LS byte of baud rate divisor
0 0 1 Interrupt enable. Also write MS byte of baud rate divisor
0 1 0 Interrupt identification (read) and FIFO control Register (write)
- Used for operation dialog programming
0 1 1 Line control Register (Write into the line control register to
program asynchronous communication at initialization)
1 0 0 Modem control
1 0 1 Line status LSTAT (Read the line status register to see if TX or
RX are ready and to check for errors )
1 1 0 Modem status
1 1 1 Scratch
9. 1. Programming the Line Control Register
a. Initialization I/O Address: A2 A1 A0 = 011
Dialog
Programming
Parity Control
DL bit must be set See next slide Data Length = 5 bits
before you can
load the divisor Data Length > 5 bits
for the baud
generator
See Table
on next slide
A break is a minimum
of 2 frames of 0’s
To allow programming
The baud rate generator
10. The 3 Parity Control Bits in the Line Control Register
ST P PE Function
0 0 0 No parity
0 0 1 Odd parity
0 1 0 No parity
0 1 1 Even parity
1 0 0 Undefined
1 0 1 Send/receive 1 (send 1 in place of the parity bit)
1 1 0 Undefined
1 1 1 Send/receive 0 (send 0 in place of the parity bit)
11. 2. Programming the Baud rate Generator
• Baud rate is programmed by loading a 16-bit Baud Rate Divisor Value
divisor for the crystal oscillator (or external input)
110 10,473
frequency into the I/O port addresses:
300 3840
{A2 A1 A0} = 000: LS Byte of divisor 1200 920
{A2 A1 A0} = 001: MS Byte of divisor 2400 480
4800 240
• Divisor value is determined by the Oscillator
frequency and the baud rate required: 9600 120
19,200 60
Divisor = Oscillator frequency / (16 * Baud rate) 38,400 30
57,600 20
Table shows divisor values required for various
115,200 10
baud rates for osc frequency = 18.432 MHz
13. ;Initialization dialog for Figure 11-45
;Baud rate 9600, 7 bit data, odd parity, 1 stop bit
LINE EQU 0F3H ; A2 A1 A0 = 011 for the Line Control Register
LSB EQU 0F0H ; A2 A1 A0 = 000 for LSB of divisor
MSB EQU 0F1H ; A2 A1 A0 = 001 for MSB of divisor
FIFO EQU 0F2H ; A2 A1 A0 = 010 for the FIFO Control Register
INIT PROC NEAR
MOV AL,10001010B
OUT LINE,AL ; Enable Baud rate programming See slide 108
; program Baud 9600
; Divisor = 120d (see Table on slide 110)
MOV AL,120 ; LSB of divisor
OUT LSB,AL
MOV AL,0 ; MS Byte of divisor
OUT MSB,AL
MOV AL,00001010B ;program 7 bit data, odd
Must write this OUT LINE,AL ;parity, 1 stop bit
into FIFO Register ;(& disable baud rate programming?)
to enable communication
and operation dialog MOV AL,00000111B ;enable transmitter and receiver
programming OUT FIFO,AL ;by writing into the FIFO control Reg.
RET
INIT ENDP
14. 16550 FIFO Control Register (Write)
I/O Address: A2 A1 A0 = 010
Required to enable 1 1 1
actual communication
(Operation Dialog)
15. b. Operation
Dialog 16550 Line Status Register (LSTAT)
Programming I/O Address: A2 A1 A0 = 101
Before reading data
from receiver, ensure
RX has data
[DR (bit 1) = 1]
Error status bits
Any being 1 indicates
An error
Before writing data
for transmission,
Ensure TX is ready
to take it
[TH (bit 5) = 1]
16. ;A procedure that transmits the byte in AH serially
;via the 16650 UART
LSTAT EQU 0F5H ; The Line status register (LSTAT) (A2 A1 A0 = 101)
DATA EQU 0F0H ; TX/RX Data Register at (A2 A1 A0 = 000)
SEND PROC NEAR USES AX
.REPEAT ;test the TH bit (bit 5) in to see if TX is available
IN AL,LSTAT
TEST AL,20H ;20H is the mask for the TH bit
.UNTIL !ZERO?
MOV AL,AH
OUT DATA,AL ;send data to TX
(LSTAT)
RET
SEND ENDP
17. ; Procedure receives byte from UART into AL if no comm. error
; If error detected, it load Al with ‘?’ as an alert
LSTAT EQU 0F5H ; The Line status register (LSTAT) (A2 A1 A0 = 101)
DATA EQU 0F0H ; TX/RX Data Register at (A2 A1 A0 = 000)
REVC PROC NEAR
.REPEAT
IN AL,LSTAT ;test DR bit
TEST AL,1
.UNTIL !ZERO?
TEST AL,0EH ;test for any error
.IF ZERO? ;no error
IN AL,DATA ;Read RX Data Register into AL
.ELSE ;any error
MOV AL,’?’ ;Put “?” in AL to indicate error
.ENDIF
RET
RECV ENDP