The 8254 Programmable Interval Timer is an integrated circuit that provides three independent programmable timers/counters that can count at rates from DC to 10 MHz. It has various operating modes like interrupt on terminal count, programmable monoshot, rate generator, square wave generator, and software/hardware triggered strobe. The document discusses the architecture, components, modes of operation, and read operations of the 8254 timer chip in detail.
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
found this one in one of my abandoned folders. AC(students from JUCSE need no introduction but for others you should never want to know him :-O) assigned this task to me and 3 of my fellow classmates to create a presentation on this uninteresting and weird topic. We pulled it off however :P
PAI Unit 2 Protection in 80386 segmentationKanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers protection mechanism in 80386 microprocessor through conforming code segment and call gate
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
Embedded C programming based on 8051 microcontrollerGaurav Verma
This lecture note covers the embedded 'c' programming constructs based on 8051 microcontroller. Although the same concepts can be used for other advanced microcontrollers with some modifications.
PAI Unit 2 Protection in 80386 segmentationKanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers protection mechanism in 80386 microprocessor through conforming code segment and call gate
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
Embedded C programming based on 8051 microcontrollerGaurav Verma
This lecture note covers the embedded 'c' programming constructs based on 8051 microcontroller. Although the same concepts can be used for other advanced microcontrollers with some modifications.
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Origin of Microprocessor and Classification of Microprocessor Vijay Kumar
This Presentation have information about the topics are
Microprocessors evolution,
Introduction to 8085,
Basic terms,
Types of Processors,
Microprocessor Based System,
Origin of Microprocessor,
Classification of Microprocessor,
Memory,
Input and Output Devices and
Technological Improvements on Microprocessor.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Not
Possible To
Generate
Accurate
Time
Delays
Using Delay
Routines in
8086
Intel’s Programmable
Counter/ Timer Device
(8253/8254) Facilitates
• Accurate Time Delays
• Minimizes Load On Mp
• Real Time Clock
• Event Counter
• Digital One Shot
• Square Wave Generator
• Complex Waveform Generator
3. 8253
• 8253 can
operate at
frequency
from dc to
2mhz
8254-ADVANCED VERSION OF 8253
• 8254 can operate with higher clock
Frequency Range ( DC To 8 Mhz AND 10 Mhz
FOR 8254-2)
• Includes Status Read Back Command That
Latches The Count And Status Of Counters
4. Compatible with All Intel and Most other Microprocessors and Handles Inputs from DC
to 10 MHz
8 MHz 8254 and 10 MHz 8254-2
The Intel 8254 is a counter/timer device designed to solve the common timing control
problems in microcomputer system design.
It provides three independent 16-bit counters, each capable of handling clock inputs up
to 10 MHz
Binary or BCD counting
Single a +5V Supply and Standard Temperature Range
Six Programmable Counter Modes and All modes are software programmable. The 8254
is a superset of the 8253.
The 8254 uses HMOS technology and comes in a 24-pin plastic or CERDIP package.
Used for controlling real-time events such as real-time clock, events counter, and motor
speed and direction control.
5.
6.
7. Counters:
Three Counters – C1,C2 & C3
Each 16 Bit Identical Presettable
Down Counter Operates In BCD /Hex
Controlled By Loading Count To Command Word Register
“On The Fly” Reading
Control Logic:
CS – Logic 0 – Enables 8254
RD – Logic 0 – Tells Microprocessor Reads Count From 8254
WR – Logic 0 – Tells Microprocessor Writes Count/ Command
Into 8254
A1,a0 – Address Input Pins To Select Modes And Counters
8. Data Buffers:
8 Bit Bidirectional D0-d7 Connected To Data Bus Of Microprocessor
In Reads Data From Peripheral
Out Writes Data To Peripheral
Control Word Register:
Accepts 8 Bit Control Word Written By Microprocessor
Can Only Be Written ( Not Read)
Control Word Chooses One Of The Six Modes Of Operation
9. CS RD WR A1 A0 OPERATION
0 1 0 0 0 Write Counter 0
0 1 0 0 1 Write Counter 1
0 1 0 1 0 Write Counter 2
0 1 0 1 1 Write Control Word
0 0 1 0 0 Read Counter 0
0 0 1 0 1 Read Counter 1
0 0 1 1 0 Read Counter 2
0 0 1 1 1 No Operation ( Tristated )
0 1 1 X X No Operation ( Tristated )
1 X X X X 8254 Not Selected
13. Mode 0: Interrupt On Terminal Count
The output becomes a logic 0 when the control word is written
remains low even after count value loaded in counter.
Counter starts decrementing after falling edge of clock
The OUT goes high upon reaching the terminal count & remains
high till reloading OUT can be used as interrupt
Writing a count register , when previous counting is in process
first byte when loaded stops the previous count,
second byte when loaded starts new count
Gate high normal counting
Gate low counting terminated and current count latched till
GATE goes high again
14.
15. Mode 1: One-shot mode.
Monostable multivibrator
Gate input is used as trigger input
Output remains high till the count is loaded after
application of trigger, output goes low and remains low
till count becomes zero
Another count loaded, when output already low it
does not disturb counting until a new trigger is applied
at the gate
New counting starts after new trigger pulse
16.
17. Mode 2: Rate Generator / Divide by N Counter
When N is loaded as count after N pulses OUT goes low for
only one clock cycle then, count N is reloaded OUT becomes
high for N clock pulses
The number of clock pulses between the two low pulses is equal
to the count loaded
Gate logic 0 no counting
Gate logic 1 normal counting
20. Mode 3: SQUARE WAVE RATE GENERATOR
1. When count N loaded is even output remains HIGH for half
the count and LOW for the rest half of the count
2. When count N loaded is odd output remains HIGH for
(N+1)/2 and low for (N-1)/2.
3. Repeated operation gives square wave
4. Generates a continuous square-wave with G set to 1.
5. If count is even, 50% duty cycle otherwise OUT is high 1 cycle
longer.
22. After mode is set output goes high
When count is loaded counting down starts on reaching terminal
count output goes low for only one clock cycle, and then again
output goes HIGH
The above said low pulse can be used as a strobe for interfacing
MP with peripherals
When GATE is LOW counting is inhibited and count is latched
If a new count is loaded while counting, previous counting stops
and new counting started in next clock cycle
Mode 4: Software triggered Strobe
25. This mode generates a strobe in response to the rising edge at the trigger
Mode is used to generate a delayed strobe in response to an externally
generated signal
Once mode is programmed and counter loaded, OUT goes HIGH
Counter starts counting after the rising edge of the trigger (GATE)
The OUTPUT goes LOW for one clock period, when the terminal count is
reached
Output will not go LOW until the counter content becomes zero after the rising
edge of any trigger
GATE is used as trigger input
Mode 5: Hardware triggered Strobe
27. Read Operations
There are three possible methods for reading the
counters:
1. a simple read operation
2. the Counter Latch Command
3. the Read-Back Command
1. Simple read operation :
The Counter which is selected with the A1, A0 inputs, the CLK
input of the selected Counter must be inhibited by using either
the GATE input or external logic.
Otherwise, the count may be in the process of changing when
it is read, giving an undefined result.
28. 2. Counter Latch Command:
SC0, SC1 bits select one of the
three counters
Two other bits, D5 and D4,
distinguish this command from a
control word
If a counter is latched and then,
some time later, latched again
before the count is read, the
second counter latch command is
ignored.
The count read will be the count
at the time the first counter latch
command was issued.
29. 3. Read-back control command:
The read-back control, word is
used, when it is necessary for the
contents of more than one
counter to be read at a same time.
Count : logic 0, select one of the
Counter to be latched
Status : logic 0, Status must be
latched to be read status of a
counter and is accessed by a
read from that counter
30. Status register:
•Shows the state of the output pin
•Check the counter is in null state (0) or not
•How the counter is programmed